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77-487: However, this agency does not provide transportation services to the Armed Forces , nor to the different law enforcement agencies , which have their own car services. In the case of the ministries of Transport and of Ecological Transition , PME only provides civil transportation to government officials and not the necessary machinery to exercise some of its responsibilities. Before the creation of this agency, little

154-698: A Boeing 707 of supplies transport of the Air and Space Force . The cost of these missions abroad amounts to approximately 800 million euros per year. The commander in chief of the Armed Forces is the King of Spain ; with the ex officio rank of Capitán General in the Army, Navy and Air and Space Force. The Spanish Constitution of 1978 states in article 62(h) that the King of Spain shall have "supreme command of

231-636: A 40-stall truck stop/charging station in Bakersfield, California. At full capacity, it would provide a combined 25   MW of charging power, partially drawn from an on-site solar array and battery storage. Common connectors include Type 1 (Yazaki) , Type 2 (Mennekes) , CCS Combo 1 and 2 , CHAdeMO , and Tesla. Many standard plug types are defined in IEC 62196 -2 (for AC supplied power) and 62196-3 (for DC supplied power): CCS DC charging requires power-line communication (PLC). Two connectors are added at

308-528: A conductive connector (generally AVCON ). Proponents of the inductive system were GM, Nissan, and Toyota; DaimlerChrysler, Ford, and Honda backed the conductive system. Magne Charge paddles were available in two different sizes: an older, larger paddle (used for the EV1 and S-10 EV) and a newer, smaller paddle (used for the first-generation Toyota RAV4 EV , but backwards compatible with large-paddle vehicles through an adapter). The larger paddle (introduced in 1994)

385-754: A few examples. Spain participated along with France, the United Kingdom, Italy, Denmark, the United States and Canada in the 2011 intervention against Muammar Gaddafi in Libya, contributing a tanker , 4 F/A-18 Hornet fighter jets, a frigate , a submarine and a surveillance aircraft , along with logistical support from the Naval Station Rota and the Morón Air Base . Spain has belonged to NATO since 1982. The decision

462-534: A hindrance to the market over the next several years that needs to be worked out. In the United States, many of the EVs first marketed in the late 1990s and early 2000s such as the GM EV1 , Ford Ranger EV , and Chevrolet S-10 EV preferred the use of Level 2 (single-phase AC) EVSE, as defined under NEC-1999, to maintain acceptable charging speed. These EVSEs were fitted with either an inductive connector ( Magne Charge ) or

539-423: A home charging station, as is common in multi-family housing. Costs vary greatly by country, power supplier, and power source. Some services charge by the minute, while others charge by the amount of energy received (measured in kilowatt-hours). In the United States, some states have banned the use of charging by kWh. Charging stations may not need much new infrastructure in developed countries, less than delivering

616-516: A new fuel over a new network. The stations can leverage the existing ubiquitous electrical grid . Charging stations are offered by public authorities, commercial enterprises, and some major employers to address a range of barriers. Options include simple charging posts for roadside use, charging cabinets for covered parking places, and fully automated charging stations integrated with power distribution equipment. As of December 2012 , around 50,000 non-residential charging points were deployed in

693-583: A professional force with a strength in 2017 of 121,900 active personnel and 4,770 reserve personnel. The country also has the 77,000 strong Civil Guard which comes under the control of the Ministry of defense in times of a national emergency. The Spanish defense budget is 5.71 billion euros (US$ 7.2 billion) a 1% increase for 2015. The increase comes because of security concerns in the country. The Spanish Army consists of 15 active brigades and 6 military regions. Modern infantry have diverse capabilities and this

770-492: A recasting of independent regulations approved in the last twenty years. As of 31 December 2023, the agency's fleet was composed by 678 vehicles (five more than in 2022), which traveled almost 6.3 million kilometers and consumed 363,104 litres of fuel . The electric fleet, 541 vehicles, recharged 206,918 kWh at the PME charging stations . The agency employed 1,046 people, of which 947 were drivers (859 in 2022), representing 90.53% of

