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49-553: The municipal area lies at elevations from 260 to 285 m above sea level . The community lies in the southern Westerwald on the edge of the Montabaur Hollow ( Montabaurer Senke ) and belongs to the so-called Kannenbäckerland (“Jug Bakers’ Land”, a small region known for its ceramics industry). Towards its south, Staudt stretches to the 286-metre-high slope of the mountain Am Hähnchen , whereas from east to west,

98-494: A datum . For example, hourly measurements may be averaged over a full Metonic 19-year lunar cycle to determine the mean sea level at an official tide gauge . Still-water level or still-water sea level (SWL) is the level of the sea with motions such as wind waves averaged out. Then MSL implies the SWL further averaged over a period of time such that changes due to, e.g., the tides , also have zero mean. Global MSL refers to

147-495: A topographic map variations in elevation are shown by contour lines . A mountain's highest point or summit is typically illustrated with the AMSL height in metres, feet or both. In unusual cases where a land location is below sea level, such as Death Valley, California , the elevation AMSL is negative. It is often necessary to compare the local height of the mean sea surface with a "level" reference surface, or geodetic datum, called

196-440: A "mean sea level" is difficult because of the many factors that affect sea level. Instantaneous sea level varies substantially on several scales of time and space. This is because the sea is in constant motion, affected by the tides, wind , atmospheric pressure, local gravitational differences, temperature, salinity , and so forth. The mean sea level at a particular location may be calculated over an extended time period and used as

245-432: A bombardment on 18 March 1944, 18 buildings were utterly destroyed. However, not only were these houses long ago rebuilt, but also the community has changed from an agricultural community to one based more on industry and services. The municipal council is made up of 17 council members, including the extraofficial mayor ( Bürgermeister ), who were elected in a majority vote in a municipal election on 13 June 2004. As in

294-409: A defined barometric pressure . Generally, the pressure used to set the altimeter is the barometric pressure that would exist at MSL in the region being flown over. This pressure is referred to as either QNH or "altimeter" and is transmitted to the pilot by radio from air traffic control (ATC) or an automatic terminal information service (ATIS). Since the terrain elevation is also referenced to MSL,

343-553: A document from this monastery in 1367. More precisely, the document was about rental paid in grain , oats and chickens within the Bann (an administrative unit) of Montabaur, wherein also lay Staudt. In the Bann of Montabaur, the Archbishop of Trier exercised exclusive power over the inhabitants. The villages were obliged to do labour, that is to say, the people were unfree, counted as “goods”, and went by any sale or exchange into

392-432: A few metres, in timeframes ranging from minutes to months: Between 1901 and 2018, the average sea level rose by 15–25 cm (6–10 in), with an increase of 2.3 mm (0.091 in) per year since the 1970s. This was faster than the sea level had ever risen over at least the past 3,000 years. The rate accelerated to 4.62 mm (0.182 in)/yr for the decade 2013–2022. Climate change due to human activities

441-599: A kind of collective municipality – whose seat is in the like-named town . Staudt has existed since the Late Middle Ages . Since days of yore it has belonged to the parish of Wirges, itself originally a daughter parish of the parish of Humbach- Montabaur , although over time it became a parish in its own right. Parish patronage rights and the tithe (a rent) in turn were held by St. Florin's Monastery in Koblenz . The first documentary mention of Stude stemmed from

490-457: A muddy pool. Sea level Mean sea level ( MSL , often shortened to sea level ) is an average surface level of one or more among Earth 's coastal bodies of water from which heights such as elevation may be measured. The global MSL is a type of vertical datum  – a standardised geodetic datum  – that is used, for example, as a chart datum in cartography and marine navigation , or, in aviation, as

539-700: A prominent position above the town on the Schlossberg ( ' Castle Mountain ' ) at 321 m above sea level . The town has a history that can be traced back to the year 959, with the Montabaur fort castellum Humbacense . The Archbishop -Elector of Trier , Dietrich von Wied, who came back from a Crusade in the Holy Land about 1217, had the humbacense castle newly built and named it Mons Tabor for its similarity to Mount Tabor in Israel , said to be

