A residential area is a land used in which housing predominates, as opposed to industrial and commercial areas .
49-637: Stadthaus is a nine-storey residential building in Hackney, London , completed in 2009. With nine stories (30 meters/98 feet), it was considered the second tallest timber residential building made of wood in the world at the time of its construction, after the Forte apartment complex in Melbourne , Australia . It was designed in collaboration between architects Waugh Thistleton, structural engineers Techniker, and timber panel manufacturer KLH. Stadthaus
98-405: A bespoke / customized house or mansion for their family. Poor urban people lived in shantytowns or in tenements built for rental. Single-family houses were seldom built on speculation , that is for future sale to residents not yet identified. When cities and the middle class expanded greatly and mortgage loans became commonplace, a method that had been rare became commonplace to serve
147-465: A charred layer and therefore does not combust in the same way as a single stud. In Stadthaus, five-layer cross-laminated timber panels are used to obtain a fire protection that allows the structure to retain its integrity for at least 90 minutes. This is significantly longer than steel, which fails and buckles at high temperatures. The 90 minutes at Stadthaus have been achieved with the plasterboard finish – two layers of plasterboard provide 60 minutes with
196-417: A day. Many techniques which had made the automobile affordable made housing affordable: standardization of design and small, repetitive assembly tasks, advertising, and a smooth flow of capital. Mass production resulted in a similar uniformity of product, and a more comfortable lifestyle than cramped apartments in the cities. With the advent of government-backed mortgages, it could actually be cheaper to own
245-403: A form of non-computer voting logic. The simplest voting logic in computing systems involves two components: primary and alternate. They both run similar software, but the output from the alternate remains inactive during normal operation. The primary monitors itself and periodically sends an activity message to the alternate as long as everything is OK. All outputs from the primary stop, including
294-499: A house in a new residential development than to rent. As with other products, continual refinements appeared. Curving streets, greenbelt parks, neighborhood pools, and community entry monumentation appeared. Diverse floor plans with differing room counts, and multiple elevations (different exterior "looks" for the same plan) appeared. Developers remained competitive with each other on everything, including location, community amenities, kitchen appliance packages, and price. Today,
343-538: A power line when monitors detect an overload. Power is redistributed across the remaining lines. At the Toronto Airport, there are 4 redundant electrical lines. Each of the 4 lines supply enough power for the entire airport. A spot network substation uses reverse current relays to open breakers to lines that fail, but lets power continue to flow the airport. Electrical power systems use power scheduling to reconfigure active redundancy. Computing systems adjust
392-547: A smaller FAR ( floor area ratio ) than business, commercial or industrial/manufacturing zoning. The area may be large or small. In certain residential areas, especially rural , large tracts of land may have no services whatever, such that residents seeking services must use a motor vehicle or other transportation, so the need for transportation has resulted in land development following existing or planned transport infrastructure such as rail and road. Development patterns may be regulated by restrictive covenants contained in
441-411: A solid structural core on which different, independent and separating layers can be added. The layer principal overcomes any acoustic or sound transfer issues. In Stadthaus an economic layering strategy of stud walls, floating floor build-ups and suspended ceilings , gave sound attenuation far in excess of building regulations (58 - 60db). In a fire, a solid wall of timber benefits from the protection of
490-415: A system that operates at higher speeds, but less safely. Voting logic uses performance monitoring to determine how to reconfigure individual components so that operation continues without violating specification limitations of the overall system. Voting logic often involves computers, but systems composed of items other than computers may be reconfigured using voting logic. Circuit breakers are an example of
539-749: A typical residential development in the United States might include traffic calming features such as a slowly winding street , dead-end road , or looped road lined with homes. Suburban developments help form the stereotypical image of a "suburban America" and are generally associated with the American middle-class . Most offer homes in a narrow range of age, price, size and features, thus potential residents having different needs, wishes or resources must look elsewhere. Some residential developments are gated communities or residential communities . Criticisms of residential developments may include
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#1732765016047588-453: Is real estate development for residential purposes. Some such developments are called a subdivision , when the land is divided into lots with houses constructed on each lot. Such developments became common during the late nineteenth century, particularly in the form of streetcar suburbs . In previous centuries, residential development was mainly of two kinds. Rich people bought a townlot, hired an architect and/or contractor, and built
