Misplaced Pages

#256743

28-466: The International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants ( ICN or ICNafp ) is the set of rules and recommendations dealing with the formal botanical names that are given to plants, fungi and a few other groups of organisms, all those "traditionally treated as algae, fungi, or plants". It was formerly called the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature ( ICBN ); the name

56-710: A compromise with the 1930 congress. In the meantime, the second edition of the international rules followed the Vienna congress in 1905. These rules were published as the Règles internationales de la Nomenclature botanique adoptées par le Congrès International de Botanique de Vienne 1905 (or in English, International rules of Botanical Nomenclature adopted by the International Botanical Conference of Vienna 1905 ). Informally they are referred to as

84-472: A cultivar name, is often used when the parentage of a particular hybrid cultivar is not relevant in the context, or is uncertain. (specific to botany) (more general) Bellis perennis Bellis perennis ( / ˈ b ɛ l ə s p ə ˈ r ɛ n ə s / ), the daisy , is a European species of the family Asteraceae , often considered the archetypal species of the name daisy . To distinguish this species from other plants known as daisies, it

112-438: A range of sizes ( 1 to 6 cm or 3 ⁄ 8 to 2 + 3 ⁄ 8  in) and colours (red, pink and white). They are generally grown from seed as biennial bedding plants. They can also be purchased as plugs in spring. It has been reported to be mostly self-fertilizing, but some plants may be self-sterile. Bellis perennis may be used as a potherb . Young leaves can be eaten raw in salads, or cooked, though

140-424: A very long flowering season and will even produce a few flowers in the middle of mild winters. It can generally be grown where minimum temperatures are above −35 °C (−30 °F), in full sun to partial shade conditions, and requires little or no maintenance. It has no known serious insect or disease problems and can generally be grown in most well-drained soils. The plant may be propagated either by seed after

168-542: Is "subg.", an abbreviation for subgenus ). The connecting term is not part of the name itself. A taxon may be indicated by a listing in more than three parts: " Saxifraga aizoon var. aizoon subvar. brevifolia f. multicaulis subf. surculosa Engl. & Irmsch." but this is a classification, not a formal botanical name. The botanical name is Saxifraga aizoon subf. surculosa Engl. & Irmsch. ( ICN Art 24: Ex 1). Generic, specific, and infraspecific botanical names are usually printed in italics . The example set by

196-558: Is a separate code, the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants , which gives rules and recommendations that supplement the ICN . The rules governing botanical nomenclature have a long and tumultuous history, dating back to dissatisfaction with rules that were established in 1843 to govern zoological nomenclature. The first set of international rules was the Lois de la nomenclature botanique ("Laws of botanical nomenclature") that

224-417: Is borne on a single leafless stem 2 to 10 cm ( 3 ⁄ 4 –4 in), rarely 15 cm (6 in) tall. The capitulum , or disc of florets, is surrounded by two rows of green bracts known as "phyllaries". The achenes are without pappus. Bellis may come from bellus , Latin for "pretty", and perennis is Latin for "everlasting". The name "daisy", possibly originating with this plant,

252-469: Is considered a corruption of "day's eye", because the whole head closes at night and opens in the morning. Geoffrey Chaucer called it "eye of the day". In Medieval times, Bellis perennis or the English Daisy was commonly known as "Mary's Rose". Historically, the plant has also been widely known as bruisewort , and occasionally woundwort (although this name is now more closely associated with

280-490: Is difficult to eradicate by mowing, hence the term 'lawn daisy'. It blooms from March to September and exhibits the phenomenon of heliotropism , in which the flowers follow the position of the sun in the sky. The flowerheads are composite, about 2 to 3 cm ( 3 ⁄ 4 – 1 + 1 ⁄ 4  in) in diameter, in the form of a pseudanthium , consisting of many sessile flowers with white ray florets (often tipped red) and yellow disc florets. Each inflorescence

308-454: Is in keeping with two of the three other kinds of scientific name : zoological and bacterial ( viral names above genus are italicized, a new policy adopted in the early 1990s). For botanical nomenclature, the ICN prescribes a two-part name or binary name for any taxon below the rank of genus down to, and including, the rank of species. Taxa below the rank of species get a three part ( infraspecific name ). A binary name consists of

SECTION 10

#1732772744257

336-414: Is sometimes qualified or known as common daisy , lawn daisy or English daisy . Bellis perennis is a perennial herbaceous plant growing to 20 centimetres (8 inches) in height. It has short creeping rhizomes and rosettes of small rounded or spoon-shaped leaves that are from 2 to 5 cm ( 3 ⁄ 4 –2 in) long and grow flat to the ground. The species habitually colonises lawns, and

364-495: The ICN for some of these groups, as there are for fossils . The ICN can only be changed by an International Botanical Congress (IBC), with the International Association for Plant Taxonomy providing the supporting infrastructure. Each new edition supersedes the earlier editions and is retroactive back to 1753, except where different starting dates are specified. For the naming of cultivated plants there

392-400: The ICN is to italicize all botanical names, including those above genus, though the ICN preface states: "The Code sets no binding standard in this respect, as typography is a matter of editorial style and tradition not of nomenclature". Most peer-reviewed scientific botanical publications do not italicize names above the rank of genus, and non-botanical scientific publications do not, which

