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54-407: Port and starboard are nautical terms for watercraft , aircraft and spacecraft , referring respectively to the left and right sides of the vessel, when aboard and facing the bow (front). Vessels with bilateral symmetry have left and right halves which are mirror images of each other. One asymmetric feature is where access to a boat, ship, or aircraft is at the side; it is usually only on

108-425: A cell within a whole organ intact and under perfusion may be in situ investigation. This would not be in vivo as the donor is sacrificed by experimentation, but it would not be the same as working with the cell alone (a common scenario for in vitro experiments). For instance, an example of biomedical engineering in situ involves the procedures to directly create an implant from a patient's own tissue within

162-446: A crucial determinant for treatment protocols and prognostic assessment. Space exploration utilizes in situ planetary research methods, conducting direct observational studies and data collection on celestial bodies , thereby avoiding the complexities inherent in sample-return missions . The humanities , notably archaeology , employ in situ methodologies to maintain contextual authenticity. Archaeological investigations preserve

216-466: A field setting as opposed to a laboratory setting. In gastronomy , "in situ" refers to the art of cooking with the different resources that are available at the site of the event. Here a person is not going to the restaurant, but the restaurant comes to the person's home. In legal contexts, in situ is often used for its literal meaning. For example, in Hong Kong , in-situ land exchange refers to

270-402: A mechanism where landowners can swap their existing or expired leases with new grants for the same land parcel. This approach facilitates redevelopment while preserving the property's original location. In the field of recognition of governments under public international law the term in situ is used to distinguish between an exiled government and a government with effective control over

324-1092: A methodological framework that emphasizes the relationship between artistic works and their environmental or cultural settings. In aerospace structural health monitoring , in situ inspection denotes diagnostic methodologies that evaluate components within their operational environments—eliminating the need for disassembly or service interruption. The nondestructive testing (NDT) techniques employed for in situ damage detection include: infrared thermography , which measures thermal emissions to identify structural anomalies; speckle shearing interferometry (also known as shearography ), which analyzes surface deformation patterns; and ultrasonic testing , which uses sound wave propagation to detect internal defects in composite materials . Each technique exhibits characteristic operational constraints. Infrared thermography exhibits reduced effectiveness on low- emissivity materials, shearography requires carefully controlled environmental conditions, and ultrasonic testing protocols can be time-intensive for large structural components. Nevertheless,

378-410: A physical storage facility such as hay. In electrochemistry , the phrase in situ refers to performing electrochemical experiments under operating conditions of the electrochemical cell, i.e., under potential control. This is opposed to doing ex situ experiments that are performed under the absence of potential control. Potential control preserves the electrochemical environment essential to maintain

432-531: A presenter looking at tips on a smart glass to reduce their speaking rate during a speech, or technicians receiving online and stepwise instructions for repairing an engine. An algorithm is said to be an in situ algorithm, or in-place algorithm , if the extra amount of memory required to execute the algorithm is O(1) , that is, does not exceed a constant no matter how large the input. Typically such an algorithm operates on data objects directly in place rather than making copies of them. For example, heapsort

486-439: A project site. In this case, it is used to designate the state of an unmodified sample taken from a given stockpile. Site construction usually involves grading the existing soil surface so that material is "cut" out of one area and "filled" in another area creating a flat pad on an existing slope. The term "in situ" distinguishes soil still in its existing condition from soil modified (filled) during construction. The differences in

540-536: A two watch system the teams supplying the personnel are often named Port and Starboard. This may extend to entire crews, such as the forward-deployed crews of the Royal Navy’s Gulf -based frigate, or ballistic missile submarines . Glossary of nautical terms (M-Z) This glossary of nautical terms is an alphabetical listing of terms and expressions connected with ships , shipping , seamanship and navigation on water (mostly though not necessarily on

594-484: A type of malignant skin cancer . In this stage, the cancerous melanocytes —the pigment-producing cells that give skin its color—are confined to the epidermis , the outermost layer of the skin . The melanoma has not yet penetrated into the deeper dermal layers of the skin or metastasized to other parts of the body. Beyond oncology, in situ applies to fields that require maintenance of natural anatomical or physiological positions. In orthopedic surgery , for example,