847-553: A series of important reforms in the armed forces and the economy, notably those of Charles III of Spain. Thanks to these reforms, Spain performed well during the war of Jenkins' Ear defending overseas territory, won the war of Austrian Succession but had mixed result during the Seven Years' War. Spain had also led successful campaigns in the American Revolutionary War . Spain had recovered considerably by

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924-683: A specific assignment. Spanish Armed Forces The Spanish Armed Forces are in charge of guaranteeing the sovereignty and independence of the Kingdom of Spain , defending its territorial integrity and the constitutional order, according to the functions entrusted to them by the Constitution of 1978 . They are composed of: the Army , the Air and Space Force , the Navy , the Royal Guard , and

1001-405: A support regiment ( Regimiento de Apoyo a Emergencias ) and an aerial group ( Agrupación de Medios Aéreos ). It is responsible for providing disaster relief principally throughout Spain but also if necessary abroad. The activities including handling natural hazards such as floods and earthquakes, forest fires, chemical and nuclear accidents, and other emergency situations recognized as such by

1078-648: A total of 13% being the first empire which the Sun never sets. By the mid 17th century Spain had been militarily weakened by the Thirty Years War , the Eighty Years War along with financial problems, and the lack of reforms, though still holding firm to the bulk of the American Continent . During the 18th century the new Bourbon dynasty revived Spain's economic and military power through

1155-671: Is an independent unit of the Spanish Armed Forces whose primary task is the military protection of the King of Spain and the Spanish royal family . It also protects visiting Heads of State. The Royal Guard's history dates back to medieval times , the Corps of Gentlemen of the Chamber, the " Monteros de Espinosa ", dating to 1006. It currently has a strength of 1,900 troops, constituting a fully functional combat unit drawn from

1232-727: Is defined by three cases (IEC 61851-1): The North American Charging System (NACS) was developed by Tesla, Inc. for use in the company's vehicles. It remained a proprietary standard until 2022 when its specifications were published by Tesla. The connector is physically smaller than the J1172/CCS connector, and uses the same pins for both AC and DC charging functionality. As of November 2023, automakers Ford , General Motors , Rivian , Volvo , Polestar , Mercedes-Benz , Nissan , Honda , Jaguar , Fisker , Hyundai , BMW , Toyota , Subaru , and Lucid Motors have all committed to equipping their North American vehicles with NACS connectors in

1309-484: Is delivered from the power grid as alternating current. For this reason, most electric vehicles have a built-in AC-to-DC converter commonly known as the "onboard charger" (OBC). At an AC charging station, AC power from the grid is supplied to this onboard charger, which converts it into DC power to recharge the battery. DC chargers provide higher power charging (which requires much larger AC-to-DC converters) by building

1386-496: Is expected to operate in the range of 200–1500   V and 0–3000   A for a theoretical maximum power of 4.5   megawatts (MW). The proposal calls for MCS charge ports to be compatible with existing CCS and HPC chargers. The task force released aggregated requirements in February 2019, which called for maximum limits of 1000   V DC (optionally, 1500   V DC) and 3000   A continuous rating. A connector design

1463-561: Is favored by Nissan , Mitsubishi , and Toyota , while the SAE J1772 Combo standard is backed by GM , Ford , Volkswagen , BMW , and Hyundai . Both systems charge to 80% in approximately 20 minutes, but the two systems are incompatible. Richard Martin, editorial director for clean technology marketing and consultant firm Navigant Research, stated: The broader conflict between the CHAdeMO and SAE Combo connectors, we see that as

1540-488: Is known about how the vehicles at the disposal of the government officials were managed. It is known that, since the beginning of the 1920s, the commander and industrial engineer Julio Álvarez Cerón was responsible for the vehicles owned by the Directorate-General for Security and some other ministerial departments . At the end of that decade, government fleet at that time had barely a hundred vehicles. In

