86-429: Stanley Institute , also known as Rock School, is a historic African American school building located at Cambridge , Dorchester County, Maryland . It is a rectangular one-story, gable-front frame building with a small entrance vestibule built about 1865. Three original blackboards still occupy their proper locations. The building was moved to its present location from a site near Church Creek in 1867. It served as both
172-453: A writing or typing project, mathematical exercises to be completed, information to be reviewed before a test , or other skills to be practiced. The benefits of homework are debated. Generally speaking, homework does not improve academic performance among young children. Homework may improve academic skills among older students, especially lower-achieving students. It is also believed it creates stress on students and parents, and reduces
258-460: A 15-year cycle: homework was encouraged in the 1950s to mid-1960s; it was rejected from the mid-1960s until 1980; it was encouraged again from 1980 and the publication of A Nation at Risk until the mid-1990s, when the Cold War ended. At that time, American schools were overwhelmingly in favor of issuing some homework to students of all grade levels. Homework was less favored after the end of
344-557: A church and a school until the erection of the present Rock Methodist Church later in the 19th century. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. [REDACTED] Media related to Stanley Institute at Wikimedia Commons This article about a Registered Historic Place in Dorchester County , Maryland is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . School A school
430-604: A day on homework during the school year. The change in this demographic's average daily time spent doing homework (during the school year) increased by about 16 minutes from 2003–2006 to 2014–2017. U.S. teenage girls spent more time doing homework than U.S. teenage boys. A 2019 nationally representative survey of 95,505 freshmen at U.S. colleges, conducted by the UCLA Higher Education Research Institute , asked respondents, "During your last year in high school, how much time did you spend during
516-610: A distraction from their children's activities and responsibilities. Galloway, Conner & Pope (2013) recommended further empirical study relating to this aspect due to the difference between student and parent observations. A University of Michigan Institute for Social Research nationally representative survey of American 15- to 17-year olds, conducted in 2003, found an average of 50 minutes of homework each weekday. A 2019 Pew Research Center review of Bureau of Labor Statistics ' American Time Use Survey data reported that 15-, 16-, and 17-year-olds Americans, spent on average an hour
602-499: A more comprehensive approach to developing homework and assignments and incorporate them into their teaching. Despite the challenges teachers may encounter, the current belief is that the primary objective of homework is to facilitate student learning while they work on it. Homework should encourage students to actively engage in their learning, articulate their thought processes, and develop or suggest strategies when they encounter difficulties in problem-solving. Current conversations on
688-411: A positive homework environment. Experts recommend that schools and educators actively involve parents in their children's homework by seeking their direct and indirect input and establishing open lines of communication that invite parental engagement. This can create a supportive and conducive homework atmosphere for their students. There has been extensive consideration and discussion on how to redefine
774-748: A report by the OECD showed that Spanish children spend 6.4 hours a week on homework. This prompted the CEAPA, representing 12,000 Spanish parent associations, to call for a homework strike. Some educators argue that homework is beneficial to students, as it enhances learning, develops the skills taught in class, and lets educators verify that students comprehend their lessons. Proponents also argue that homework makes it more likely that students will develop and maintain proper study habits that they can use throughout their educational career. Homework and its effects, justifications, motivations and alleged benefits have been
860-460: A school can have significant impact on local communities. In low-income countries , only 32% of primary, 43% of lower secondary and 52% of upper secondary schools have access to electricity . This affects access to the internet , which is just 37% in upper secondary schools in low-income countries, as compared to 59% in those in middle-income countries and 93% in those in high-income countries . Access to basic water , sanitation and hygiene
946-451: A student taking chemistry who must color a mole for homework. Chenoweth shared how busy work like this can have a negative effect on students, and explained that having this simple drawing is of no worth in terms of learning, yet it lowered the student's grade in class. However, Miriam Ferzli et al. point out that just because an assignment is time consuming does not give students the right to call an assignment "busy work," which can be seen in
