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47-963: Before 1875 the it was known as the Miyekan Peninsula after the local even 's name Miyekan for the Nagayev bay. In 1875 the hydrographer Mikhail Onatsevich  [ ru ] mapped the local shores and named the peninsula after the Russian captain and hydrologist Konstantin Staritsky  [ ru ] . Its highest point is Marchekanskaya Sopka  [ ru ] , 59°30′34″N 150°49′27″E  /  59.50944°N 150.82417°E  / 59.50944; 150.82417  ( Marchekanskaya Sopka ) , elevation 694m, prominence 625m. 59°30′N 150°50′E  /  59.500°N 150.833°E  / 59.500; 150.833 This Magadan Oblast location article

94-528: A written language in the 1930s. Many nomadic Evens were forced to settle down, join the kolkhozes , and engage in cattle - breeding and agriculture . The economy of the Evens people, both historically and now, is largely based around reindeer herding and migration, as well as hunting. The Evens kept smaller herds of reindeer than other indigenous groups in eastern Siberia, such as the Chukchi, Koryak, and

141-575: A handful of different locations, namely Mesopotamia and Egypt ( c.  3200  – c.  3100 BCE ), China ( c.  1250 BCE ), and Mesoamerica ( c.  1 CE ). Scholars mark the difference between prehistory and history with the invention of the first written language. The first writing can be dated back to the Neolithic era, with clay tablets being used to keep track of livestock and commodities. The first example of written language can be dated to Uruk , at

188-809: A language community. Analogously, digraphia occurs when a language may be written in different scripts. For example, Serbian may be written using either the Cyrillic or Latin script , while Hindustani may be written in Devanagari or the Urdu alphabet . Writing systems can be broadly classified into several types based on the units of language they correspond with: namely logographic, syllabic, and alphabetic. They are distinct from phonetic transcriptions with technical applications, which are not used as writing as such. For example, notation systems for signed languages like SignWriting been developed, but it

235-781: A result, the written form of a language may retain archaic features or spellings that no longer reflect contemporary speech. Over time, this divergence may contribute to a dynamic of diglossia. There are too many grammatical differences to address, but here is a sample. In terms of clause types, written language is predominantly declarative (e.g. It's red. ) and typically contains fewer imperatives (e.g. Make it red. ), interrogatives (e.g. Is it red? ), and exclamatives (e.g. How red it is! ) than spoken or signed language. Noun phrases are generally predominantly third person , but they are even more so in written language. Verb phrases in spoken English are more likely to be in simple aspect than in perfect or progressive aspect, and almost all of

282-434: A single language community in different social contexts. The "high variety", often the written language, is used in formal contexts, such as literature, formal education, or official communications. This variety tends to be more standardized and conservative, and may incorporate older or more formal vocabulary and grammar. The "low variety", often the spoken language, is used in everyday conversation and informal contexts. It

329-538: A type of earth and log dugout. Sheds were erected near the dwellings in order to house stocks of frozen fish and meat. Their economy was supplemented by winter hunts to obtain wild game. Hunters sometimes rode reindeer, and sometimes moved along on wooden skis. During the Soviet reign the government collectivized reindeer herding, which drastically changed the lives of the Evens and other indigenous groups in Siberia. With

376-768: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Evens The Evens /əˈvɛn/ ( Even : эвэн; pl. эвэсэл, evesel in Even and эвены, eveny in Russian ; formerly called Lamuts ) are a people in Siberia and the Russian Far East . They live in regions of the Magadan Oblast and Kamchatka Krai and northern parts of Sakha east of the Lena River , although they are a nomadic people. According to

423-402: Is a key driver of social mobility . Firstly, it underpins success in formal education, where the ability to comprehend textbooks, write essays, and interact with written instructional materials is fundamental. High literacy skills can lead to better academic performance, opening doors to higher education and specialized training opportunities. In the job market, proficiency in written language

470-493: Is a wider range of vocabulary used and individual words are less likely to be repeated. It also includes fewer first and second-person pronouns and fewer interjections. Written English has fewer verbs and more nouns than spoken English, but even accounting for that, verbs like think , say , know , and guess appear relatively less commonly with a content clause complement (e.g. I think that it's OK . ) in written English than in spoken English. Writing developed independently in

