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41-619: The Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China is a constituent department of the State Council , responsible for basic education , vocational education , higher education , and other educational affairs throughout the country. The Ministry of Education acts as the predominant funder of national universities and colleges in China. The ministry also accredits tertiary institutions , degree curriculum , and school teachers of

82-506: A "donor", China sees itself as working within a framework of South-South cooperation: China adheres to the principles of not imposing any political conditions, not interfering in the internal affairs of the recipient countries and fully respecting their right to independently choosing their own paths and models of development. The basic principles China upholds in providing foreign assistance are mutual respect, equality, keeping promise, mutual benefits and win-win. The founding declaration of

123-414: A donor country, instead using terminology like mutual assistance, joint development, and South-South cooperation . In China's 2011 foreign aid white paper , foreign aid is characterized as a model which adheres to equality and mutual benefit which avoids attaching political conditions on recipient countries. A RAND published study on "China's Foreign Aid and Government Sponsored Investment" estimates

164-532: A framework of South-South cooperation and " not interfering in the internal affairs of the recipient countries". In 2018, China established the China International Development Cooperation Agency (CIDCA) to have the main responsibility for coordinating the country's foreign aid. Other government bodies continue to have roles in administering foreign aid from China. China's approach to foreign aid has changed

205-511: A net provider of foreign development finance in 2005. The China International Development Cooperation Agency (CIDCA) was created in 2018 to help streamline the process of China's foreign aid, in which the ministries of commerce and foreign affairs and the State Council are also involved. Since 2018, it has had an increasingly significant role in coordinating aid and has done so with a greater focus on foreign policy objectives and opposed to foreign trade objectives. Chinese aid, unlike

246-718: A number of times since the 1949 establishment of the PRC, often prompted by changing domestic circumstances and domestic politics. During the Mao era, China focused on providing aid to other countries in support of socialist and anti-imperialist causes. An early instance was the donation of CHF 20 million to Egypt 1956 during the Suez Crisis . By the 1960s, China was more broadly providing aid to dozens of Third World countries in Asia and Africa. When China began its foreign aid program, it

287-526: A violation of human rights. In contrast to Western models of aid including the OECD model, China does not condition aid on political changes or market liberalization. As Professor Dawn C. Murphy summarizes, “From China’s perspective, it is not merely offering an alternative model of foreign aid; it is directly critiquing the current system and the mistreatment of developing countries in that system.” The only political commitment China requires from aid recipients

328-560: Is an African focus with about 45% of aid going to African countries in 2009, and a majority going to African countries in 2019. A report by AidData, a research lab at the College of William & Mary , found that as of 2014 the majority of Chinese official development assistance went to Africa. The greatest recipients of Chinese aid in sub-Saharan Africa are, in descending order, Côte d’Ivoire, Ethiopia, Zimbabwe, Cameroon, Tanzania, Ghana, Mozambique, and Republic of Congo. In August 2022,

369-608: Is led by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs . The Ministry of Education provides government scholarships. The National Health Commission coordinates China's overseas medical teams. The Export-Import Bank of China (China Exim), a policy bank , provides foreign assistance in the form of concessional loans. Due to the secrecy of China's aid programme details (of how much is given, to whom and for what) are difficult to ascertain. Official discourse and Chinese academic discourse on foreign aid do not typically describe China as

410-515: Is not regulated and measured under the OECD 's protocols for official development assistance (ODA). According to OECD estimates, 2020 official development assistance from China increased to US$ 4.8 billion. In this respect, the program is similar in monetary size to those of Norway and Canada. China, however, provides a larger amount of development finance in the form of less-concessional loans. The Chinese government represents its aid as characterised by

451-480: Is that they adhere to the One China principle; China does not otherwise require concessions on issues of governance. China's approach to financial aid has not changed over time, but the scope of its aid has grown as its own economic development needs have increased. As of 2017, China does not provide comprehensive data on its foreign aid. The OECD has estimated that the quantity of China's ODA-like aid in 2018