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#17328022765661032-571: A student's needs while allowing students to continue working and tending to their other obligations. Online school education is divided into three subcategories: Online Elementary School, Online Middle School, Online High school. As a profession, teaching has levels of work-related stress (WRS) that are among the highest of any profession in some countries, such as the United Kingdom and the United States. The degree of this problem
1118-457: A time that works best. Conflicts with taking an online class may include not being face to face with the instructor when learning or being in an environment with other students. Online classes can also make understanding the content challenging, especially when unable to get in quick contact with the instructor. Online students have the advantage of using other online sources with assignments or exams for that specific class. Online classes also have
1204-868: A tree with a small / no campus and are free of cost. There are various boards of schools in India, namely Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE), Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE), Madrasa Boards of various states, Matriculation Boards of various states, State Boards of various boards, Anglo Indian Board, among others. Today's typical syllabus includes language(s), mathematics, science – physics, chemistry, biology, geography, history, general knowledge, and information technology/computer science. Extracurricular activities include physical education/sports and cultural activities like music, choreography, painting, and theatre/drama. In much of continental Europe,
1290-455: A typical week studying/doing homework?" 1.9% of respondents said none, 7.4% said less than one hour, 19.5% said 1–2 hours, 27.9% said 3–5 hours, 21.4% said 6–10 hours, 11.4% said 11–15 hours, 6.0% said 16–20 hours, 4.5% said over 20 hours. Galloway, Conner & Pope (2013) surveyed 4,317 students from ten "privileged, high-performing" high schools in the U.S., and found that students reported spending more than 3 hours on homework daily. 72% of
1376-720: A vocational school directly. Instead, they are supposed to proceed to one of Germany's general education schools such as Gesamtschule , Hauptschule , Realschule or Gymnasium . When they leave that school, which usually happens at age 15–19, they may proceed to a vocational school. The term school is rarely used for tertiary education , except for some upper or high schools (German: Hochschule), which describe colleges and universities. In Eastern Europe modern schools (after World War II ), of both primary and secondary educations, often are combined. In contrast, secondary education might be split into accomplished or not. The schools are classified as middle schools of general education. For
1462-498: Is a discipline which practices architect and others for the design of educational institutions, such as schools and universities , as well as other choices in the educational design of learning experiences. The design of building can significantly influence the learning experience of students. Additionally, because schools are important sources of traffic, employment and community activities, school buildings often act as anchor institutions in neighborhoods or communities. The decline of
1548-530: Is also far from universal. Among upper secondary schools, only 53% in low-income countries and 84% in middle-income countries have access to basic drinking water. Access to water and sanitation is universal in high-income countries. The safety of staff and students is increasingly becoming an issue for school communities, an issue most schools are addressing through improved security. Some have also taken measures such as installing metal detectors or video surveillance . Others have even taken measures such as having
1634-596: Is becoming increasingly recognized and support systems are being put into place. Stress sometimes affects students more severely than teachers, up to the point where the students are prescribed stress medication. This stress is claimed to be related to standardized testing, and the pressure on students to score above average. According to a 2008 mental health study by the Associated Press and mtvU, eight in 10 U.S. college students said they had sometimes or frequently experienced stress in their daily lives. This
1720-469: Is both the educational institution and building designed to provide learning spaces and learning environments for the teaching of students under the direction of teachers . Most countries have systems of formal education , which is sometimes compulsory . In these systems, students progress through a series of schools that can be built and operated by both government and private organization. The names for these schools vary by country (discussed in
1806-574: Is compulsory under the Universal Basic Education Program (UBEC). Tertiary institutions include public and private universities, polytechnics, and colleges of education. Universities can be funded by the federal government, state governments, religious institutions, or individuals and organisations. Many schools are owned or funded by states . Private schools operate independently from the government. Private schools usually rely on fees from families whose children attend