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648-467: A versatile platform for storage and release of therapeutic proteins. It has tremendous applications for cancer treatment, vaccination, diagnosis, regenerative medicine, and therapies for loss-of-function genetic diseases. In chemical engineering, in situ often refers to industrial plant "operations or procedures that are performed in place." For example, aged catalysts in industrial reactors may be regenerated in place ( in situ ) without being removed from

702-443: A vessel is overtaking, approaching head-on, or crossing. To set forth these navigational rules, the terms starboard and port are essential, and to aid in in situ decision-making, the two sides of each vessel are marked, dusk to dawn, by navigation lights , the vessel's starboard side by green and its port side by red. Aircraft are lit in the same way. Port and starboard are also commonly used when dividing crews; for example with

756-409: Is an in situ sorting algorithm, which sorts the elements of an array in place. Quicksort is an in situ sorting algorithm, but in the worst case it requires linear space on the call stack (this can be reduced to log space). Merge sort is generally not written as an in situ algorithm. AJAX partial page data updates is another example of in situ in a Web UI/UX context. Web 2.0 included AJAX and

810-413: Is commonly applied in the context of carcinoma in situ (CIS), a term describing abnormal cells confined to their original location without invasion of surrounding tissue. CIS is a critical term in early cancer diagnosis , as it signifies a non-invasive stage, allowing for more targeted interventions before potential progression. Similarly, melanoma in situ is an early, localized form of melanoma ,

864-421: Is not in situ (see wh-movement ): "What did John buy?" In literature in situ is used to describe a condition. The Rosetta Stone , for example, was originally erected in a courtyard, for public viewing. Most pictures of the famous stone are not in situ pictures of it erected, as it would have been originally. The stone was uncovered as part of building material, within a wall. Its in situ condition today

918-628: Is that it is erected, vertically, on public display at the British Museum in London, England. The term in situ in the medical context is part of a group of two-word Latin expressions, including in vitro , in vivo , and ex vivo . Similar to abbreviations, these terms support the concise transfer of essential information in medical communication. In situ , specifically, is among the most widely used and versatile Latin terms in medical discourse in modern times. In oncology , in situ

972-599: The Earth sciences , in situ typically describes natural material or processes prior to transport. For example, in situ is used in relation to the distinction between weathering and erosion , the difference being that erosion requires a transport medium (such as wind , ice , or water ), whereas weathering occurs in situ . Geochemical processes are also often described as occurring to material in situ . In oceanography and ocean sciences , in situ generally refers to observational methods made by obtaining direct samples of

1026-542: The Royal Navy ordered that port be used instead. The United States Navy followed suit in 1846. Larboard continued to be used well into the 1850s by whalers . In chapter 12 of Life on the Mississippi (1883) Mark Twain writes larboard was used to refer to the left side of the ship ( Mississippi River steamboat ) in his days on the river – circa 1857–1861. Lewis Carroll rhymed larboard and starboard in "Fit

1080-459: The bow , towards the direction the vessel is heading when underway in the forward direction. The starboard side is to the right of such an observer. This convention allows orders and information to be communicated unambiguously, without needing to know which way any particular crew member is facing. The term starboard derives from the Old English steorbord , meaning the side on which

1134-507: The in place storage of a product, usually a natural resource. More generally, it refers to any situation where there is no out-of-pocket cost to store the product so that the only storage cost is the opportunity cost of waiting longer to get your money when the product is eventually sold. Examples of in situ storage would be oil and gas wells, all types of mineral and gem mines, stone quarries, timber that has reached an age where it could be harvested, and agricultural products that do not need

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1188-674: The Second" of The Hunting of the Snark (1876). An Anglo-Saxon record of a voyage by Ohthere of Hålogaland used the word "bæcbord" ("back-board") for the left side of a ship. With the steering rudder on the starboard side the man on the rudder had his back to the bagbord (Nordic for portside) side of the ship. The words for "port side" in other European languages, such as German Backbord , Dutch and Afrikaans bakboord , Swedish babord , Spanish babor , Portuguese bombordo , Italian babordo , French bâbord and Estonian pakpoord , are derived from

1242-441: The computation to where data is located, rather than the other way like in traditional RDBMS systems where data is moved to computational space. This is also known as in-situ processing . In design and advertising the term typically means the superimposing of theoretical design elements onto photographs of real world locations. This is a pre-visualization tool to aid in illustrating a proof of concept. In physical geography and