637-417: Is a replenishable material. In comparison, the production of both concrete and steel are one-way energy intensive processes that release large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. The panels can also be easily demounted and used as an energy source at the end of the building’s life. So the case for timber was made to the client and London Borough of Hackney's planning department both in terms of
686-423: Is difficult to fully isolate, unless the components are powered from independent power busses and have no direct electrical pathway in their interconnect (communication by some means is required for voting). Redundancy may also be known by the terms "majority voting systems" or "voting logic". Redundancy sometimes produces less, instead of greater reliability – it creates a more complex system which
735-407: Is estimated that the building would, if built in reinforced concrete , require about 120 tonnes of steel, the production of which would have generated 57,250 kg of carbon. 901 cubic metres of timber have been used within the building. Timber absorbs carbon throughout its natural life and continues to store that carbon when cut. The fabric of Stadthaus stores over 186,000 kg of carbon. Thus,
784-420: Is impaired. Hearing loss in one ear does not cause deafness but directionality is lost. Performance decline is commonly associated with passive redundancy when a limited number of failures occur. Active redundancy eliminates performance declines by monitoring the performance of individual devices, and this monitoring is used in voting logic. The voting logic is linked to switching that automatically reconfigures
833-416: Is prefabricated including cut-outs for windows and doors and routed service channels. As the panels arrived on site they were immediately craned into position and fixed in place. Four carpenters assembled the eight-story structure in twenty-seven days. The speed of the construction in such a densely populated environment is especially relevant, as was the lack of noise and waste, creating far less intrusion on
882-644: Is prone to various issues, it may lead to human neglect of duty, and may lead to higher production demands which by overstressing the system may make it less safe. Redundancy is one form of robustness as practiced in computer science . Geographic redundancy has become important in the data center industry, to safeguard data against natural disasters and political instability (see below). In computer science, there are four major forms of redundancy: A modified form of software redundancy, applied to hardware may be: Structures are usually designed with redundant parts as well, ensuring that if one part fails,
931-509: Is the first high-density housing building to be built from pre-fabricated cross-laminated timber panels. It is the first building in the world of this height to construct not only load-bearing walls and floor slabs but also stair and lift cores entirely from timber. The record was later broken by Mjøstårnet in 2019 and the Ascent MKE high-rise apartment-building in 2022. Timber stores 0.8t of carbon dioxide within 1 cubic metre and
980-430: The deeds to the properties in the development and may also result from or be reinforced by zoning . Restrictive covenants are not easily changed when the agreement of all property owners (many of whom may not live in the area) is required. The area so restricted may be large or small. Residential areas may be subcategorized in the concentric zone model and other schemes of urban geography . Residential development
1029-429: The activity message, when the primary detects a fault. The alternate activates its output and takes over from the primary after a brief delay when the activity message ceases. Errors in voting logic can cause both outputs to be active or inactive at the same time, or cause outputs to flutter on and off. A more reliable form of voting logic involves an odd number of three devices or more. All perform identical functions and
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#17327650160471078-491: The architects, the colour scheme of the exterior façade was inspired by Gerhard Richter ’s painting Les gris entre ciel et mer du nord . The building was assembled using a structural cross-laminated timber panel system. The timber panels are produced in Austria by KLH using Spruce planks glued together with a non-toxic adhesive . The waste timber is converted to fuel powering both the factory and local village. Each panel
1127-439: The building and an animated façade where windows were placed according to the best advantage. Typically a new technology in construction provides a reduced volume of building material ; lighter weights produce cheaper faster buildings. The impression of solidity once inside this building is evident, the interior spaces and the acoustic they give off affirm a sense of place and home. Traditional trades and methods followed on once
1176-434: The building’s carbon saving for some 21 years. Concerns associated with timber buildings are predominantly related to acoustics and fire protection . Timber buildings are classified as poor in terms of their acoustic performance due to the light structure as compared to reinforced concrete and masonry. However, cross-laminated solid timber panels have a significantly higher density than timber frame buildings. They provide
1225-451: The case of GNSS receivers, or multi-threaded computer processing. In many safety-critical systems , such as fly-by-wire and hydraulic systems in aircraft , some parts of the control system may be triplicated, which is formally termed triple modular redundancy (TMR). An error in one component may then be out-voted by the other two. In a triply redundant system, the system has three sub components, all three of which must fail before
1274-409: The chosen construction method has resulted in a reduction in the carbon load of the building of 67,500 + 57,250 + 186,000 = 310,750 kg of carbon. This is equivalent to over 310 tonnes of carbon. The estimated carbon dioxide produced in the generation of the energy for the building, including the transportation of the timber panels from Austria, is 10,000 kg/c/yr. This has been entirely offset by