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492-496: Is viewed by the smaller south Asian countries as a means of insuring their respective bilateral relationships with China are mutually beneficial. From the 1970s up to 2022 China has reportedly implemented more than 100 aid projects in Pacific Island countries. From 2000 to 2014, Cambodia received 132 projects financed by Chinese aid, a greater number of projects than any other recipient of Chinese aid. China's role in

533-789: The Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party decided to abolish the Ministry of Education and establish the Science and Education Group of the State Council. The Ministry of Education was restored after the disruptions of the Cultural Revolution in 1975 by the 4th National People's Congress . Until the Ministry's 1975 restoration, the State Council 's Science and Education Group was

574-615: The Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) makes explicit China's critique of the dominant global mode of foreign aid, which in the Chinese view results in the mistreatment of developing countries: Each country has the right to choose, in its course of development, its own social system, development model and way of life in light of its national conditions. . . . Moreover, the politicization of human rights conditionalities on economic assistance should be vigorously opposed to as they constitute

615-597: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China announced that it would forgive 23 interest-free loans that matured at the end of 2021 to 17 unspecified African countries. In December 2005, China donated $ 20 million to the Asian Development Bank for a regional poverty alleviation fund; it was China's first such fund set up at an international institution. China's financial assistance for infrastructure development has significantly increased supply capacity in south Asia, particularly among

656-770: The Administration of Foreign Aid , (1) CIDCA is in charge of drafting aid policies, guidelines, annual plans, and budgets; (2) MOFCOM is in charge of implementing foreign aid projects and selecting the firms to undertake them; and (3) the Ministry of Foreign Affairs makes recommendations based on diplomatic needs and its consulates and embassies supervise overseas projects. Numerous other government bodies also have roles in administering foreign aid and development assistance. The National Development and Reform Commission coordinates handles aid on climate cooperation issues. The Ministry of Finance makes donations to multilateral financial institutions. Humanitarian assistance

697-532: The Ministry issued a new regulation aimed at unifying the teaching materials for primary and middle schools across China in areas including history, language, and politics. In 1952, the Ministry of Education sought to develop a system of political counselors as a pilot program in universities. Tsinghua University established a political counselor program in 1953, becoming the first university to do so. In this program, new graduates who were also Chinese Communist Party members worked as political counselors in managing

738-599: The Ministry issuing standardized rules such as term limits and age limits in 2000. According to the "Regulations on the Main Functional Configuration, Internal Organizations and Staffing of the Ministry of Education," the Ministry of Education has set up the following institutions: There are 75 colleges and universities affiliated with the Ministry of Education. The Ministry has a role in the foreign aid process thorough scholarships it provides for study in China. Constituent departments of

779-557: The National Education Commission was renamed the Ministry of Education. In 2003, China's Ministry of Education called for adding environmental education content throughout the public school curriculum from the first year of primary school through the second year of high school. Its guidelines on environmental education emphasized firsthand experience and recommended that a quarter of environmental education content should consist of "practice activities". In 2019,

820-600: The Republic of China government on Taiwan). From 1956 to 1976, China provided $ 3.665 billion in foreign aid to the third world. China provided ten percent of these aid funds to Middle Eastern countries. From 1970 and 1975, China helped finance and build the TAZARA Railway in East Africa , which cost about $ 500m, and as of 2012 was considered to be China's largest-ever single-item aid project. In 1974 (near

861-625: The State Council Ministry of Commerce 国家计划委员会 ↓ (renamed 1998) State Development Planning Commission 国家发展计划委员会 1954 (of PRC) 国家经济委员会 国家经济体制改革委员会 国家体育运动委员会 1954 (of PRC) 国家机械工业委员会 Chinese foreign aid Chinese foreign aid may be considered as both governmental (official) and private development aid and humanitarian aid originating from the People's Republic of China (PRC). Chinese official aid - unlike most major nation-state sources of aid -

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902-562: The State Council The current 14th State Council has 26 constituent departments, 21 ministries, three commissions, along with the People's Bank of China and the National Audit Office. It also has a General Office, one directly affiliated specialized institution, 14 directly affiliated institutions, one office, 7 directly affiliated public institutions, and 17 national bureaus managed by ministries and commissions of