1296-417: The concept of asynchronous requests to servers to replace a portion of a web page with new data, without reloading the entire page, as the early HTML model dictated. Arguably, all asynchronous data transfers or any background task is in situ as the normal state is normally unaware of background tasks, usually notified on completion by a callback mechanism. With big data , in situ data would mean bringing

1350-468: The confines of the Operating Room . In vitro was among the first attempts to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze natural occurrences in the lab. Eventually, the limitation of in vitro experimentation was that they were not conducted in natural environments. To compensate for this problem, in vivo experimentation allowed testing to occur in the original organism or environment. To bridge

1404-599: The determination of individual identification, causes of death, and other forensic parameters. The concept of in situ in contemporary art emerged as a critical framework during the late 1960s and 1970s, designating artworks conceived and executed for specific spatial contexts. Such works incorporate the site's physical, historical, political, and sociological parameters as integral compositional elements. This methodology stands in contrast to autonomous artistic production, wherein works maintain independence from their eventual display locations. Theoretical discourse regarding

1458-546: The dichotomy of benefits associated with both methodologies, in situ experimentation allowed the controlled aspects of in vitro to become coalesced with the natural environmental compositions of in vivo experimentation. In conservation of genetic resources , " in situ conservation " (also "on-site conservation ") is the process of protecting an endangered plant or animal species in its natural habitat , as opposed to ex situ conservation (also "off-site conservation"). In chemistry, in situ typically means "in

1512-473: The distinct preservation conditions in underwater environments, where diminished oxygen levels and temperature stability facilitate long-term artifact preservation. The extraction of artifacts from these submerged environments and subsequent exposure to atmospheric conditions typically accelerates deterioration processes, most notably in the oxidation of ferrous materials. In archaeological contexts involving burial sites, in situ documentation encompasses

1566-531: The double layer structure intact and the electron transfer reactions occurring at that particular potential in the electrode/electrolyte interphasial region. In situ can refer to where a clean up or remediation of a polluted site is performed using and stimulating the natural processes in the soil , contrary to ex situ where contaminated soil is excavated and cleaned elsewhere, off site. In transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy  (STEM), in situ refers to

1620-457: The materials are cheaper, and the work is versatile and adaptable. Prefabricated techniques are usually much quicker, therefore saving money on labour costs, but factory-made parts can be expensive. They are also inflexible, and must often be designed on a grid, with all details fully calculated in advance. Finished units may require special handling due to excessive dimensions. The phrase may also refer to those assets which are present at or near

1674-838: The observation of materials as they are exposed to external stimuli within the microscope, under conditions that mimic their natural environments. This enables real-time observation of material behavior at the nanoscale . External stimuli in in situ TEM/STEM experiments include mechanical loading and pressure, temperature changes, electrical currents ( biasing ), radiation , and environmental factors—such as exposure to gas, liquid, and magnetic field —or any combination of these. These conditions allow researchers to study atomic-level processes such as phase transformations , chemical reactions, or mechanical deformations , providing insights into material behavior and properties essential for advancements in materials science . In psychology experiments , in situ typically refers to those experiments done in

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1728-555: The observation of substances and reactions under native conditions, facilitating the documentation of dynamic processes. In situ applications extend to various applied sciences as well. Aerospace industry implements on-site inspection protocols and monitoring systems for operational evaluation without system interruption. In medical terminology, particularly oncology , in situ designates early-stage cancers that remain confined to their point of origin. This diagnostic classification—indicating no invasion of adjacent tissues—serves as

1782-405: The ocean state, such as that obtained by shipboard surveying using a lowered CTD rosette that directly measure ocean salinity , temperature , pressure and other biogeochemical quantities like dissolved oxygen. Historically a reversing thermometer would be used to record the ocean temperature at a particular depth and a Niskin or Nansen bottle used to capture and bring water samples back to

1836-424: The ocean surface for further analysis of the physical, chemical or biological composition. In the atmospheric sciences , in situ refers to obtained through direct contact with the respective subject, such as a radiosonde measuring a parcel of air or an anemometer measuring wind, as opposed to remote sensing such as weather radar or satellites . In economics, in situ is used when referring to