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#17328022765661892-600: Is employed", but later "a group to whom lectures were given, school". The concept of grouping students together in a centralized location for learning has existed since Classical antiquity . Formal schools have existed at least since ancient Greece (see Academy ), ancient Rome (see Education in Ancient Rome ) ancient India (see Gurukul ), and ancient China (see History of education in China ). The Byzantine Empire had an established schooling system beginning at
1978-747: Is learned in the class, noting, "In the initial step students complete and submit (traditional) homework assignments electronically, and then later they revisit their work through presentations of selected problems during class. Homework has been identified in numerous studies and articles as a dominant or significant source of stress and anxiety for students. Studies on the relation between homework and health are few compared to studies on academic performance. Cheung & Leung-Ngai (1992) surveyed 1,983 students in Hong Kong , and found that homework led not only to added stress and anxiety, but also physical symptoms, such as headaches and stomachaches. Students in
2064-539: Is often seen as a way of encouraging self-regulation . Homework is sometimes used to outsource school material not completed in class to the home, leaving children with homework that is not designed to be done on their own and parents feeling helpless and frustrated. As a consequence, students often have to use the internet or other resources for help, which provides disadvantages for students without internet access . Thus, such homework fails to promote equality of opportunity . Homework without professional feedback from
2150-520: Is only one type of secondary school. However, they may be funded either by the state or independently funded. Scotland's school performance is monitored by Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Education . Ofsted reports on performance in England and Estyn reports on performance in Wales. In the United Kingdom, most schools are publicly funded and known as state schools or maintained schools in which tuition
2236-536: Is provided for free. There are also private schools or private schools that charge fees. Some of the most selective and expensive private schools are known as public schools , a usage that can be confusing to speakers of North American English . In North American usage, a public school is publicly funded or run. In much of the Commonwealth of Nations , including Australia, New Zealand, India, Pakistan , Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, South Africa, Kenya, and Tanzania,
2322-464: The Regional terms section below) but generally include primary school for young children and secondary school for teenagers who have completed primary education . An institution where higher education is taught is commonly called a university college or university . In addition to these core schools, students in a given country may also attend schools before and after primary (elementary in
2408-495: The Latin language . This led to the term grammar school , which in the United States informally refers to a primary school, but in the United Kingdom means a school that selects entrants based on ability or aptitude. The school curriculum has gradually broadened to include literacy in the vernacular language and technical, artistic, scientific, and practical subjects. Obligatory school attendance became common in parts of Europe during
2494-466: The UCL Institute of Education , which concerned the impact of homework in different countries, discovered that the pressure associated with homework causes arguments among family members. The study also showed that homework can lead to anxiety , depression , and emotional exhaustion among children. A collaboration effort between schools, teachers, and parents plays a crucial role in creating
2580-536: The 18th century. In Denmark-Norway , this was introduced as early as in 1739–1741, the primary end being to increase the literacy of the almue , i.e., the "regular people". Many of the earlier public schools in the United States and elsewhere were one-room schools where a single teacher taught seven grades of boys and girls in the same classroom. Beginning in the 1920s, one-room schools were consolidated into multiple classroom facilities with transportation increasingly provided by kid hacks and school buses . Islam
2666-530: The 5th century CE, monastic schools were also established throughout Western Europe, teaching religious and secular subjects. In Europe, universities emerged during the 12th century; here, scholasticism was an important tool, and the academicians were called schoolmen . During the Middle Ages and much of the Early Modern period, the main purpose of schools (as opposed to universities) was to teach
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2752-519: The Cold War. The debate has since persisted, with numerous books and articles being published on the advantages and disadvantages of homework concerning student learning. British students get more homework than many other countries in Europe. The weekly average for the subject is 5 hours. The main distinction for UK homework is the social gap, with middle-class teenagers getting a disproportionate amount of homework compared to Asia and Europe. In 2012,