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588-470: A sharp reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, this may increase to hundreds of millions in the latter decades of the century. Local factors like tidal range or land subsidence will greatly affect the severity of impacts. For instance, sea level rise in the United States is likely to be two to three times greater than the global average by the end of the century. Yet, of the 20 countries with

637-486: A spatial average over the entire ocean area, typically using large sets of tide gauges and/or satellite measurements. One often measures the values of MSL with respect to the land; hence a change in relative MSL or ( relative sea level ) can result from a real change in sea level, or from a change in the height of the land on which the tide gauge operates, or both. In the UK, the ordnance datum (the 0 metres height on UK maps)

686-721: Is a town and the district seat of the Westerwaldkreis in Rhineland-Palatinate , Germany . At the same time, it is also the administrative centre of the Verbandsgemeinde of Montabaur – a kind of collective municipality – to which 24 other communities belong. The town is known throughout the country for its strikingly yellow castle and its InterCityExpress railway station on the Cologne-Frankfurt high-speed rail line . Montabaur lies in

735-610: Is calibrated to the Amsterdam Peil elevation, which dates back to the 1690s. Satellite altimeters have been making precise measurements of sea level since the launch of TOPEX/Poseidon in 1992. A joint mission of NASA and CNES , TOPEX/Poseidon was followed by Jason-1 in 2001 and the Ocean Surface Topography Mission on the Jason-2 satellite in 2008. Height above mean sea level ( AMSL )

784-427: Is due to change in either the volume of water in the world's oceans or the volume of the oceanic basins . Two major mechanisms are currently causing eustatic sea level rise. First, shrinking land ice, such as mountain glaciers and polar ice sheets, is releasing water into the oceans. Second, as ocean temperatures rise, the warmer water expands. Many factors can produce short-term changes in sea level, typically within

833-451: Is mainly caused by human-induced climate change . When temperatures rise, mountain glaciers and polar ice sheets melt, increasing the amount of water in the oceans, while the existing seawater also expands with heat. Because most of human settlement and infrastructure was built in response to a more-normalized sea level with limited expected change, populations affected by sea level rise will need to invest in climate adaptation to mitigate

882-401: Is only two kilometres away; travel time to either Cologne or Frankfurt is only 30 minutes. Staudt is quite a common German surname. The origin lies in the fact that when surnames came into being – at least as they are known today – it was, among other things, customary to assign people to their home towns or villages. Often, occupational descriptions or even nicknames were used. Staudt, however,

931-411: Is the elevation (on the ground) or altitude (in the air) of an object, relative to a reference datum for mean sea level (MSL). It is also used in aviation, where some heights are recorded and reported with respect to mean sea level (contrast with flight level ), and in the atmospheric sciences , and in land surveying . An alternative is to base height measurements on a reference ellipsoid approximating

980-727: Is the main cause. Between 1993 and 2018, melting ice sheets and glaciers accounted for 44% of sea level rise , with another 42% resulting from thermal expansion of water . Sea level rise lags behind changes in the Earth 's temperature by many decades, and sea level rise will therefore continue to accelerate between now and 2050 in response to warming that has already happened. What happens after that depends on human greenhouse gas emissions . If there are very deep cuts in emissions, sea level rise would slow between 2050 and 2100. It could then reach by 2100 slightly over 30 cm (1 ft) from now and approximately 60 cm (2 ft) from

1029-764: Is the mean sea level measured at Newlyn in Cornwall between 1915 and 1921. Before 1921, the vertical datum was MSL at the Victoria Dock, Liverpool . Since the times of the Russian Empire , in Russia and its other former parts, now independent states, the sea level is measured from the zero level of Kronstadt Sea-Gauge. In Hong Kong, "mPD" is a surveying term meaning "metres above Principal Datum" and refers to height of 0.146 m (5.7 in) above chart datum and 1.304 m (4 ft 3.3 in) below