1890-401: The orbital distance they are currently observed rather than to have migrated from a different orbit (referred to as ex situ formation ). In biology and biomedical engineering , in situ means to examine the phenomenon exactly in place where it occurs (i.e., without moving it to some special medium). In the case of observations or photographs of living animals, it means that the organism

1944-410: The port side (hence the name). Port side and starboard side respectively refer to the left and right sides of the vessel, when aboard and facing the bow. The port and starboard sides of the vessel always refer to the same portion of the vessel's structure, and do not depend on the position of someone aboard the vessel. The port side is the side to the left of an observer aboard the vessel and facing

1998-484: The reaction mixture." There are numerous situations in which chemical intermediates are synthesized in situ in various processes. This may be done because the species is unstable, and cannot be isolated, or simply out of convenience. Examples of the former include the Corey-Chaykovsky reagent and adrenochrome . In biomedical engineering, protein nanogels made by the in situ polymerization method provide

2052-469: The reactors. In architecture and building , in situ refers to construction which is carried out at the building site using raw materials - as opposed to prefabricated construction, in which building components are made in a factory and then transported to the building site for assembly. For example, concrete slabs may be cast in situ (also "cast-in-place") or prefabricated . In situ techniques are often more labour-intensive, and take longer, but

2106-414: The relevant artworks, particularly through the writings and practices of French conceptual artist and sculptor Daniel Buren , emphasized the dialectical relationship between artistic intervention and environmental context. The site-specific installations of Christo and Jeanne-Claude serve as notable examples of applying in situ principles in art. Their architectural interventions, characterized by

2160-588: The same root. The navigational treaty convention, the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea —for instance, as appears in the UK's Merchant Shipping (Distress Signals and Prevention of Collisions) Regulations 1996 (and comparable US documents from the US Coast Guard )—sets forth requirements for maritime vessels to avoid collisions, whether by sail or powered, and whether

2214-1969: The sea). Some remain current, while many date from the 17th to 19th centuries. The word nautical derives from the Latin nauticus , from Greek nautikos , from nautēs : "sailor", from naus : "ship". Further information on nautical terminology may also be found at Nautical metaphors in English , and additional military terms are listed in the Multiservice tactical brevity code article. Terms used in other fields associated with bodies of water can be found at Glossary of fishery terms , Glossary of underwater diving terminology , Glossary of rowing terms , and Glossary of meteorology . Also ship's magazine . Also simply main . Also man o' war . Also Med moor and Tahitian mooring . Also messdeck . Also midship Also mizzen . Also moorings . Also mothership and mother-ship . Also motor vessel . Contents:  Top A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z See also References Also position light or running light Also net layer , net tender , gate ship , or boom defence vessel . Contents:  Top A B C D In situ The natural sciences frequently implement in situ methodologies. Geological studies employ field analysis of soil composition and rock formations , while environmental science relies on direct ecosystem monitoring to obtain accurate environmental data. Biological field research examines organisms in their natural habitats , revealing behavioral patterns and ecological interactions that laboratory settings cannot replicate. In chemistry and experimental physics , in situ techniques enable

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2268-617: The ship is steered. Before ships had rudders on their centrelines, they were steered with a steering oar at the stern of the ship on the right hand side of the ship, because more people are right-handed . The "steer-board" etymology is shared by the German Steuerbord, Dutch stuurboord and Swedish styrbord , which gave rise to the French tribord , Italian tribordo, Catalan estribord , Portuguese estibordo , Spanish estribor and Estonian tüürpoord . Since

2322-518: The soil properties for supporting building loads, accepting underground utilities, and infiltrating water persist indefinitely. A use of the term in-situ that appears in Computer Science focuses primarily on the use of technology and user interfaces to provide continuous access to situationally relevant information in various locations and contexts. Examples include athletes viewing biometric data on smartwatches to improve their performance,

2376-594: The spatial distribution and typological characteristics of unexcavated in situ deposits, thereby informing subsequent excavation plans. The Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage establishes mandatory principles for signatory states regarding underwater shipwrecks . Among its directives is the stipulation that in situ preservation constitutes the preferred methodological approach. This protocol derives from