517-519: Is crucial for promoting social mobility and reducing inequality. The Canadian philosopher Marshall McLuhan (1911–1980) primarily presented his ideas about written language in The Gutenberg Galaxy (1962). Therein, McLuhan argued that the invention and spread of the printing press , and the shift from oral tradition to written culture that it spurred, fundamentally changed the nature of human society. This change, he suggested, led to

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564-574: Is not universally agreed that these constitute a written form of the sign language in themselves. Orthography comprises the rules and conventions for writing a given language, including how its graphemes are understood to correspond with speech. In some orthographies, there is a one-to-one correspondence between phonemes and graphemes, as in Serbian and Finnish . These are known as shallow orthographies . In contrast, orthographies like that of English and French are considered deep orthographies due to

611-792: Is often a determinant of employment opportunities. Many professions require a high level of literacy, from drafting reports and proposals to interpreting technical manuals. The ability to effectively use written language can lead to higher paying jobs and upward career progression. Literacy enables additional ways for individuals to participate in civic life, including understanding news articles and political debates to navigating legal documents. However, disparities in literacy rates and proficiency with written language can contribute to social inequalities . Socio-economic status, race, gender, and geographic location can all influence an individual's access to quality literacy instruction. Addressing these disparities through inclusive and equitable education policies

658-505: Is reasonable to assume that this is where the name Lamut originates. The name Even came from the Evens people themselves. The Evens had yet to distinguish themselves as a separate group from the Evenk even up until the 1800s. As such, Evenk culture and language heavily influenced that of the Evens. However, there are some key differences in language that made the two separate. In the Even language

705-518: Is relatively much more common in written language than in spoken language. Another example is that a construction like it was difficult to follow him is relatively more common in written language than in spoken language, compared to the alternative packaging to follow him was difficult . A final example, again from English, is that the passive voice is relatively more common in writing than in speaking. Written language typically has higher lexical density than spoken or signed language, meaning there

752-573: Is the representation of a language by means of writing . This involves the use of visual symbols, known as graphemes , to represent linguistic units such as phonemes , syllables , morphemes , or words . However, written language is not merely spoken or signed language written down, though it can approximate that. Instead, it is a separate system with its own norms, structures, and stylistic conventions, and it often evolves differently than its corresponding spoken or signed language. Written languages serve as crucial tools for communication, enabling

799-504: Is typically more dynamic and innovative, and may incorporate regional dialects, slang, and other informal language features. Diglossic situations are common in many parts of the world, including the Arab world , where the high Modern Standard Arabic variety coexists with other, low varieties of Arabic local to specific regions. Diglossia can have significant implications for language education, literacy, and sociolinguistic dynamics within

846-467: Is typically more immediate, reflecting the local context of the conversation and the emotions of the agents, often via paralinguistic cues like body language . Utterances are typically less premeditated, and are more likely to feature informal vocabulary and shorter sentences. They are also primarily used in dialogue, and as such include elements that facilitate turn-taking ; these including prosodic features such as trailing off and fillers that indicate

893-575: The 1900s. Because the Evens did not raise reindeer specifically for their skins and meat, they relied mostly on hunting small game such as reindeer they had not domesticated and other animals in the Tundra. Hunting animals for their fur, squirrel in particular, became a large source of income after the indigenous groups of Siberia came into contact with the Russians. The fur trade was extremely lucrative, and as such reindeer herding became less important to

940-652: The 19th century, though the Evens have retained some pre- Christian practices, such as shamanism . Traditional Even life is centered upon nomadic pastoralism of domesticated reindeer, supplemented with hunting, fishing and animal-trapping. Outside of Russia, there are 104 Evens in Ukraine, 19 of whom spoke Even. (Ukr. Cen. 2001) The Evens people are part of the Eastern Siberians that migrated out of central China around 10,000 years ago. They are located in extreme northeast Siberia, and they are somewhat isolated from

987-760: The 2002 census , there were 19,071 Evens in Russia. According to the 2010 census, there were 22,383 Evens in Russia. They speak their own language called Even , one of the Tungusic languages ; it is heavily influenced by their lifestyle and reindeer herding . It is also closely related to the language of their neighbors, the Evenks. The Evens are close to the Evenks by their origins and culture , having migrated with them from central China over 10,000 years ago. Officially, they have been considered to be of Orthodox faith since

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1034-460: The Chukchi and the Koryak lived in a type of larger circular tent called a chorama-diu. These tents were usually made out of reindeer hides, although the Evens that lived by the sea used fish skins in addition to the hides. Since the Evens were and still are largely a nomadic people, everyone in the group shared with one another, and people were forbidden from hoarding meat from hunts, even if they were