2838-715: The Empire emphasized efficiency in its war manuals. The Byzantine education system continued until the empire's collapse in 1453 AD. In Western Europe, a considerable number of cathedral schools were founded during the Early Middle Ages in order to teach future clergy and administrators, with the oldest still existing, and continuously operated, cathedral schools being The King's School, Canterbury (established 597 CE), King's School, Rochester (established 604 CE), St Peter's School, York (established 627 CE) and Thetford Grammar School (established 631 CE). Beginning in
2924-547: The MetLife study, high school students reported spending more time completing homework than performing home tasks. Kohn (2006) argued that homework can create family conflict and reduce students' quality of life. The authors of Sallee & Rigler (2008) , both high school English teachers, reported that their homework disrupted their students' extracurricular activities and responsibilities. However, Kiewra et al. (2009) found that parents were less likely to report homework as
3010-497: The Mughal rule, Madrasahs were introduced in India to educate the children of Muslim parents. British records show that indigenous education was widespread in the 18th century, with a school for every temple, mosque, or village in most regions. The subjects taught included Reading, Writing, Arithmetic, Theology, Law, Astronomy, Metaphysics, Ethics, Medical Science, and Religion. Under British rule, Christian missionaries from England,
3096-721: The Normative Deviance Scale as a model for deviance , the correlation was r = 0.28 for white students, and r = 0.24 for African-American students. For all three of the correlations, higher values represent a higher correlation between time spent on homework and poor conduct. Bempechat (2004) says that homework develops students' motivation and study skills. In a single study, parents and teachers of middle school students believed that homework improved students' study skills and personal responsibility skills. Their students were more likely to have negative perceptions about homework and were less likely to ascribe
3182-580: The Quran. Attending a Qur'anic school is how children become recognized members of the Islamic faith. Children often attend state schools and a Qur'anic school. In Mozambique, specifically, there are two kinds of Qur'anic schools. They are the tariqa based and the Wahhabi-based schools. What makes these schools different is who controls them. Tariqa schools are controlled at the local level. In contrast,
3268-504: The U.S.) and secondary (middle school in the U.S.) education. Kindergarten or preschool provide some schooling to very young children (typically ages 3–5). University, vocational school , college or seminary may be available after secondary school. A school may be dedicated to one particular field, such as a school of economics or dance. Alternative schools may provide nontraditional curriculum and methods. Non-government schools, also known as private schools , may be required when
3354-586: The United States and noted that school time plus homework exceeded the number of hours that a child would be permitted to work for pay. The campaign resulted in the US Congress receiving testimony to the effect that experts thought children should never have any homework, and that teenagers should be limited to a maximum of two hours of homework per day. In 1901, the California legislature passed an act that effectively abolished homework for anyone under
3440-590: The United States, and other countries established missionary and boarding schools in India. Later as these schools gained popularity, more were started, and some gained prestige. These schools marked the beginning of modern schooling in India. The syllabus and calendar they followed became the benchmark for schools in modern India. Today most schools follow the missionary school model for tutoring, subject/syllabus, and governance, with minor changes. Schools in India range from large campuses with thousands of students and hefty fees to schools where children are taught under
3526-909: The United States, school performance through high school is monitored by each state's department of education . Charter schools are publicly funded elementary or secondary schools that have been freed from some of the rules, regulations, and statutes that apply to other public schools. The terms grammar school and grade school are sometimes used to refer to a primary school due to British colonial legacies. In addition, there are tax-funded magnet schools which offer different programs and instruction not available in traditional schools. In West Africa, "school" can also refer to "bush" schools, Quranic schools, or apprenticeships. These schools include formal and informal learning. Bush schools are training camps that pass down cultural skills, traditions, and knowledge to their students. Bush schools are semi-similar to traditional western schools because they are separated from
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3612-941: The Wahhabi are controlled by the Islamic Council. Within the Qur'anic school system, there are levels of education. They range from a basic level of understanding, called chuo and kioni in local languages, to the most advanced, which is called ilimu. In Nigeria, the term school broadly covers daycares , nursery schools , primary schools , secondary schools and tertiary institutions . Primary and secondary schools are either privately funded by religious institutions and corporate organisations or government-funded. Government-funded schools are commonly referred to as public schools. Students spend six years in primary school, three years in junior secondary school, and three years in senior secondary school. The first nine years of formal schooling