1617-511: Is necessary. This requires a much larger AC-to-DC converter which is not practical to integrate into the vehicle. Instead, the AC-to-DC conversion is performed by the charging station, and DC power is supplied to the vehicle directly, bypassing the built-in converter. This is known as DC fast charging. Charging stations are usually accessible to multiple electric vehicles and are equipped with current or connection sensing mechanisms to disconnect

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1694-702: Is reflected in the varied roles assigned to them. There are four operational roles that infantry battalions can fulfil: air assault, armoured infantry, mechanised infantry, and light role infantry. Under the command of the Spanish Admiral Chief of Naval Staff , stationed in Madrid , the Spanish Navy has four area commands: The current flagship of the Spanish Navy is the amphibious assault ship /aircraft carrier Juan Carlos I . In addition,

1771-566: Is under development, which will provide higher power charging for large commercial vehicles ( Class 8, and possibly 6 and 7 as well , including school and transit buses). When the Charging Interface Initiative e. V. (CharIN) task force was formed in March 2018, the new standard being developed was originally called High Power Charging (HPC) for Commercial Vehicles (HPCCV), later renamed Megawatt Charging System (MCS). MCS

1848-583: The Infantry Regiment "Soria" No. 9 . After the long Reconquista ending in 1492, Spain evolved into Europe's foremost power with the voyages of Christopher Columbus the same year, leading to Spain acquiring vast lands in the Americas and conquering a number of overseas civilizations in the decades to come. The period of reconquest of Iberia had ended, and now Spain entered an era of overseas conquest spearheaded by conquistadors . The conquest of

1925-626: The European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) defined the following terms: The terms "electric vehicle connector" and "electric vehicle inlet" were previously defined in the same way under Article 625 of the United States National Electric Code (NEC) of 1999. NEC-1999 also defined the term "electric vehicle supply equipment" as the entire unit "installed specifically for the purpose of delivering energy from

2002-575: The Military Emergencies Unit , as well as the so-called Common Corps . Spain is one of the most militarily powerful nations of the European Union ( EUFOR ) and Eurocorps . It also occupies a prominent position in the structure of NATO , which it joined in 1982. It also has the oldest Marine Infantry in the world and the oldest permanent military units in the world: the Infantry Regiment "Inmemorial del Rey" No. 1 and

2079-741: The Second Republic , the number of vehicles skyrocketed, with more than 500 for both the Government Administration and the Administration of Justice. For this reason, president Niceto Alcalá-Zamora , at the proposal of prime minister and minister of Finance, Joaquín Chapaprieta , issued the Decree of 28 September 1935, which created the current organization with the name of "Vehicle Fleet of Civil Ministries, Surveillance and Security" (PMMCVS), coexisting with those of

2156-740: The Second World War ( non-belligerent ), although they did intervene in the Spanish Civil War and in some colonial conflicts. After the arrival of democracy in 1978, they underwent a strong modernization process, becoming modern armed forces. In 1982 Spain entered NATO . Recently, in the last decades of the 20th century and the first decades of the 21st, Spanish troops have participated together with their Western allies in operations such as Gulf War , NATO bombing of Yugoslavia , KFOR , War on terror , 2011 military intervention in Libya , Combined Task Force 150 or UNIFIL , to name

2233-642: The Type 2 connector defined in IEC 62196 -2) and SAE J3105 (automated connection of DC charging devices). In 2003, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) adopted a majority of the SAE J1772 standard under IEC 62196-1 for international implementation. The IEC alternatively defines charging in modes ( IEC 61851 -1): The connection between the electric grid and "charger" (electric vehicle supply equipment)

2310-845: The royal family had six PME's armoured vehicles at their disposal (the PM's Office had 3), more than any other institution. The rest of the fleet is distributed among the government departments (149), the General Council of the Judiciary (13) and the courts of Justice (54), the Council of State (15), the Court of Auditors (14), the Constitutional Court (13) and the Parliament (9). There are 303 vehicles that do not have

