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44-579: Sketch Engine is a product of Lexical Computing, a company founded in 2003 by the lexicographer and research scientist Adam Kilgarriff . He started a collaboration with Pavel Rychlý, a computer scientist working at the Natural Language Processing Centre, Masaryk University , and the developer of Manatee and Bonito (two major parts of the software suite). Kilgarriff also introduced the concept of word sketches . Since then, Sketch Engine has been commercial software, however, all

88-544: A map [ string ] interface {} (map of string to empty interface). This recursively describes data in the form of a dictionary with string keys and values of any type. Interface values are implemented using pointer to data and a second pointer to run-time type information. Like some other types implemented using pointers in Go, interface values are nil if uninitialized. Since version 1.18, Go supports generic code using parameterized types. Functions and types now have

132-818: A class; to discover and explore collocates ; to create gap-fill exercises ; to teach various kinds of homonyms and polysemous words . SKELL was first presented in 2014, when only English was supported. Later, support was added for Russian , Czech , German , Italian and Estonian . Sketch Engine provides access to more than 700 text corpora. There are monolingual as well as multilingual corpora of different sizes (from thousand of words up to 60 billions of words) and various sources (e.g. web, books, subtitles, legal documents). The list of corpora includes British National Corpus , Brown Corpus , Cambridge Academic English Corpus and Cambridge Learner Corpus, CHILDES corpora of child language, OpenSubtitles (a set of 60 parallel corpora), 24 multilingual corpora of EUR-Lex documents,

176-458: A function type; thus, func(string, int32) (int, error) is the type of functions that take a string and a 32-bit signed integer, and return a signed integer (of default width) and a value of the built-in interface type error . Any named type has a method set associated with it. The IP address example above can be extended with a method for checking whether its value is a known standard: Due to nominal typing, this method definition adds

220-497: A lexicographer for a short period (1992–1995) at the Longman Dictionaries. His early research career was closely associated with word sense disambiguation (PhD thesis above). Kilgarriff argued against discrete classification of word senses and saw word senses rather as a continuous space of meanings largely defined by the contexts in which a word appears. His paper "I don't believe in word senses" (1997) became soon

264-472: A limited form of structural typing in the otherwise nominal type system of Go. An object which is of an interface type is also of another type, much like C++ objects being simultaneously of a base and derived class. Go interfaces were designed after protocols from the Smalltalk programming language. Multiple sources use the term duck typing when describing Go interfaces. Although the term duck typing

308-495: A list of relevant terms based on comparison with a large corpus of general language. This functionality is also available as a separate service called OneClick Terms with a dedicated interface. A free web service based on Sketch Engine and aimed at language learners and teachers is SKELL (formerly SkELL ). It exploits Sketch Engine's proprietary GDEX (Good Dictionary Examples) scoring function to provide authentic example sentences for specific target words. Results are drawn from

352-410: A method to ipv4addr , but not on uint32 . While methods have special definition and call syntax, there is no distinct method type. Go provides two features that replace class inheritance . The first is embedding , which can be viewed as an automated form of composition . The second are its interfaces , which provides runtime polymorphism . Interfaces are a class of types and provide

396-553: A run-time type check. The language constructs to do so are the type assertion , which checks against a single potential type: and the type switch , which checks against multiple types: The empty interface interface {} is an important base case because it can refer to an item of any concrete type. It is similar to the Object class in Java or C# and is satisfied by any type, including built-in types like int . Code using

440-401: A set of types (known as type set) using | (Union) operator, as well as a set of methods. These changes were made to support type constraints in generics code. For a generic function or type, a constraint can be thought of as the type of the type argument: a meta-type. This new ~T syntax will be the first use of ~ as a token in Go. ~T means the set of all types whose underlying type

484-424: A special corpus of high-quality texts covering everyday, standard, formal, and professional language and displayed as a concordance . SKELL also includes simplified versions of Sketch Engine's word sketch and thesaurus functions. It has been suggested that SKELL can be used, for instance, to help students understand the meaning and/or usage of a word or phrase; to help teachers wanting to use example sentences in