3698-461: The advantage of students not needing to leave their house for a morning class or worrying about their attendance for that class. Students can work at their own pace to learn and achieve within that curriculum. The convenience of learning at home has been an attraction point for enrolling online. Students can attend class anywhere a computer can go – at home, in a library, or while traveling internationally. Online school classes are designed to fit
3784-885: The age group of those studied and the measure of academic performance. Younger students who spend more time on homework generally have slightly worse, or the same academic performance, as those who spend less time on homework. Homework has not been shown to improve academic achievements for grade school students. Proponents claim that assigning homework to young children helps them learn good study habits. No research has ever been conducted to determine whether this claim has any merit. Among teenagers, students who spend more time on homework generally have higher grades , and higher test scores than students who spend less time on homework. Large amounts of homework cause students' academic performance to worsen, even among older students. Students who are assigned homework in middle and high school score somewhat better on standardized tests , but
3870-571: The age of 15. While homework was generally out of favor in the first half of the 20th century, some people supported homework reform, such as by making the assignments more relevant to the students' non-school lives, rather than prohibiting it. In the 1950s, with increasing pressure on the United States to stay ahead in the Cold War , homework made a resurgence, and children were encouraged to keep up with their Russian counterparts. From that time on, social attitudes have oscillated approximately on
3956-456: The amount of time that students can spend in other important activities. Hence, emphasis should be not on how long students spend on the homework but on what they gain through the practice. It can be useful to help students develop their self-regulation skills. Cultivating self-regulation skills is vital for individuals to become lifelong learners and sustain their growth over time. While developing these skills may require dedication and patience,
4042-445: The boys' bush school. They practice domestic affairs such as cooking, childcare, and being a good wife. Their training is focused on how to be a proper woman by societal standards. Qur'anic schools are the principal way of teaching the Quran and knowledge of the Islamic faith. These schools also fostered literacy and writing during the time of colonization. Today, the emphasis is on the different levels of reading, memorizing, and reciting
4128-508: The burden of excessive homework. They also believed the quality of time with their children has been seriously affected by the too much work given as homework. According to a study by the Dresden University of Technology , homework—described in the study as "an educational ritual"—has little to no influence on academic performance. When assigning homework, each student is usually given the same exercises, regardless of how well
4214-448: The case of lab reports, which are indeed time-consuming but which are also key to learning. One way to promote productive learning starts in the classroom and then seeps into the homework. Brian Cook and Andrea Babon point to the difference between active and passive learning, noting that active learning promotes engagement and "a deeper approach to learning that enables students to develop meaning from knowledge." Cook and Babon discuss
4300-603: The case of the School Net Namibia . Some online classes also provide experience in a class. When people take them, they have already been introduced to the subject and know what to expect. Classes provide high school/college credit, allowing students to take the classes at their own pace. Many online classes cost money to take, but some are offered free. Internet-based distance learning programs are offered widely through many universities. Instructors teach through online activities and assignments. Online classes are taught
4386-658: The children swipe identification cards as they board the school bus. These plans have included door numbering to aid public safety response for some schools. Other security concerns faced by schools include bomb threats, gangs, and vandalism. In recognition of these threats, the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 4 advocates for upgrading education facilities to provide a safe, non-violent learning environment. School health services are services from medical, teaching and other professionals applied in or out of school to improve
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#17328022765664472-470: The context of homework in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Spain. Historically, homework was frowned upon in American culture . With few students able to pursue higher education , and with many children and teenagers needing to dedicate significant amounts of time to chores and farm work , homework was disliked not only by parents, but also by some schools. The students' inability to keep up with