2387-535: The "Electric Island", the first heavy-duty vehicle charging station, across the street from its headquarters in Portland, Oregon. The station is capable of charging eight vehicles simultaneously, and the charging bays are sized to accommodate tractor-trailers . In addition, the design is capable of accommodating >1   MW chargers once they are available. A startup company, WattEV, announced plans in May 2021 to build

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2464-833: The Airbus A400M Atlas airlifter. Both are manufactured with Spanish participation; EADS CASA makes the Eurofighter's right wing and leading edge slats, and participates in the testing and assembly of the airlifter. Its aerobatic display team is the Patrulla Aguila, which flies the CASA C-101 Aviojet.Its helicopter display team, Patrulla Aspa, flies the Eurocopter EC-120 Colibrí. In July 2014 the Spanish Air Force joined

2541-578: The Armed Forces"; however under article 64, all official acts of the King must be countersigned by the President of the Government (or other competent minister) to become valid. The President of the Government (also known as Prime Minister in English translations), as the head of government , is responsible under article 97 for "domestic and foreign policy, civil and military administration and

2618-824: The Aztec Empire , the conquest of the Inca Empire and the conquest of the Philippines ensued propelling Spain to the foremost military superpower of the time. Spain was also victorious over the French in the Italian Wars , annexing southern Italy. During the reign of Charles V and Philip II, Spain reached the peak of its power with the Spanish Empire spanning 19.4 million square km of the Earth's surface,

2695-855: The Cortes Generales before sending the armed forces abroad. The Chief of the Defense Staff directs the Defense Staff and is the senior military advisor to the Minister and the Government. The military leadership of the three military services are: the Chief of Staff of the Army , the Chief of Staff of the Air and Space Force and the Chief of Staff of the Navy . The structure, and incumbents as of 2021 , are: The Spanish armed forces are

2772-900: The Democratic Republic of the Congo. Spain also participated in the Iraq War between 2003 and 2004, in Gabon and in Senegal to safeguard maritime traffic in the Horn of Africa (with 33 Civil Guards and national police officers, two patrol vessels and a helicopter). In 2015, 46 UME soldiers and 12 Civil Guards of the High Mountain Group went to help and rescue in the Nepal earthquake , along with six dogs, three scientific police and

2849-404: The European Air Transport Command, headquartered at Eindhoven Airbase in the Netherlands. The Common Corps are four corps that provide professional services to all the branches of the Armed Forces and the Civil Guard. The Common Corps were created in the 1980s to unify the specialist corps of the different branches for operational reasons. The Common Corps are: The Royal Guard ( Guardia Real )

2926-414: The Magne Charge paddle was discontinued by the following March. Three conductive connectors existed at the time, named according to their manufacturers: Avcon (aka butt-and-pin, used by Ford, Solectria , and Honda); Yazaki (aka pin-and-sleeve, on the RAV4 EV); and ODU (used by DaimlerChrysler). The Avcon butt-and-pin connector supported Level 2 and Level 3 (DC) charging and was described in the appendix of

3003-425: The Ministry of Finance through the Department's undersecretariat. A few years earlier, in 1983, the first civilian was appointed to head the agency, Eduardo Díaz Romón, and the first female drivers joined: Paula Hernando Ruiz (1988) and Arlestina Sánchez Medel (1991). Following the recommendations for restructuring and modernization made by the Court of Auditors in the 1990s, the Royal Decree 146/1999, of January 29,

3080-426: The National Security Department of Spain (DSN), these are the current missions of the armed forces and civil guard: The Spanish Armed Forces also participated in the last few years in other missions, above all humanitarian and observation: in Albania in 1999, Mozambique in 2000, Republic of Macedonia in 2001, Haiti in 2004 and Indonesia in 2005. In 2006, Spain participated in Darfur , Sudan by sending observers, and in