2430-423: The spatial relationships and environmental conditions of artifacts at excavation sites, enabling more precise historical analysis. In art theory and practice, the in situ principle guides both creation and exhibition. Site-specific artworks , such as environmental sculptures or architectural installations, demonstrate deliberate integration with their designated locations. This contextual placement establishes

2484-417: The steering oar was on the right side of the boat, it would tie up at the wharf on the other side. Hence the left side was called port . The Oxford English Dictionary cites port in this usage since 1543. Formerly, larboard was often used instead of port . This is from Middle English ladebord and the term lade is related to the modern load . Larboard sounds similar to starboard and in 1844

2538-600: The systematic integration of these complementary methodologies substantially enhances overall diagnostic capabilities. An additional approach involves the use of alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) sensor arrays in real-time monitoring applications, facilitating in situ detection of structural degradation phenomena—including matrix discontinuities, interlaminar delaminations , and fiber fracture mechanisms—through quantitative analysis of electrical resistance and capacitance variations within composite laminate configurations. In archaeological methodology,

2592-481: The systematic recording and cataloging of human remains in their original depositional positions, often within complex matrices that incorporate sediments , clothing, and other associated artifacts. Mass grave excavations exemplify the methodological challenges of maintaining in situ preservation, as the presence of multiple individuals, sometimes numbering in the hundreds, necessitates comprehensive documentation of spatial relationships and contextual elements prior to

2646-706: The systematic wrapping of built structures and landscape elements in textile materials, effected temporary spatial reconfigurations that altered public perception of established environments, as seen in The Pont Neuf Wrapped (1985) and Wrapped Reichstag (1995). The approach to in situ practice underwent further development through the land art movement, wherein practitioners such as Robert Smithson and Michael Heizer integrated their works directly into terrestrial environments, forging inextricable relationships between artistic intervention and geographical context. Within contemporary aesthetic discourse,

2700-1327: The term in situ designates artifacts and other materials that maintain their original depositional context, undisturbed since their initial deposition. The systematic documentation of spatial coordinates , stratigraphic position , and associated matrices of in situ materials enables the reconstruction of historical processes and cultural practices. While artifacts frequently require extraction for analytical purposes, archaeological features —including hearths , postholes , and architectural foundations —necessitate comprehensive in situ documentation to preserve contextual data during stratigraphic excavation . Documentation protocols encompass multiple recording methodologies: detailed field notation, scaled technical drawings , cartographic representation, and high-resolution photographic documentation. Contemporary archaeological practice incorporates advanced digital technologies, including 3D laser scanning , photogrammetry , unmanned aerial vehicles , and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), to capture complex spatial relationships. Materials recovered from secondary contexts ( ex situ ), including those displaced through non-professional excavation activities, demonstrate diminished interpretive value; however, such assemblages may provide diagnostic indicators regarding

2754-547: The term in situ has evolved into a theoretical construct, denoting artistic methodologies predicated on the essential unity of work and site. A fraction of the globular star clusters in the Milky Way Galaxy , as well as those in other massive galaxies, might have formed in situ . The rest might have been accreted from now-defunct dwarf galaxies. In astronomy, in situ also refers to in situ planet formation , in which planets are hypothesized to have formed at

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2808-630: The term describes procedures where orthopedic plates such as bone screws are placed without altering the original alignment of the bone, as in "[the patient] was treated operatively with an in situ cannulated hip screw fixation". In situ leaching or in situ recovery refers to the mining technique of injecting lixiviant underground to dissolve ore and bringing the pregnant leach solution to surface for extraction. Commonly used in uranium mining but has also been used for copper mining. In situ refers to recovery techniques which apply heat or solvents to heavy crude oil or bitumen reservoirs beneath

2862-516: The territory, i.e. the government in situ . In linguistics , specifically syntax , an element may be said to be in situ if it is pronounced in the position where it is interpreted. For example, questions in languages such as Chinese have in situ wh-elements, with structures comparable to "John bought what?" with what in the same position in the sentence as the grammatical object would be in its affirmative counterpart (for example, "John bought bread"). An example of an English wh-element that

2916-414: Was observed (and photographed) in the wild, exactly as it was found and exactly where it was found. This means it was not taken out of the area. The organism had not been moved to another (perhaps more convenient) location such as an aquarium. This phrase in situ when used in laboratory science such as cell science can mean something intermediate between in vivo and in vitro . For example, examining

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