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528-545: A state-of-the-art argumentation on the topic. The work on polysemy brought Kilgarriff to text corpora and corpus linguistics to which he devoted the rest of his career. He was one of the founding members and former chair (2006–2008) of the Special Interest Group on Web as Corpus (SIGWAC) of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) and also one of the founding organizers of SENSEVAL . In

572-426: A weakness that might be changed at some point. The Google team built at least one compiler for an experimental Go dialect with generics, but did not release it. In August 2018, the Go principal contributors published draft designs for generic programming and error handling and asked users to submit feedback. However, the error handling proposal was eventually abandoned. In June 2020, a new draft design document

616-406: Is T . Go uses the iota keyword to create enumerated constants. In Go's package system, each package has a path (e.g., "compress/bzip2" or "golang.org/x/net/html" ) and a name (e.g., bzip2 or html ). References to other packages' definitions must always be prefixed with the other package's name, and only the capitalized names from other packages are accessible: io.Reader

660-673: Is a statement. In Go, statements are separated by ending a line (hitting the Enter key) or by a semicolon " ; ". Hitting the Enter key adds " ; " to the end of the line implicitly (does not show up in the source code). The left curly bracket { cannot come at the start of a line. Go has a number of built-in types, including numeric ones ( byte , int64 , float32 , etc.), Booleans , and byte strings ( string ). Strings are immutable; built-in operators and keywords (rather than functions) provide concatenation, comparison, and UTF-8 encoding/decoding. Record types can be defined with

704-569: Is based on the idea of inverted indexing (keeping an index of all positions of a given word in the text). It has been used to index text corpora comprising tens of billions of words. Searching corpora indexed by Manatee is performed by formulating queries in the Corpus Query Language (CQL). Manatee is written in C++ and offers an API for a number of other programming languages including Python , Java , Perl and Ruby . Recently, it

748-557: Is known for its simplicity and efficiency . It was designed at Google in 2009 by Robert Griesemer , Rob Pike , and Ken Thompson . It is syntactically similar to C , but also has memory safety , garbage collection , structural typing , and CSP -style concurrency . It is often referred to as Golang because of its former domain name, golang.org , but its proper name is Go. There are two major implementations: A third-party source-to-source compiler , GopherJS, compiles Go to JavaScript for front-end web development . Go

792-431: Is not precisely defined and therefore not wrong, it usually implies that type conformance is not statically checked. Because conformance to a Go interface is checked statically by the Go compiler (except when performing a type assertion), the Go authors prefer the term structural typing . The definition of an interface type lists required methods by name and type. Any object of type T for which functions exist matching all

836-487: Is one of language's major selling points. Go is influenced by C (especially the Plan 9 dialect ), but with an emphasis on greater simplicity and safety. It consists of: Go's syntax includes changes from C aimed at keeping code concise and readable. A combined declaration/initialization operator was introduced that allows the programmer to write i := 3 or s := "Hello, world!" , without specifying

880-493: The struct keyword. For each type T and each non-negative integer constant n , there is an array type denoted [ n ] T ; arrays of differing lengths are thus of different types. Dynamic arrays are available as "slices", denoted [] T for some type T . These have a length and a capacity specifying when new memory needs to be allocated to expand the array. Several slices may share their underlying memory. Pointers are available for all types, and

924-489: The uint32 value x as an IP address. Simply assigning x to a variable of type ipv4addr is a type error. Constant expressions may be either typed or "untyped"; they are given a type when assigned to a typed variable if the value they represent passes a compile-time check. Function types are indicated by the func keyword; they take zero or more parameters and return zero or more values, all of which are typed. The parameter and return values determine

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968-649: The South West London College . In 1987, he left his job and started an MSc in intelligent knowledge-based systems at the University of Sussex , from where he graduated the following year, continuing a DPhil in computational linguistics with thesis Polysemy (1992). In 2008 he made a return trip to Kenya with his old friend Raphael. He was also a participant in the Hastings Half Marathon for many years. In November 2014, he