3157-689: The Prime Minister of Spain. Official website Charging station A charging station , also known as a charge point , chargepoint , or electric vehicle supply equipment ( EVSE ), is a power supply device that supplies electrical power for recharging plug-in electric vehicles (including battery electric vehicles , electric trucks , electric buses , neighborhood electric vehicles , and plug-in hybrid vehicles ). There are two main types of EV chargers: Alternating current (AC) charging stations and direct current (DC) charging stations. Electric vehicle batteries can only be charged by direct current electricity, while most mains electricity

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3234-431: The Spanish military was in poor condition and political instability resulted in the loss of most of Spain's former colonies, who had rebelled against Spanish rule in the Spanish American wars of independence , except Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. These too would be lost later in the Spanish–American War . In the 20th century, the Spanish armed forces did not intervene in the First World War ( neutrality ) or in

3311-412: The Supercharger version, power is supplied at 72, 150, or 250 kW, the first corresponding to DC Level 1 and the second and third corresponding to DC Level 2 of SAE J1772. As of Q4 2021, Tesla reported 3,476 supercharging locations worldwide and 31,498 supercharging chargers (about 9 chargers per location on average). An extension to the CCS DC fast-charging standard for electric cars and light trucks

3388-635: The U.S., Europe, Japan and China. As of August 2014 , some 3,869 CHAdeMO quick chargers were deployed, with 1,978 in Japan, 1,181 in Europe and 686 in the United States, and 24 in other countries. As of December 2021 the total number of public and private EV charging stations was over 57,000 in the United States and Canada combined. As of May 2023, there are over 3.9 million public EV charging points worldwide, with Europe having over 600,000, China leading with over 2.7 million. United States has over 138,100 charging outlets for plug-in electric vehicles (EVs). In January 2023, S&P Global Mobility estimated that

3465-449: The US has about 126,500 Level 2 and 20,431 Level 3 charging stations, plus another 16,822 Tesla Superchargers and Tesla destination chargers. As of December 2012 , Japan had 1,381 public DC fast-charging stations, the largest deployment of fast chargers in the world, but only around 300 AC chargers. As of December 2012 , China had around 800 public slow charging points, and no fast charging stations. As of September 2013 ,

3542-540: The agency to the Directorate-General for State Heritage of the Ministry of Finance , while promoting the process of unification of the State's automobile services. The Decree 151/1968, of January 25, renamed it as "Ministerial Vehicle Fleet" (PMM). In the current democratic period, the Ministerial Vehicle Fleet was regulated by Royal Decree 280/1987, of January 30, and later by Law 50/1998, of December 30, on Fiscal, Administrative and Social Order Measures, which configured it as an autonomous commercial organization, attached to

3619-425: The bottom of Type 1 or Type 2 vehicle inlets and charging plugs to supply DC current. These are commonly known as Combo 1 or Combo 2 connectors. The choice of style inlets is normally standardized on a per-country basis so that public chargers do not need to fit cables with both variants. Generally, North America uses Combo 1 style vehicle inlets, while most of the rest of the world uses Combo 2. The CHAdeMO standard

3696-463: The code) was connected to the grid through a standard NEMA 5 -20R 3-prong electrical outlet with grounding, and a ground-fault circuit interrupter was required within 12 in (30 cm) of the plug. The supply circuit required protection at 125% of the maximum rated current; for example, charging equipment rated at 16  amperes ("amps" or "A") continuous current required a breaker sized to 20 A. Level 2 charging equipment (as defined in