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1078-425: Is unknown), to which Staudt also belonged. The Amt administrator, Court Council Linz reported the following in 1786: “The inhabitants of the Bann of Wirges show themselves to be sensible, are hardworking (that is to say enterprising), and yet docile, love foreigners, are at home thrifty to the point of miserliness and at the inn wasteful to the point of showing off; can be called more cleanly than uncleanly.” From

1127-415: Is without a doubt one of these geographical-origin surnames, meaning that its bearers’ forebears did indeed come from Staudt. Emigration from Germany has also spread the name abroad. In 1367, Staudt cropped up as Stude . In 1388 it was Stut and in 1448 Stude . In 1557, history mentions an Electorate of Trier council named Michael Staudt von Limburg. In the early 18th century, the name's bearers settled on

1176-749: The Duchy of Nassau in 1806. With Prussia annexing Nassau in 1866 Montabaur became part of the Wiesbaden Region within the Province of Hesse-Nassau . In 1945 the western Allies partitioned the northwestern part of the Wiesbaden Region with Montabaur and annexed it to the new German state of Rhineland-Palatinate. The partitioned part of the Wiesbaden Region then formed the Montabaur Region (as of 1946) seated in Montabaur. In 1968

1225-574: The Westerwald , roughly 20 km northeast of Koblenz . About 14,000 people live in the city, while the district is home to about 40,000. Montabaur has seven outlying centres. In the north lies Eschelbach, and in the west lie Horressen and Elgendorf. Stretching south along the Gelbach valley are the pilgrimage centre of Wirzenborn, and, farther along still, Reckenthal, Bladernheim and Ettersdorf. Montabaur's neighbours are, clockwise beginning in

1274-647: The geoid . In the absence of external forces, the local mean sea level would coincide with this geoid surface, being an equipotential surface of the Earth's gravitational field which, in itself, does not conform to a simple sphere or ellipsoid and exhibits gravity anomalies such as those measured by NASA's GRACE satellites . In reality, the geoid surface is not directly observed, even as a long-term average, due to ocean currents, air pressure variations, temperature and salinity variations, etc. The location-dependent but time-persistent separation between local mean sea level and

1323-431: The standard sea level at which atmospheric pressure is measured to calibrate altitude and, consequently, aircraft flight levels . A common and relatively straightforward mean sea-level standard is instead a long-term average of tide gauge readings at a particular reference location. Sea levels can be affected by many factors and are known to have varied greatly over geological time scales . Current sea level rise

1372-973: The 19th century. With high emissions it would instead accelerate further, and could rise by 1.0 m ( 3 + 1 ⁄ 3  ft) or even 1.6 m ( 5 + 1 ⁄ 3  ft) by 2100. In the long run, sea level rise would amount to 2–3 m (7–10 ft) over the next 2000 years if warming stays to its current 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) over the pre-industrial past. It would be 19–22 metres (62–72 ft) if warming peaks at 5 °C (9.0 °F). Rising seas affect every coastal and island population on Earth. This can be through flooding, higher storm surges , king tides , and tsunamis . There are many knock-on effects. They lead to loss of coastal ecosystems like mangroves . Crop yields may reduce because of increasing salt levels in irrigation water. Damage to ports disrupts sea trade. The sea level rise projected by 2050 will expose places currently inhabited by tens of millions of people to annual flooding. Without

1421-648: The Montabaur Region, one of the originally five Regierungsbezirke of Rhineland-Palatinate, was dissolved and its territory annexed to the adjacent Koblenz Region . Until early 2004, Montabaur was furthermore a Bundeswehr station with the Westerwaldkaserne , where the Raketenartilleriebataillon 350 (RakArtBtl 350) and, later, maintenance units were stationed. The town council is composed as follows: United Internet