943-530: The State Council. Each department is headed by a minister, director, governor or auditor-general, who is responsible for the work of their department. Each department head is confirmed by the National People's Congress or its Standing Committee on the recommendation of the premier , and ceremonially appointed by the president afterwards. According to the Organic Law of the State Council,

984-504: The State Council. Generally, the authority of government departments is defined by regulations and rules rather than law. The 14th State Council has 26 constituent departments. State Councillor Minister of Public Security The Ministry of Education retains the external nameplate of the National Language Working Committee. The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology retains

1025-414: The aid provided by most developed countries, is not governed by the categories of the OECD 's Development Assistance Committee , and is not counted in international statistics as Official Development Assistance (ODA). Because it does not operate within the OECD framework, China does not refer to its foreign aid as ODA, instead describing it as foreign aid/assistance ( duiwai yuanzhu ). Rather than being

1066-457: The amount of both traditional aid and much more broadly defined government sponsored investment that was pledged by China in 2011 was 189.3 billion US dollars. According to a 2017 study, described as “The most detailed study so far of Chinese aid,” by AidData , between 2000 and 2014 China gave about $ 75 billion, and lent about $ 275 billion — compared to $ 424 billion given by America during the same period. A fifth of this Chinese aid, $ 75 billion,

1107-510: The country. The Ministry of Education currently has 19 internal departments and bureaus. As of 2022, there were 75 colleges and universities affiliated with the Ministry of Education. The Ministry of Education was founded in October 1949. The work of the ministry was overseen by the Culture and Education Commission that was created at the same time. On October 19, writer and poet Guo Moruo

1148-520: The end of Mao Zedong's period as China's leader), aid reached the remarkably high proportion of 2% of gross national product. The proportion declined greatly thereafter although the absolute quantity of aid has risen with China's growing prosperity. During the Reform and Opening Up era, China deemed revolutionary-oriented foreign aid no longer financially feasible. The motivation of aid became more pragmatic and less about promoting ideology. Outgoing aid

1189-2195: The external nameplate of the National Nuclear Safety Administration . The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs is supplemented with the nameplate of the National Rural Revitalization Administration . 1954 (of PRC) 1954 (of PRC) ∟ National Railway Administration China Railway Corporation 1954 (of PRC) 1954 (of PRC) → Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Co-operation  [ zh ] (MOFTEC) (renamed 1993) State Post Bureau 1954 (of PRC) 1954 (of PRC) → Ministry of Radio, Film and Television  [ zh ] (renamed 1986) → Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources  [ zh ] (renamed 1982) 1954 (of PRC) Ministry of Electronics Industry China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation Ministry of Coal Industry  [ zh ] Ministry of Electric Industry  [ zh ] Ministry of Personnel  [ zh ] → Ministry of Space Industry (renamed 1982) → Ministry of Aviation Industry (renamed 1982) → 2nd Ministry of Machine Building (renamed 1958) → Ministry of Nuclear Industry (renamed 1982) → Ministry of Ordnance Industry (renamed 1982) 1954 (of PRC) 1954 (of PRC) → 8th Ministry of Machine Building (renamed 1965) 1954 (of PRC) Ministry of Public Security 4th Ministry of Machine Building (electronics industry) 5th Ministry of Machine Building (ordnance industry) 6th Ministry of Machine Building (shipbuilding industry) 1954 (of PRC) 1954 (of PRC) Ministry of Petroleum Industry  [ zh ] Ministry of Electric Industry  [ zh ] 国家卫生和计划生育委员会 国家计划生育委员会 ↓ (renamed 2003) National Population and Family Planning Commission 国家人口和计划生育委员会 国防科学技术工业委员会 ∟ State Administration for Science, Technology and Industry for National Defence 国家经济贸易委员会 State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of

1230-554: The external nameplates of China National Space Administration and of China Atomic Energy Authority . The Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security is supplemented with the nameplate of the State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs . The Ministry of Natural Resources retains the external nameplate of the State Oceanic Administration . The Ministry of Ecology and Environment retains