3773-991: The converter into the charging station instead of the vehicle to avoid size and weight restrictions. The station then directly supplies DC power to the vehicle, bypassing the onboard converter. Most modern electric car models can accept both AC and DC power. Charging stations provide connectors that conform to a variety of international standards. DC charging stations are commonly equipped with multiple connectors to charge various vehicles that use competing standards. Public charging stations are typically found street-side or at retail shopping centers, government facilities, and other parking areas. Private charging stations are usually found at residences, workplaces, and hotels. Multiple standards have been established for charging technology to enable interoperability across vendors. Standards are available for nomenclature, power, and connectors. Tesla developed proprietary technology in these areas and began building its charging networking in 2012. In 2011,

3850-426: The country. The Air and Space Force operates a wide-ranging fleet of aircraft, from fighters to transport aircraft and passenger transports to helicopters. It maintains some 450 aircraft in total, of which around 130 are fighter aircraft (Eurofighter Typhoons and F-18 MLU). The Spanish Air and Space Force is replacing older aircraft in the inventory with newer ones including the recently introduced Eurofighter Typhoon and

3927-500: The current headquarters of the agency in Madrid was built, work of architect Ambrosio Arroyo Alonso, as well as the first vehicle auctions were held to get rid of the outdated vehicles of the fleet. A housing block for the agency's employees was also built in the San Cristóbal neighborhood with the help of the defunct National Housing Institute (1939–1977). With the founding of SEAT in 1950, its models were used as official cars. Subsequently, Decree 2764/1967, of November 23, transferred

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4004-424: The defense of the State", and thus bears the ultimate responsibility before the Cortes Generales , and the Spanish electorate. The Minister of defense is in charge of running the Ministry of defense , which carries out the day-to-day administration of the forces. The President of the Government and the Minister of defense are civilians . No provision in the Constitution requires the Government to seek approval from

4081-455: The electrical grid, EVs have a small AC-to-DC converter built into the vehicle. The charging cable supplies AC power directly from the grid, and the vehicle converts this power to DC internally and charges its battery. The built-in converters on most EVs typically support charging speeds up to 6–7   kW, sufficient for overnight charging. This is known as "AC charging". To facilitate rapid recharging of EVs, much higher power (50–100+   kW)

4158-592: The first version (1996) of the SAE J1772 recommended practice; the 2001 version moved the connector description into the body of the practice, making it the de facto standard for the United States. IWC recommended the Avcon butt connector for North America, based on environmental and durability testing. As implemented, the Avcon connector used four contacts for Level 2 (L1, L2, Pilot, Ground) and added five more (three for serial communications, and two for DC power) for Level 3 (L1, L2, Pilot, Com1, Com2, Ground, Clean Data ground, DC+, DC−). By 2009, J1772 had instead adopted

4235-399: The fleet consists of: 2 amphibious transport docks , 11 frigates , 3 submarines , 6 mine countermeasure vessels, 23 patrol vessels and a number of auxiliary ships. The total displacement of the Spanish Navy is approximately 220,000 tonnes. As of 2012, the Armada has a strength of 20,838 personnel. The Marines, in Spanish, Infanteria de Marina , are the marine infantry of the Spanish Navy,

4312-518: The future. Automotive startup Aptera Motors has also adopted the connector standard in its vehicles. Other automakers, such as Stellantis and Volkswagen have not made an announcement. To meet European Union (EU) requirements on recharging points, Tesla vehicles sold in the EU are equipped with a CCS Combo 2 port. Both the North America and the EU port take 480   V DC fast charging through Tesla's network of Superchargers , which variously use NACS and CCS charging connectors. Depending on

4389-405: The general physical, electrical, communication, and performance requirements for EV charging systems used in North America, as part of standard SAE J1772 , initially developed in 2001. SAE J1772 defines four levels of charging, two levels each for AC and DC supplies; the differences between levels are based upon the power distribution type, standards and maximum power. AC charging stations connect

4466-515: The handbook) was permanently wired and fastened at a fixed location under NEC-1999. It also required grounding and ground-fault protection; in addition, it required an interlock to prevent vehicle startup during charging and a safety breakaway for the cable and connector. A 40 A breaker (125% of continuous maximum supply current) was required to protect the branch circuit. For convenience and speedier charging, many early EVs preferred that owners and operators install Level 2 charging equipment, which