1012-535: The TenTen Corpus Family (multi-billion web corpora), and Trends corpora (monitor corpora with daily updates). Sketch Engine consists of three main components: an underlying database management system called Manatee, a web interface search front-end called Bonito, and a web interface for corpus building and management called Corpus Architect. Manatee is a database management system specifically devised for effective indexing of large text corpora. It

1056-619: The University of Sussex and in School of Modern languages and Cultures at the University of Leeds . The partnership with B.T.S. Atkins (Sue Atkins) and Michael Rundell brought setting up his first company Lexicography MasterClass Ltd in 2002. This company provided consultancy and training in lexicography and dictionary production. Shortly after the retirement of Sue Atkins, the company was dissolved in 2012. In 2003, he started his own company Lexical Computing Limited delivering tools and services in corpus processing. He himself has been working as

1100-512: The Go project. Go is a humanist sans-serif resembling Lucida Grande , and Go Mono is monospaced . Both fonts adhere to the WGL4 character set and were designed to be legible with a large x-height and distinct letterforms . Both Go and Go Mono adhere to the DIN 1450 standard by having a slashed zero, lowercase l with a tail, and an uppercase I with serifs. In April 2018, the original logo

1144-447: The ability to be generic using type parameters. These type parameters are specified within square brackets, right after the function or type name. The compiler transforms the generic function or type into non-generic by substituting type arguments for the type parameters provided, either explicitly by the user or type inference by the compiler. This transformation process is referred to as type instantiation. Interfaces now can define

1188-674: The core features of Manatee and Bonito that were developed by 2003 (and extended since then) are freely available under the GPL license within the NoSketch Engine suite. A list of tools available in Sketch Engine: Sketch Engine can perform automatic term extraction by identifying words typical of a particular corpus, document, or text. Single words and multi-word units can be extracted from monolingual or bilingual texts. The terminology extraction feature provides

1232-457: The effect of creating a combined interface that is satisfied by exactly the types that implement the embedded interface and any methods that the newly defined interface adds. The Go standard library uses interfaces to provide genericity in several places, including the input/output system that is based on the concepts of Reader and Writer . Besides calling methods via interfaces, Go allows converting interface values to other types with

1276-600: The empty interface cannot simply call methods (or built-in operators) on the referred-to object, but it can store the interface {} value, try to convert it to a more useful type via a type assertion or type switch, or inspect it with Go's reflect package. Because interface {} can refer to any value, it is a limited way to escape the restrictions of static typing, like void * in C but with additional run-time type checks. The interface {} type can be used to model structured data of any arbitrary schema in Go, such as JSON or YAML data, by representing it as

1320-415: The language, with special syntax and built-in functions. chan T is a channel that allows sending values of type T between concurrent Go processes . Aside from its support for interfaces , Go's type system is nominal : the type keyword can be used to define a new named type , which is distinct from other named types that have the same layout (in the case of a struct , the same members in

1364-594: The pointer-to- T type is denoted * T . Address-taking and indirection use the & and * operators, as in C, or happen implicitly through the method call or attribute access syntax. There is no pointer arithmetic, except via the special unsafe.Pointer type in the standard library. For a pair of types K , V , the type map[ K ] V is the type mapping type- K keys to type- V values, though Go Programming Language specification does not give any performance guarantees or implementation requirements for map types. Hash tables are built into

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1408-463: The required methods of interface type I is an object of type I as well. The definition of type T need not (and cannot) identify type I. For example, if Shape , Square and Circle are defined as then both a Square and a Circle are implicitly a Shape and can be assigned to a Shape -typed variable. In formal language, Go's interface system provides structural rather than nominal typing. Interfaces can embed other interfaces with

1452-421: The same order). Some conversions between types (e.g., between the various integer types) are pre-defined and adding a new type may define additional conversions, but conversions between named types must always be invoked explicitly. For example, the type keyword can be used to define a type for IPv4 addresses, based on 32-bit unsigned integers as follows: With this type definition, ipv4addr(x) interprets

1496-410: The standard library. All versions up through the current Go 1.23 release have maintained this promise. Go does not follow SemVer ; rather, each major Go release is supported until there are two newer major releases. Unlike most software, Go calls the second number in a version the major, i.e., in 1.x x is the major version. This is because Go plans to never reach 2.0, given that compatibility