1323-539: The components. Error detection and correction and the Global Positioning System (GPS) are two examples of active redundancy. Electrical power distribution provides an example of active redundancy. Several power lines connect each generation facility with customers. Each power line includes monitors that detect overload. Each power line also includes circuit breakers. The combination of power lines provides excess capacity. Circuit breakers disconnect
1372-706: The entire structure will not collapse. A structure without redundancy is called fracture-critical , meaning that a single broken component can cause the collapse of the entire structure. Bridges that failed due to lack of redundancy include the Silver Bridge and the Interstate 5 bridge over the Skagit River . Parallel and combined systems demonstrate different level of redundancy. The models are subject of studies in reliability and safety engineering. Unlike traditional redundancy, which uses more than one of
1421-406: The environmental consideration and potential economies to cost and programme. The form of the design was predetermined by a number of factors. Previous architects had received two planning refusals on the site and as a result the acceptable parameters for the building’s approval were clearly defined. The site area is 17m x 17m and bound on all sides by other residential buildings. An extrusion of
1470-775: The expanding demand for home ownership. Post–World War II economic expansion in major cities of the United States, especially New York City and Los Angeles produced a demand for thousands of new homes, which was largely met by speculative building. Its large-scale practitioners disliked the term "property speculator" and coined the new name "residential development" for their activity. Entire farms and ranches were subdivided and developed, often with one individual or company controlling all aspects of entitlement (permits), land development (streets and grading), infrastructure (utilities and sewage disposal), and housing. Communities like Levittown, Long Island or Lakewood south of Los Angeles saw new homes sold at unprecedented rates—more than one
1519-662: The final 30 minutes achieved by the calculation of charring rate of the KLH solid timber panels. Calculations by the project engineers however show that in fact the KLH panels comfortably achieve a 60-minute fire resistance period with the panel thicknesses used for this project so the design team has been slightly modest. Regulations in Europe have meant there are no precedents for Stadthaus. However, architectural and engineering methods in timber construction pioneered by Waugh Thistleton and Techniker are now accepted internationally. By gaining
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1568-465: The following Geographic redundancy corrects the vulnerabilities of redundant devices deployed by geographically separating backup devices. Geographic redundancy reduces the likelihood of events such as power outages , floods , HVAC failures, lightning strikes, tornadoes , building fires, wildfires , and mass shootings disabling most of the system if not the entirety of it. Geographic redundancy locations can be The following methods can reduce
1617-416: The following: [REDACTED] The dictionary definition of residential at Wiktionary Redundancy (engineering) In engineering and systems theory , redundancy is the intentional duplication of critical components or functions of a system with the goal of increasing reliability of the system , usually in the form of a backup or fail-safe , or to improve actual system performance, such as in
1666-423: The impact of component failures. One common form of passive redundancy is the extra strength of cabling and struts used in bridges. This extra strength allows some structural components to fail without bridge collapse. The extra strength used in the design is called the margin of safety. Eyes and ears provide working examples of passive redundancy. Vision loss in one eye does not cause blindness but depth perception
1715-447: The local community than a traditional concrete frame construction. A ‘platform construction’ configuration is used throughout this structure. Each floor is set on the walls below, and then another story of walls is raised and so on up the building. Joints are secured with screws and angle plates . Stresses are generally very low throughout the structure and at points where cross-grain pressures are high, screws have been added to reinforce
1764-1041: The necessary certificates from both NHBC and Building Research Establishment , both of which treated Stadthaus as a pilot scheme , the design team considers that timber panels are the building material of an environmentally conscious future. The Stadthaus was awarded the Wood Award 2008 , Structural category / Judges Special Award and the RIBA President's Award for Research 2009. 51°31′51″N 0°05′22″W / 51.5308°N 0.0894°W / 51.5308; -0.0894 Residential building Housing may vary significantly between, and through, residential areas. These include single-family housing , multi-family residential , or mobile homes . Zoning for residential use may permit some services or work opportunities or may totally exclude business and industry. It may permit high density land use or only permit low density uses. Residential zoning usually includes
1813-464: The outputs are compared by the voting logic. The voting logic establishes a majority when there is a disagreement, and the majority will act to deactivate the output from other device(s) that disagree. A single fault will not interrupt normal operation. This technique is used with avionics systems, such as those responsible for operation of the Space Shuttle . Each duplicate component added to