4558-498: The development of such skills to homework. Leone & Richards (1989) found that students generally had negative emotions when completing homework and reduced engagement compared to other activities. The intention of homework is to further test students' knowledge at home. However, there is a line between productive work and busy work. Busy work has no inherent value; it just occupies time. Karin Chenoweth provides an example of
4644-445: The field of education both in its favor or against bouncing back and forth throughout. It was in the late 1900s, that a lot of researchers started writing books and publishing articles presenting their arguments and urging for reforms. Given the extensive scope of the history and practices of homework in various countries, including a comprehensive analysis within this article is not feasible. Therefore, it tried to providing insights into
4730-620: The first to make the Madrassa system a public domain under Caliph 's control. Under the Ottomans , the towns of Bursa and Edirne became the main centers of learning. The Ottoman system of Külliye , a building complex containing a mosque, a hospital, madrassa, and public kitchen and dining areas, revolutionized the education system, making learning accessible to a broader public through its free meals, health care, and sometimes free accommodation. The term " school" varies by country, as do
4816-531: The government does not supply adequate or specific educational needs. Other private schools can also be religious, such as Christian schools , gurukula (Hindu schools), madrasa (Arabic schools), hawzas (Shi'i Muslim schools), yeshivas (Jewish schools), and others; or schools that have a higher standard of education or seek to foster other personal achievements. Schools for adults include institutions of corporate training , military education and training and business schools . Critics of school often accuse
4902-464: The health and well-being of children and, in some cases, whole families. These services have been developed in different ways around the globe. However, the fundamentals are constant: the early detection, correction, prevention, or amelioration of disease, disability, and abuse from which school-aged children can suffer. Some schools offer remote access to their classes over the internet. Online schools also can provide support to traditional schools, as in
4988-411: The homework, which was largely memorizing an assigned text at home, contributed to students dropping out of school at a relatively early age. Attending school was not legally required, and if the student could not spend afternoons and evenings working on homework, then the student could quit school. Complaints from parents were common at all levels of society. In 1880, Francis Amasa Walker convinced
5074-562: The immediate feedback offered by online homework systems as well as the ability to have multiple attempts after an incorrect solution." Greenwald and Holdener state that after creating effective homework assignments, teachers must also implement the learning from that homework. Greenwald and Holdener point to a teacher who uses a two-step homework process of connecting homework to classroom learning by first assigning homework followed by in-class presentations. The teacher says using class time for following up on homework gives that connection to what
5160-403: The institution of school or in a virtual school outside a traditional school building, respectively. Schools are organized in several different organizational models , including departmental, small learning communities, academies, integrated, and schools-within-a-school. The word school derives from Greek σχολή ( scholē ), originally meaning "leisure" and also "that in which leisure
5246-580: The larger community. These schools are located in forests outside of the towns and villages, and the space used is solely for these schools. Once the students have arrived in the forest, they cannot leave until their training is complete. Visitors are prohibited from these areas. Instead of being separated by age, Bush schools are separated by gender. Women and girls cannot enter the boys' bush school territory and vice versa. Boys receive training in cultural crafts, fighting, hunting, and community laws among other subjects. Girls are trained in their own version of
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#17328022765665332-449: The latter occupying a more primary role in students' hierarchy of needs . [REDACTED] This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO. Text taken from #CommitToEducation , 35, UNESCO . Homework Homework is a set of tasks assigned to students by their teachers to be completed at home . Common homework assignments may include required reading ,
5418-429: The long-term benefits can make it worthwhile to some. The basic objectives of assigning homework to students often align with schooling in general. However, assigning homework serves multiple purposes for teachers, which include: Homework research dates back to the early 1900s. However, no consensus exists on the general effectiveness on homework. Results of homework studies vary based on multiple factors, such as