1470-649: The area as a whole, there is clay quarrying in Staudt. The biggest company that processes clay and that lies in Staudt is Osmose, which manufactures ceramic products. Staudt is only two kilometres from both the towns of Montabaur and Wirges , as well as the nationally important roads Bundesstraße 255 and the A ;3 ( Cologne – Frankfurt ). Limburg an der Lahn and Koblenz are each twenty minutes’ drive away, and Cologne and Frankfurt may be reached in one hour. The InterCityExpress railway station at Montabaur

1519-606: The average sea level. In France, the Marégraphe in Marseilles measures continuously the sea level since 1883 and offers the longest collated data about the sea level. It is used for a part of continental Europe and the main part of Africa as the official sea level. Spain uses the reference to measure heights below or above sea level at Alicante , while the European Vertical Reference System

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1568-519: The community's area spreads out into a 265-metre-high plain. In the north lies the rest of the residential and new-town area in the foothills of the 277-metre-high Kramberg. The highest elevation in the municipal area is the 291-metre-high Fussenacker. Through Staudt flow the Aubach and the Unterbach. Since 1972 the community has belonged to what was then the newly founded Verbandsgemeinde of Wirges –

1617-677: The end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 until the Austro-Prussian War in 1866, the community – at the time fighting on Austria ’s side – belonged to the newly founded Duchy of Nassau . Nassau, however, was annexed and became Prussian and at first part of the North German Confederation and then later the German Empire . The community and its inhabitants lived through two world wars. In

1666-484: The entire Earth, which is what systems such as GPS do. In aviation, the reference ellipsoid known as WGS84 is increasingly used to define heights; however, differences up to 100 metres (328 feet) exist between this ellipsoid height and local mean sea level. Another alternative is to use a geoid -based vertical datum such as NAVD88 and the global EGM96 (part of WGS84). Details vary in different countries. When referring to geographic features such as mountains, on

1715-482: The geoid is referred to as (mean) ocean surface topography . It varies globally in a typical range of ±1 m (3 ft). Several terms are used to describe the changing relationships between sea level and dry land. The melting of glaciers at the end of ice ages results in isostatic post-glacial rebound , when land rises after the weight of ice is removed. Conversely, older volcanic islands experience relative sea level rise, due to isostatic subsidence from

1764-498: The great Late Gothic Catholic parish church . The mediaeval town wall is preserved in parts, including the Wolfsturm ("Wolf's Tower"). The Montabaur Stadthalle (literally "town hall", but actually an event venue) is intended for various functions such as conferences, concerts, theatre and other events. The historic Wolfsturm is at the townsfolk's disposal and can be hired for use. Schloss Montabaur  [ de ]

1813-634: The greatest exposure to sea level rise, twelve are in Asia , including Indonesia , Bangladesh and the Philippines. The resilience and adaptive capacity of ecosystems and countries also varies, which will result in more or less pronounced impacts. The greatest impact on human populations in the near term will occur in the low-lying Caribbean and Pacific islands . Sea level rise will make many of them uninhabitable later this century. Pilots can estimate height above sea level with an altimeter set to

1862-555: The height of planetary features. Local mean sea level (LMSL) is defined as the height of the sea with respect to a land benchmark, averaged over a period of time long enough that fluctuations caused by waves and tides are smoothed out, typically a year or more. One must adjust perceived changes in LMSL to account for vertical movements of the land, which can occur at rates similar to sea level changes (millimetres per year). Some land movements occur because of isostatic adjustment to

1911-481: The melting of ice sheets at the end of the last ice age . The weight of the ice sheet depresses the underlying land, and when the ice melts away the land slowly rebounds . Changes in ground-based ice volume also affect local and regional sea levels by the readjustment of the geoid and true polar wander . Atmospheric pressure , ocean currents and local ocean temperature changes can affect LMSL as well. Eustatic sea level change (global as opposed to local change)