1081-610: The Evens people. In the 17th century, the people today known as the Eveni were divided into three main tribes: the Okhotsk reindeer Tungus (Lamut), the Tiugesir, Memel' and Buiaksir clans as well as a sedentary group of Arman' speakers. Today, they are all known as Eveni. The traditional lodgings of the Evens were conical tents which were covered with animal skins. In the southern coastal areas, fish skins were used. Settled Evens used

1128-648: The Yakut; these other groups used reindeer as food sources and trade goods, while the Evens mainly used them as a mode of transportation. Reindeer herding in this area is believed to have begun around the start of the Common Era by the ancestors of the Evens. Around this time, the ancient Tungus people had come into contact with the Mongols and Turks who introduced them to horses and horse breeding culture. The Tungus experimented with riding horses, but this failed because of

1175-501: The aid of tone of voice, facial expressions, or body language, which often results in more explicit and detailed descriptions. While a speaker can typically be identified by the quality of their voice, the author of a written text is often not obvious to a reader only analyzing the text itself. Writers may nevertheless indicate their identity via the graphical characteristics of their handwriting . Written languages generally change more slowly than their spoken or signed counterparts. As

1222-516: The concept of a nomadic lifestyle and moving from one place to another. All of these words come from the word "nulgä", which can be a measure of distance - in this case the distance one can travel in a single night - or it can also describe a group of reindeer herders. There are fourteen words in the Even language that describe very similar actions and people relating to herding and grazing, including daytime grazing and herdsmen, as well as reindeer drivers; reindeer are economically and culturally crucial to

1269-428: The economy of the Evens than it had been previously, however it is still the primary venture of the mainland Evens. While the Evens that lived further inland focused more on herding and the fur trade, the Evens that lived on Okhotsk Sea relied heavily on fishing in order to sustain themselves. The traditional clothing worn by the Evens people consists of a coat with an apron, as well as pants and boots; both genders wear

1316-400: The emergence of new written genres and conventions, such as interactions via social media . This has implications for social relationships, education, and professional communication. Literacy is the ability to read and write. From a graphemic perspective, this ability requires the capability of correctly recognizing or reproducing graphemes, the smallest units of written language. Literacy

1363-487: The end of the 4th millennium BCE. An ancient Mesopotamian poem tells a tale about the invention of writing: Because the messenger's mouth was heavy and he couldn't repeat, the Lord of Kulaba patted some clay and put words on it, like a tablet. Until then, there had been no putting words on clay. The origins of written language are tied to the development of human civilization. The earliest forms of writing were born out of

1410-405: The harsh climate of the Tundra. However, the saddles that they used for the horses also worked on reindeer, and a new method of transportation was born. While large scale reindeer breeding was commonplace in other parts of Siberia, it did not become a common practice where the Evens live in the north and east of Siberia until the 1600s-1700's, with the Evens not practicing it until the late 1800s into

1457-412: The last vowel and consonant of each word is dropped, while in the Evenk language the last vowel and consonant are spoken. The Even language has a multitude of words relating to their nomadic lifestyle and reindeer herding, and a good portion of words in the Even language have to do with actions relating to these things. For example, "oralchid'ak", "nulgän", "nulgänmäj", and "nulgädäj", are their words for

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1504-486: The modern age. Furthermore, he theorized about the effects of different media on human consciousness and society. He famously asserted that " the medium is the message ", meaning that the form of a medium embeds itself in any message it would transmit or convey, creating a symbiotic relationship by which the medium influences how the message is perceived. While McLuhan's ideas are influential, they have also been critiqued and debated. Some scholars argue that he overemphasized

1551-509: The modes of language, the individual speaking, signing, or writing will be referred to as the sender , and the individual listening, viewing, or reading as the receiver ; senders and receivers together will be collectively termed agents . The spoken, signed, and written modes of language mutually influence one another, with the boundaries between conventions for each being fluid—particularly in informal written contexts like taking quick notes or posting on social media. Spoken and signed language

1598-426: The necessity to record commerce, historical events, and cultural traditions. The first known true writing systems were developed during the early Bronze Age (late 4th millennium BCE) in ancient Sumer , present-day southern Iraq. This system, known as cuneiform , was pictographic at first, but later evolved into an alphabet, a series of wedge-shaped signs used to represent language phonemically . At roughly