5504-613: The names of the various levels of education within the country. In the United Kingdom, the term school refers primarily to pre- university institutions, and these can, for the most part, be divided into pre-schools or nursery schools , primary schools (sometimes further divided into infant school and junior school ), and secondary schools . Various types of secondary schools in England and Wales include grammar schools , comprehensives , secondary moderns , and city academies . While they may have different names in Scotland, there
5590-423: The primary level. According to Traditions and Encounters , the founding of the primary education system began in 425 AD and "... military personnel usually had at least a primary education ...". The sometimes efficient and often large government of the Empire meant that educated citizens were a must. Although Byzantium lost much of the grandeur of Roman culture and extravagance in the process of surviving,
5676-439: The purpose of homework to make it more meaningful for students. However, breaking away from old beliefs and practices that simply assumed completing homework tasks would enhance student motivation, academic achievement, and behavior control required significant effort and time. It was seen as a paradigm shift to rethink homework practice and ensure it catered to the needs of diverse learners. This shift called for teachers to adopt
5762-461: The same as in-person, with the same curriculum. The instructor offers the syllabus with their fixed requirements like any other class. Students can virtually turn their assignments in to their instructors according to deadlines. This being through via email or on the course webpage. This allows students to work at their own pace yet meet the correct deadlines. Students taking an online class have more flexibility in their schedules to take their classes at
5848-452: The school board in Boston to prohibit teachers from assigning math homework under normal circumstances. In 1900, journalist Edward Bok railed against schools assigning homework to students until age 15. He encouraged parents to send notes to their children's teachers to demand the end of all homework assignments, and thousands of parents did so. Others looked at the new child labor laws in
5934-681: The school for funding; however, sometimes such schools also receive government support (for example, through School vouchers ). Many private schools are affiliated with a particular religion; these are known as parochial schools . Schools are organized spaces purposed for teaching and learning. The classrooms where teachers teach and students learn are of central importance. Classrooms may be specialized for certain subjects, such as laboratory classrooms for science education and workshops for industrial arts education. Typical schools have many other rooms and areas, which may include: Educational architecture, school architecture or school building design
6020-495: The school system of failing to adequately prepare students for their future lives, of encouraging certain temperaments while inhibiting others, of prescribing students exactly what to do, how, when, where and with whom, which would suppress creativity , and of using extrinsic measures such as grades and homework , which would inhibit children's natural curiosity and desire to learn. In homeschooling and distance education , teaching and learning take place independent from
6106-501: The stigma of being "soft" or "spoiling" toward students. Forms of discipline, such as control over when students may speak, and normalized behaviour, such as raising a hand to speak, are imposed in the name of greater efficiency. Practitioners of critical pedagogy maintain that such disciplinary measures have no positive effect on student learning. Indeed, some argue that disciplinary practices detract from learning, saying that they undermine students' dignity and sense of self-worth –
6192-419: The student is performing. This leaves some students under-challenged and others overwhelmed by their homework. For others, the degree of difficulty of homework may be appropriate, but students are unable to decide for themselves whether they need to deepen their knowledge in a particular subject or whether to use the time in other subjects with which they experience more difficulty, despite the fact that homework
6278-424: The students reported stress from homework, and 82% reported physical symptoms. The students slept an average of 6 hours 48 minutes, lower than recommendations prescribed by various health agencies. Homework has been in practice across cultures and societies for over a century. For decades the practice and acceptance of homework as an important part of schooling have also been in question by the arguments that run in
6364-404: The students who have more than 90 minutes of homework a day in middle school or more than two hours in high school score worse. Low-achieving students receive more benefit from doing homework than high-achieving students. However, school teachers commonly assign less homework to the students who need it most, and more homework to the students who are performing well. In past centuries, homework
6450-445: The subject of sharp criticism among many education experts and researchers. Criticism of repetitive tasks, rote learning, and memorization created concerns about students' overall health and well-being. This belief gained momentum, particularly in primary schools, leading to calls for the abolition of homework. Parents also joined the movement, asserting that their children were being deprived of play, relaxation, and quality time due to