1540-679: The types of variables used. This contrasts with C's int i = 3 ; and const char * s = "Hello, world!" ; . Semicolons still terminate statements; but are implicit when the end of a line occurs. Methods may return multiple values, and returning a result , err pair is the conventional way a method indicates an error to its caller in Go. Go adds literal syntaxes for initializing struct parameters by name and for initializing maps and slices . As an alternative to C's three-statement for loop, Go's range expressions allow concise iteration over arrays, slices, strings, maps, and channels. fmt.Println("Hello World!")

1584-705: The years 2000–2004, he was the president of the Special Interest Group on the Lexicon (SIGLEX) of the ACL. Kilgarriff was an active member of the European Association for Lexicography (member of board 2002–2006), consultant for major publishing houses and reviewer for journals and conferences around that field. He has been working on methods for automatic acquisition of large web corpora and quantitative and qualitative corpus analysis (text genres, corpus similarity, homogeneity and heterogeneity). His work on corpora

1628-504: Was a corpus linguist , lexicographer , and co-author of Sketch Engine . His parents were booksellers. He spent one year as a volunteer in Kenya 1978–1979 then began studying at Cambridge University , graduating with a first class BA degree in philosophy and engineering in 1982. His first job was as a Housing Officer for the London and Quadrant Housing Trust. At the same time he studied at

1672-499: Was closely connected with their application for computer lexicography . Kilgarriff invented the notion of word sketches , one-page summaries of a word's collocation behaviour in particular grammatical relations, which represent the core part of the Sketch Engine corpus management system. Go (programming language) Go is a fast statically typed , compiled high-level general purpose programming language . It

1716-460: Was designed at Google in 2007 to improve programming productivity in an era of multicore , networked machines and large codebases . The designers wanted to address criticisms of other languages in use at Google, but keep their useful characteristics: Its designers were primarily motivated by their shared dislike of C++ . Go was publicly announced in November 2009, and version 1.0

1760-552: Was diagnosed with stage 4 bowel cancer which he succumbed to in May 2015. After the diagnosis he started his own blog where he reflected on his experience with the disease and thoughts on language, corpus linguistics and life, and the world in general. He graduated from University of Sussex (PhD, 1992) and became a lecturer at the University of Brighton in 1995. Later he was a visiting research fellow in Department of Informatics at

1804-409: Was published that would add the necessary syntax to Go for declaring generic functions and types. A code translation tool, go2go , was provided to allow users to try the new syntax, along with a generics-enabled version of the online Go Playground. Generics were finally added to Go in version 1.18 on March 15, 2022. Go 1 guarantees compatibility for the language specification and major parts of

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1848-441: Was redesigned by brand designer Adam Smith. The new logo is a modern, stylized GO slanting right with trailing streamlines. (The Gopher mascot remained the same. ) The lack of support for generic programming in initial versions of Go drew considerable criticism. The designers expressed an openness to generic programming and noted that built-in functions were in fact type-generic, but are treated as special cases; Pike called this

1892-487: Was released in March 2012. Go is widely used in production at Google and in many other organizations and open-source projects. The Gopher mascot was introduced in 2009 for the open source launch of the language. The design, by Renée French , borrowed from a c. 2000 WFMU promotion. In November 2016, the Go and Go Mono fonts were released by type designers Charles Bigelow and Kris Holmes specifically for use by

1936-806: Was rewritten into Go for faster processing of corpus queries. Bonito is a web interface for Manatee providing access to corpus search. In the client–server model , Manatee is the server and Bonito plays the client part. It is written in Python . Corpus Architect is a web interface providing corpus building and management features. It is also written in Python . Sketch Engine has been used by major British and other publishing houses for producing dictionaries such as Macmillan English Dictionary , Dictionnaires Le Robert , Oxford University Press or Shogakukan . Four of United Kingdom's five biggest dictionary publishers use Sketch Engine. Adam Kilgarriff Adam Kilgarriff (12 February 1960 – 16 May 2015 )

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