1645-588: The one that had killed the game or were in the family of the hunter; this principle is called nimat. This principle also sometimes applied to smaller game such as birds and fish. Another aspect of nimat was that whenever two hunters were hunting together for animals who had pelts, the one who killed the animal got the meat and the other hunter received the skin of the animal. Even culture also includes folklore, which consists of stories and songs that usually feature ground animals, birds, and cliché ideas or stereotypes of people. Written language A written language

1692-456: The past perfect verbs appear in written fiction. Information packaging is the way that information is packaged within a sentence, that is the linear order in which information is presented. For example, On the hill, there was a tree has a different informational structure than There was a tree on the hill . While, in English, at least, the second structure is more common, the first example

1739-453: The preservation and transmission of culture, history, and knowledge across time and space, allowing societies to develop complex systems of law, administration, and education. For example, the invention of writing in ancient Mesopotamia enabled the creation of detailed legal codes, like the Code of Hammurabi . The advent of digital technology has revolutionized written communication, leading to

1786-562: The recording, preservation, and transmission of information, ideas, and culture across time and space. The orthography of a written language comprises the norms by which it is expected to function, including rules regarding spelling and typography. A society's use of written language generally has a profound impact on its social organization, cultural identity, and technological profile. Writing , speech , and signing are three distinct modalities of language ; each has unique characteristics and conventions. When discussing properties common to

1833-571: The rest of the indigenous groups in Siberia, with the closest groups being the Yakuts and the Evenks who are over 1,000 kilometers away. Before the beginning of the Soviet reign the Evens were referred to as the Lamut by other groups, originally coined by the Yakut people, a nearby Siberian indigenous group. The word Lamu refers to the Okhotsk Sea in the languages spoken in eastern Siberia, thus it

1880-471: The rise of individualism , nationalism , and other aspects of modernity. McLuhan proposed that written language, especially as reproduced in large quantities by the printing press, contributed to a linear and sequential mode of thinking, as opposed to the more holistic and contextual thinking fostered by oral cultures. He associated this linear mode of thought with a shift towards more detached and objective forms of reasoning, which he saw as characteristic of

1927-404: The rise of Communism after 1917, the new government aimed to "civilize" the nomadic tribes of Siberia by constructing permanent housing, and by standardizing and collectivizing reindeer herding, their main occupation and lifestyle. The Soviet government seized and redistributed the reindeer of the Evens people and forced the Evens people to use specific migration routes and dates. The Soviets created

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1974-443: The role of the medium (in this case, written language) at the expense of the content of communication. It has also been suggested that his theories are overly deterministic, not sufficiently accounting for the ways in which people can use and interpret media in varied ways. Diglossia is a sociolinguistic phenomenon where two distinct varieties of a language – often one spoken and one written – are used by

2021-512: The same time, the system of Egyptian hieroglyphs was developing in the Nile valley, also evolving from pictographic proto-writing to include phonemic elements. The Indus Valley civilization developed a form of writing known as the Indus script c.  2600 BCE , although its precise nature remains undeciphered. The Chinese script , one of the oldest continuously used writing systems in

2068-479: The same type of clothing. Their clothing is usually made using reindeer hides and skins, as well as moose hair. Evens are known to be very enthusiastic about smoking, and as such, most Evens also wear a pouch on their coat to keep a pipe and tobacco in. The Evens' housing and clothes are unique from the indigenous groups around them, with the Evens wearing open coats and aprons, as well as living in somewhat small conical tents called churns, while indigenous groups such as

2115-440: The sender has not yet finished their turn. Errors encountered in spoken and signed language include disfluencies and hesitation. By contrast, written language is typically more structured and formal. While speech and signing are transient, writing is permanent. It allows for planning, revision, and editing, which can lead to more complex sentences and a more extensive vocabulary. Written language also has to convey meaning without

2162-465: The voice of Socrates , expressed concerns in the dialogue " Phaedrus " that a reliance on writing would weaken one's ability to memorize and understand, as written words would "create forgetfulness in the learners' souls, because they will not use their memories". He further argued that written words, being unable to answer questions or clarify themselves, are inferior to the living, interactive discourse of oral communication. Written language facilitates

2209-410: The world, originated around the late 2nd millennium BCE, evolving from oracle bone script used for divination purposes. The development and use of written language has had profound impacts on human societies, influencing everything from social organization and cultural identity to technology and the dissemination of knowledge. Plato ( c.  427  – 348 BCE), through

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