6536-535: The survey who were ridiculed or punished by parents and peers had a higher incidence of depression symptoms, with 2.2% of students reporting that they "always" had suicidal thoughts, and anxiety was exacerbated by punishments and criticism of students by teachers for both problems with homework as well as forgetting to hand in homework. A 2007 study of American students by MetLife found that 89% of students felt stressed from homework, with 34% reporting that they "often" or "very often" felt stressed from homework. Stress
6622-555: The teacher has little effect on the learning success of students. Even if it is generally not wanted by homework distributors (unless homework is given as a punishment), completing homework may take up a large part of the student's free time. It is often the case that children try to finish their homework until late at night, which can lead to sleep disorders and unhealthy stress . Children may feel overwhelmed when they have too much homework, which can negatively affect children's natural curiosity and thirst for knowledge. A study by
6708-423: The technical purposes, they include "degrees" of the education they provide out of three available: the first – primary, the second – unaccomplished secondary, and the third – accomplished secondary. Usually, the first two degrees of education (eight years) are always included. In contrast, the last one (two years) permits the students to pursue vocational or specialized educations. In North America,
6794-401: The term school can refer to any educational institution at any level and covers all of the following: preschool (for toddlers ), kindergarten , elementary school , middle school (also called intermediate school or junior high school, depending on specific age groups and geographic region), high school (or in some cases senior high school), college, university, and graduate school . In
6880-501: The term school refers primarily to pre-university institutions. In ancient India, schools were in the form of Gurukuls . Gurukuls were traditional Hindu residential learning schools, typically the teacher's house or a monastery. Schools today are commonly known by the Sanskrit terms Vidyashram , Vidyalayam , Vidya Mandir , Vidya Bhavan in India. In southern languages, it is known as Pallikoodam or PaadaSaalai . During
6966-457: The term school usually applies to primary education , with primary schools that last between four and nine years, depending on the country. It also applies to secondary education , with secondary schools often divided between Gymnasiums and vocational schools , which again, depending on country and type of school, educate students for between three and six years. In Germany, students graduating from Grundschule are not allowed to progress into
7052-472: The use of weekly quizzes, which are based on the course readings and which test each student's understanding at the end of each week. Weekly quizzes engage not only students, but also teachers, who must look at what is commonly missed, review students' answers, and clear up any misunderstandings. Sarah Greenwald and Judy Holdener discuss the rise of online homework and report that "online homework can increase student engagement, and students generally appreciate
7138-627: Was a cause of academic failure: when school attendance was optional, students would drop out of school entirely if they were unable to keep up with the homework assigned. The amount of homework given does not necessarily affect students' attitudes towards homework and various other aspects of school. Epstein (1988) found a near-zero correlation between the amount of homework and parents' reports on how well their elementary school students behaved. Vazsonyi & Pickering (2003) studied 809 adolescents in American high schools, and found that, using
7224-457: Was an increase of 20% from a survey five years previously. Thirty-four percent had felt depressed at some point in the past three months, 13 percent had been diagnosed with a mental health condition such as an anxiety disorder or depression, and 9 percent had seriously considered suicide. Schools and their teachers have always been under pressure – for instance, pressure to cover the curriculum, perform well compared to other schools, and avoid
7310-462: Was another culture that developed a school system in the modern sense of the word. Emphasis was put on knowledge, which required a systematic way of teaching and spreading knowledge and purpose-built structures. At first, mosques combined religious performance and learning activities. However, by the 9th century, the madrassa was introduced, a school that was built independently from the mosque, such as al-Qarawiyyin , founded in 859 CE. They were also
7396-573: Was especially evident among high school students. Students that reported stress from homework were more likely to be deprived of sleep. Homework can cause tension and conflict in the home as well as at school, and can reduce students' family and leisure time. In the Cheung & Leung-Ngai (1992) survey, failure to complete homework and low grades where homework was a contributing factor was correlated with greater conflict; some students have reported teachers and parents frequently criticizing their work. In
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