420-801: The Vienna Rules (not to be confused with the Vienna Code of 2006). Some but not all subsequent meetings of the International Botanical Congress have produced revised versions of these Rules , later called the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature , and then International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants . The Nomenclature Section of the 18th International Botanical Congress in Melbourne, Australia (2011) made major changes: All

448-1291: The documentation of the code in its final form was not published until 26 June 2018. For fungi the Code was revised by the San Juan Chapter F in 2018. The 2025 edition of ICBN, the Madrid Code , which reflects the decisions of the Twentieth International Botanical Congress met in Madrid , Spain, in July 2024, is prepared to be published in July 2025. The name of the Code is partly capitalized and partly not. The lower-case for "algae, fungi, and plants" indicates that these terms are not formal names of clades , but indicate groups of organisms that were historically known by these names and traditionally studied by phycologists , mycologists , and botanists . This includes blue-green algae ( Cyanobacteria ); fungi , including chytrids , oomycetes , and slime moulds ; photosynthetic protists and taxonomically related non-photosynthetic groups. There are special provisions in

476-549: The genus Stachys ). It is also known as bone flower . Bellis perennis is native to western, central and northern Europe, including remote islands such as the Faroe Islands , but has become widely naturalised in most temperate regions, including the Americas and Australasia. It prefers field-like habitats. The species generally blooms from early to midsummer, although when grown under ideal conditions, it has

504-596: The last frost, or by division after flowering. Though not native to the United States, the species is still considered a valuable ground cover in certain garden settings (e.g., as part of English or cottage inspired gardens, as well as spring meadows where low growth and some colour is desired in parallel with minimal care and maintenance while helping to crowd out noxious weeds once established and naturalised). Numerous single- and double-flowered varieties are in cultivation, producing flat or spherical blooms in

532-410: The leaves become increasingly astringent with age. Flower buds and petals can be eaten raw in sandwiches , soups and salads. It is also used as a tea and as a vitamin supplement. B. perennis has astringent properties and has been used in herbal medicine . Daisies have traditionally been used for making daisy chains in children's games. Daisy is used as a feminine name, and sometimes as

560-430: The name of a genus and an epithet. In the case of cultivated plants, there is an additional epithet which is an often non-Latin part, not written in italics. For cultivars, it is always given in single quotation marks. The cultivar, Group, or grex epithet may follow either the botanical name of the species, or the name of the genus only, or the unambiguous common name of the genus or species. The generic name, followed by

588-422: The plant was introduced worldwide, bringing it into contact with more languages. English names for this plant species include: daisy, English daisy, and lawn daisy. The cultivar Bellis perennis 'Aucubifolia' is a golden-variegated horticultural selection of this species. The botanical name itself is fixed by a type , which is a particular specimen (or in some cases a group of specimens) of an organism to which

SECTION 20

#1732772744257

616-410: The rank of genus) or three parts (below the rank of species). The names of cultivated plants are not necessarily similar to the botanical names, since they may instead involve "unambiguous common names" of species or genera. Cultivated plant names may also have an extra component, bringing a maximum of four parts: A botanical name in three parts, i.e., an infraspecific name (a name for a taxon below

644-526: The rank of species) needs a "connecting term" to indicate rank. In the Calystegia example above, this is "subsp.", an abbreviation for subspecies . In botany there are many ranks below that of species (in zoology there is only one such rank, subspecies, so that this "connecting term" is not used in zoology). A name of a "subdivision of a genus" also needs a connecting term (in the Acacia example above, this

672-502: The scientific name is formally attached. In other words, a type is an example that serves to anchor or centralize the defining features of that particular taxon. The usefulness of botanical names is limited by the fact that taxonomic groups are not fixed in size; a taxon may have a varying circumscription , depending on the taxonomic system , thus, the group that a particular botanical name refers to can be quite small according to some people and quite big according to others. For example,

700-550: The traditional view of the family Malvaceae has been expanded in some modern approaches to include what were formerly considered to be several closely related families. Some botanical names refer to groups that are very stable (for example Equisetaceae , Magnoliaceae ) while for other names a careful check is needed to see which circumscription is being used (for example Fabaceae , Amygdaloideae , Taraxacum officinale ). Depending on rank , botanical names may be in one part ( genus and above), two parts (various situations below

728-502: The versions are listed below. Specific to botany More general Botanical name The purpose of a formal name is to have a single name that is accepted and used worldwide for a particular plant or plant group. For example, the botanical name Bellis perennis denotes a plant species which is native to most of the countries of Europe and the Middle East , where it has accumulated various names in many languages. Later,

756-691: Was adopted as the "best guide to follow for botanical nomenclature" at an "International Botanical Congress" convened in Paris in 1867. Unlike modern Codes, it contained recommendations for naming to serve as the basis for discussions on the controversial points of nomenclature, rather than obligatory rules for validly published and legitimate names within the Code. It was organized as six sections with 68 articles in total. Multiple attempts to bring more "expedient" or more equitable practice to botanical nomenclature resulted in several competing codes, which finally reached

784-731: Was changed at the International Botanical Congress in Melbourne in July 2011 as part of the Melbourne Code which replaced the Vienna Code of 2005. The current version of the code is the Shenzhen Code adopted by the International Botanical Congress held in Shenzhen , China, in July 2017. As with previous codes, it took effect as soon as it was ratified by the congress (on 29 July 2017), but

#256743