1862-426: The production of cement produces 237 kg of carbon per tonne. The project's sustainability expert estimates that if this building were to be a concrete structure, it would contain approximately 950 cubic metres of concrete. This would require 285 tonnes of cement and would, therefore, produce approximately 67,500 kg of carbon. Additionally, the production of steel produces 477 kg of carbon per tonne. It
1911-596: The production output of each generating facility when other generating facilities are suddenly lost. This prevents blackout conditions during major events such as an earthquake. Charles Perrow , author of Normal Accidents , has said that sometimes redundancies backfire and produce less, not more reliability. This may happen in three ways: First, redundant safety devices result in a more complex system, more prone to errors and accidents. Second, redundancy may lead to shirking of responsibility among workers. Third, redundancy may lead to increased production pressures, resulting in
1960-554: The risks of damage by a fire conflagration : Geographic redundancy is used by Amazon Web Services (AWS), Google Cloud Platform (GCP), Microsoft Azure, Netflix, Dropbox, Salesforce, LinkedIn, PayPal, Twitter, Facebook, Apple iCloud, Cisco Meraki, and many others to provide geographic redundancy, high availability, fault tolerance and to ensure availability and reliability for their cloud services. As another example, to minimize risk of damage from severe windstorms or water damage, buildings can be located at least 2 miles (3.2 km) away from
2009-716: The same socket in such a way that if one power supply failed, the other would too. It also assumes that only one component is needed to keep the system running. You can achieve higher availability through redundancy. Let's say you have three redundant components: A, B and C. You can use following formula to calculate availability of the overall system: Availability of redundant components = 1 - (1 - availability of component A) X (1 - availability of component B) X (1 - availability of component C) In corollary, if you have N parallel components each having X availability, then: Availability of parallel components = 1 - (1 - X)^ N Using redundant components can exponentially increase
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2058-429: The same thing, dissimilar redundancy uses different things. The idea is that the different things are unlikely to contain identical flaws. The voting method may involve additional complexity if the two things take different amounts of time. Dissimilar redundancy is often used with software, because identical software contains identical flaws. The chance of failure is reduced by using at least two different types of each of
2107-437: The shore, with an elevation of at least 5 feet (1.5 m) above sea level. For additional protection, they can be located at least 100 feet (30 m) away from flood plain areas. The two functions of redundancy are passive redundancy and active redundancy . Both functions prevent performance decline from exceeding specification limits without human intervention using extra capacity. Passive redundancy uses excess capacity to reduce
2156-480: The site area set the building’s plan form and the height at nine stories was set as a maximum, before overshadowing would become an issue. The Metropolitan Housing Trust required that a separate ground floor entrance be provided for the affordable units. This resulted in a mirrored floor plan from east to west, with an identical entrance to each aspect. Both tenures are served by an individual staircase and lift. The five upper stories are designated for private sale and
2205-490: The structure of each floor was complete. The enthusiasm of the work force for the construction and the ease of the build was a benefit beyond anticipation. The building was completed in 49 weeks, estimated to be a saving of five months over a notional concrete frame construction and occupied ahead of programme in January 2009. Using a bulk timber panel system affects the carbon footprint of the building in three ways. Firstly,
2254-399: The system decreases the probability of system failure according to the formula:- where: This formula assumes independence of failure events. That means that the probability of a component B failing given that a component A has already failed is the same as that of B failing when A has not failed. There are situations where this is unreasonable, such as using two power supplies connected to
2303-409: The system fails. Since each one rarely fails, and the sub components are designed to preclude common failure modes (which can then be modelled as independent failure), the probability of all three failing is calculated to be extraordinarily small; it is often outweighed by other risk factors, such as human error . Electrical surges arising from lightning strikes are an example of a failure mode which
2352-419: The three lower stories for social housing. The majority of social housing is made up of family apartments which overlook the play area to the rear of the building. Telford Homes specifically required that the interiors were consistent with a standard developer specification, which means that inside the apartments feel completely conventional, belying the revolutionary nature of their structure. According to
2401-412: The timber locally. Progressive collapse is avoided by providing sufficient redundancy so that any single elements can be removed. Designing a building constructed from load bearing panels creates a number of opportunities. Any internal wall can become a party wall and have a significant portion removed from the surface area as openings. This simple flexibility allowed for different plan types up and down
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