4543-576: The largest public charging networks in Australia were in the capital cities of Perth and Melbourne , with around 30 stations (7   kW AC) established in both cities – smaller networks exist in other capital cities. In India, public electric vehicle (EV) charging stations are commonly located street-side and at retail shopping centers, government facilities, and other parking areas. Private charging stations are typically found at residences, workplaces, and hotels. Several Indian companies are actively developing and managing EV charging infrastructure across

4620-426: The maximum charging power due to limitations of the battery or battery management system , charging losses (which can be as high as 25% ), and vary over time due to charging limits applied by a charge controller . The usable battery capacity of a first-generation electric vehicle, such as the original Nissan Leaf, was about 20   kilowatt-hours (kWh), giving it a range of about 100 mi (160 km). Tesla

4697-405: The ministries of War , of the Navy and the Civil Guard . The new institution was part of the Ministry of the Interior . Later, it was regulated by a Decree of 9 March 1940, shaping it as the State agency in which the car services of all civil departments were concentrated, except the provincial services of the Ministry of Development (today Ministry of Transport). Between the 1940s and 1950s,

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4774-702: The oldest in the world. It has a strength of 5,000 troops divided into base defense forces and landing forces. One of the three base defense battalions is stationed with each of the Navy headquarters. "Groups" (midway between battalions and regiments) are stationed in Madrid and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. The Tercio (fleet — regiment equivalent) is available for immediate embarkation and based out of San Fernando. Its principal weapons include light tanks, armored combat vehicles, self-propelled artillery, and SPIKE antitank missiles. Spanish Air and Space Force currently has 10 fighter squadrons, each with 18-24 airplanes. The Air and Space Force also has 15 operational air bases around

4851-424: The outbreak of the French Revolution, by 1790, the Spanish Empire was the largest empire in the world. The occupation of a great part of Spain by the French during the Napoleonic Wars resulted in Peninsular War , which was characterized by use on a large scale of guerrilla troops, made necessary by the war's devastating effect on the Spanish economy. Although victorious in the Peninsular War over Napoleonic France,

4928-461: The power when the EV is not charging. The two main types of safety sensors: Sensor wires react more quickly, have fewer parts to fail, and are possibly less expensive to design and implement. Current sensors however can use standard connectors and can allow suppliers to monitor or charge for the electricity actually consumed. Longer drives require a network of public charging stations. In addition, they are essential for vehicles that lack access to

5005-399: The premises wiring to the electric vehicle", including "conductors ... electric vehicle connectors, attachment plugs, and all other fittings, devices, power outlets, or apparatuses". Tesla, Inc. uses the term charging station as the location of a group of chargers, and the term connector for an individual EVSE. The National Electric Transportation Infrastructure Working Council (IWC)

5082-594: The ranks of all three branches of the Spanish Armed Forces: among others, a Marines company, a Paratroop company and an infantry company. Some units have served recently in Afghanistan and Bosnia. The Military Emergencies Unit ( Spanish : Unidad Militar de Emergencias ), is the most recently instituted branch of the Spanish Armed Forces, resulting from a decision of the Council of Ministers of Spain in 2005. In addition to headquarters staff ( Unidad de Cuartel General , there are five emergency intervention battalions ( Batallon de Intervención en Emergencias , BIEM),

5159-418: The round pin-and-sleeve (Yazaki) connector as its standard implementation, and the rectangular Avcon butt connector was rendered obsolete. Charging time depends on the battery's capacity, power density, and charging power. The larger the capacity, the more charge the battery can hold (analogous to the size of a fuel tank). Higher power density allows the battery to accept more charge per unit time (the size of