1960-471: The new lord's ownership. The Bann was subdivided into smaller administrative zones. Together with six further communities, Staudt – no later than 1488 – formed the so-called große Zeche , until further division in 1653. This yielded a new Zeche with Leuterod , Hosten , Ötzingen and Staudt. This was shortly after the Thirty Years' War ended, which was not without consequences even for Staudt, as

2009-409: The north, Dernbach , Staudt , Heiligenroth , Großholbach , Girod , Steinefrenz , Heilberscheid , Isselbach , Stahlhofen , Untershausen , Holler , Niederelbert , Arzbach , Kadenbach , Neuhäusel , Nomborn and Hillscheid . Montabaur's Old Town ( Altstadt ) is famed for its Gothic Revival Roter Löwe ("Red Lion") town hall, many timber-frame houses from the 16th and 17th centuries and

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2058-446: The number of families fell from 18 in 1605 to only 9 in 1684. It is assumed that there were even fewer inhabitants at the time of the war's end, as a population directory from 1678 lists only 7 families. Passing armies brought horrors and poverty to the Bann of Montabaur. Many people fled; almost two thirds died. Presumably in the late 17th century, the Bann of Montabaur was split up and a Bann of Wirges came into being (the exact date

2107-467: The pilot can estimate height above ground by subtracting the terrain altitude from the altimeter reading. Aviation charts are divided into boxes and the maximum terrain altitude from MSL in each box is clearly indicated. Once above the transition altitude, the altimeter is set to the international standard atmosphere (ISA) pressure at MSL which is 1013.25 hPa or 29.92 inHg. Montabaur Montabaur ( German pronunciation: [ˈmɔntabaʊɐ] )

2156-571: The place of the Transfiguration of Jesus . Out of this grew Montabaur. In 1291, King Rudolf von Habsburg (1218–1291) granted Montabaur, as well as Welschbillig , Mayen , Bernkastel and Saarburg , town rights, so that the village became a town with its own coat of arms and a town wall. In 1802 with the dissolution of the Archbishopric-Electorate of Trier the princes of Nassau took power in Montabaur and annexed it to

2205-540: The poles and 6,371.001 km (3,958.756 mi) on average. This flattened spheroid , combined with local gravity anomalies , defines the geoid of the Earth, which approximates the local mean sea level for locations in the open ocean. The geoid includes a significant depression in the Indian Ocean , whose surface dips as much as 106 m (348 ft) below the global mean sea level (excluding minor effects such as tides and currents). Precise determination of

2254-581: The spelling Staudt . In the early to mid-19th century in America many families changed the surname of Staudt to Stout, which is a phonetic spelling based on the American pronunciation. To Staudt belong several ponds ( Weiher ) lying south of the village, namely Schräderweiher, Weberweiher, Ochsenheide, Birkenweiher, Fussenweiher and the Morschenweiher, which in droughts becomes nothing more than

2303-411: The weight of cooling volcanos. The subsidence of land due to the withdrawal of groundwater is another isostatic cause of relative sea level rise. On planets that lack a liquid ocean, planetologists can calculate a "mean altitude" by averaging the heights of all points on the surface. This altitude, sometimes referred to as a "sea level" or zero-level elevation , serves equivalently as a reference for

2352-419: The worst effects or, when populations are at extreme risk, a process of managed retreat . The term above sea level generally refers to the height above mean sea level (AMSL). The term APSL means above present sea level, comparing sea levels in the past with the level today. Earth's radius at sea level is 6,378.137 km (3,963.191 mi) at the equator. It is 6,356.752 km (3,949.903 mi) at

2401-631: Was the seat of the district administrator's office of the old Unterwesterwaldkreis  [ de ] until 1945 before becoming the seat of the Montabaur district government. Today, it is owned by the Akademie Deutscher Genossenschaften  [ de ] ( ' Academy of German Co-operatives ' ), which has expanded it for use as a 4-star conference hotel and training centre for the German Cooperative Financial Group . It stands in

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