1271-416: The head presides over the executive meetings of the department, and "signs important requests for instructions and reports to be submitted to the State Council as well as the orders and directives to be issued". Each department additionally has two to four deputy heads (vice ministers, deputy directors, deputy governors and deputy auditors-general), assisting the department head. They are appointed or removed by

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1312-633: The most important government body in the education bureaucracy. On June 18, 1985, the Eleventh Standing Committee of the 6th National People's Congress decided to abolish the Ministry of Education and establish the National Education Commission of the People's Republic of China. In 1998, the Decision on Institutional Reform of the State Council was adopted at the First Session of the 9th National People's Congress , and

1353-682: The smaller south Asian countries, beginning in the mid-2000s. Nepal benefitted from increased Chinese aid, including Chinese financing for a railway from Kathmandu to Lhasa . China has been an important foreign aid contributor to Sri Lanka since the end of the Sri Lankan Civil War in 2009. In Bangladesh , Chinese foreign aid has also become increasingly important. China has built six major "friendship bridges" in Bangladesh, among other projects. Because China has trade surpluses with these countries, its providing of foreign aid

1394-567: The start of aid efforts up to 2009, in the categories of farming, water distribution, conference buildings, education facilities, power supply, transport, industrial facilities, and other projects. Perhaps the famous type of project is a football stadium, which has been referred to as stadium diplomacy . A similar type of project that receives attention is the construction of theatres and opera houses . By 2019, China had provided more capital to emerging market and developing countries than all Western development institutions combined. There

1435-523: The student body and student organizations, often simultaneously serving as Communist Youth League secretaries. The program was interrupted by the Cultural Revolution but resumed in 1977. After its endorsement by Deng Xiaoping , the program expanded across higher educational institutions. Beginning in the 1990s, the political counselor system was further institutionalized and expanded in higher educational institutions throughout China, with

1476-518: Was $ 4.4 billion. If counted as ODA, this would have placed China tenth in the list of donor states that year, between Norway and Canada, and far behind the United States which provided $ 34 billion. However, China provides a much higher volume of development financing that would not qualify as ODA because it lacks a sufficient concessional element and/or is linked to commercial transactions. A 2017 study by AidData found that China's ODA-like aid

1517-590: Was decreased and redirected towards smaller projects which were more likely to be sustainable. China also received increased amounts of development finance, including from Japan and the World Bank, and became a net recipient of foreign aid. China again changed its foreign aid approach in the 1990s. Following the Cold War, China's participation in foreign aid was increasingly motivated by economic interests, especially resource security. China again became

1558-472: Was effective at producing economic growth in recipient countries. The Department of Foreign Aid (established in 1982) of the Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM) became the primary government body responsible for coordinating and disbursing foreign aid until 2018. That department was incorporated into CIDCA in 2018, and CIDCA now has the primary role in this area. According to the December 2021 Measures for

1599-797: Was in the form of grants (about equivalent to Britain's), while the rest was concessional lending at below-market interest rates. In 2019, China provided approximately $ 5.9 billion in foreign aid. Official sources divide financial aid into three categories: grants, interest free loans, and concessional loans. Concessional loans are subsidized by China's tax revenues and therefore inexpensive for borrowers. Deborah Bräutigam identifies nine types of aid from China including "medical teams, training and scholarships, humanitarian aid, youth volunteers, debt relief, budget support, turn-key or ‘complete plant’ projects [infrastructure, factories], aid-in-kind and technical assistance." Grants or non-interest loans have funded 2,025 complete infrastructure project, from

1640-411: Was made the director of the commission, and linguist Ma Xulun was made the first education minister of the People's Republic of China. In February 1958, the Ministry of Higher Education was merged into the Ministry of Education. In July 1964, the Ministry of Higher Education was restored. In July 1966, the Ministry of Higher Education was once again merged into the Ministry of Education. In June 1970,

1681-411: Was the only poor country that was supplying outbound foreign aid, even providing assistance to countries that had a higher GDP per capita than China. Although China also received foreign aid, it was a net donor of foreign aid during this period. During the Cold War, China's foreign aid was often motivated by geopolitics, particularly the issue of international recognition of the PRC (as opposed to

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