5236-742: The tank opening). Higher charging power supplies more energy per unit time (analogous to a pump's flow rate). An important downside of charging at fast speeds is that it also adds stress to the mains electricity grid. The California Air Resources Board specified a target minimum range of 150 miles (240 km) to qualify as a zero-emission vehicle , and further specified that the vehicle should allow for fast-charging. Charge time can be calculated as: Charging Time (h) = Battery capacity (kWh) Charging power (kW) {\displaystyle {\text{Charging Time (h)}}={\frac {\text{Battery capacity (kWh)}}{\text{Charging power (kW)}}}} The effective charging power can be lower than

5313-515: The vehicle's onboard charging circuitry directly to the AC supply. Commonly, though incorrectly, called "Level 3" charging based on the older NEC-1999 definition, DC charging is categorized separately in the SAE standard. In DC fast-charging, grid AC power is passed through an AC-to-DC converter in the station before reaching the vehicle's battery, bypassing any AC-to-DC converter on board the vehicle. Additional standards released by SAE for charging include SAE J3068 (three-phase AC charging, using

5390-412: The workforce. 96 of these drivers were hired only in the second half of fiscal year 2023, to satisfy the extraordinary needs of the Spanish Presidency of the Council of the European Union . Of the institutions that used these vehicles, the Royal Household had assigned 43 of them, while the Office of the Prime Minister had 64. The Royal House has also their own fleet managed by the Royal Guard . Also,

5467-456: Was approved, which gave the agency its current name, "State Vehicle Fleet" (PME), as well as modified its nature, structure and responsibilities, and the Royal Decree 1163/1999, of July 2, which merged the Territorial Delegations and Provincial Fleets into the Government Delegations and Subdelegations . The last regulation of the agency was approved by the Council of Ministers in August 2022, although it did not represent anything new, but rather

5544-544: Was connected to the EV either through an inductive paddle ( Magne Charge ) or a conductive connector ( Avcon ). Level 3 charging equipment used an off-vehicle rectifier to convert the input AC power to DC, which was then supplied to the vehicle. At the time it was written, the 1999 NEC handbook anticipated that Level 3 charging equipment would require utilities to upgrade their distribution systems and transformers. The Society of Automotive Engineers ( SAE International ) defines

5621-585: Was formed in 1991 by the Electric Power Research Institute with members drawn from automotive manufacturers and the electric utilities to define standards in the United States; early work by the IWC led to the definition of three levels of charging in the 1999 National Electric Code (NEC) Handbook. Under the 1999 NEC, Level 1 charging equipment (as defined in the NEC handbook but not in

5698-579: Was ratified in the 1986 referendum by the Spanish people. The conditions were the reduction of American military bases, non-integration of Spain in the military structure of NATO, and the prohibition of introducing nuclear weapons in Spain. As of June 2017, 3,093 soldiers of the Spanish Armed Forces and the Civil Guard are part of the nineteen operations where Spain has an active role. According to

5775-596: Was required to accommodate a liquid-cooled vehicle inlet charge port; the smaller paddle (introduced in 2000) interfaced with an air-cooled inlet instead. SAE J1773, which described the technical requirements for inductive paddle coupling, was first issued in January 1995, with another revision issued in November 1999. The influential California Air Resources Board adopted the conductive connector as its standard on 28 June 2001, based on lower costs and durability, and

5852-686: Was selected in May 2019 and tested at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) in September 2020. Thirteen manufacturers participated in the test, which checked the coupling and thermal performance of seven vehicle inlets and eleven charger connectors. The final connector requirements and specification was adopted in December 2021 as MCS connector version 3.2. With support from Portland General Electric , on 21 April 2021 Daimler Trucks North America opened

5929-466: Was the first company to introduce longer-range vehicles, initially releasing their Model S with battery capacities of 40   kWh, 60   kWh and 85   kWh, with the latter lasting for about 480 km (300 mi). As of 2022 plug-in hybrid vehicles typically had an electric range of 15 to 60 miles (24–97 km). Batteries are charged with DC power. To charge from the AC power supplied by

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