34-587: Stephen Field may refer to: Stephen Johnson Field (1816–1899), United States Supreme Court justice Stephen L. Field , American literary scholar, Steve Field (doctor) (born 1959), British medical professor Steve Field (sculptor) (born 1954), English sculptor, muralist and mosaicist Steve Field, actor in Blonde Dolly See also [ edit ] Stephen Fields (1879–1949), American tug-of-war Olympian [REDACTED] Topics referred to by
68-575: A corregidor , who took over the role of the presiding officer of the council. The cabildo was taken to the Americas and Philippines by the Spanish conquistadors . Towns and villages in the Americas with the right to a council ( villas and lugares in the Recopilación de las Leyes de Indias , 1680) had one alcalde . Cities ( ciudades ) had two, which was the maximum number anywhere. Early in
102-437: A United States Senator from California ( David Colbreth Broderick ) in a duel and left the state. Field and Terry's paths crossed again 30 years later when Field, acting in his capacity as a circuit judge of the 9th Federal Circuit Court , ruled against Terry in a convoluted divorce case (and had him sent to jail for contempt of court as well). Seeking revenge, Terry attempted to kill Field in 1889 near Stockton, California , but
136-463: A committee to urge Justice Robert Grier to retire. Finding Field dozing in the robing room, Harlan later related what happened next: “The old man listened, gradually became alert, and finally, with his eyes blazing with the fire of youth, he burst out, ‘Yes, and a dirtier day’s work I never did in my life.'” In March 1896, he wrote what would be his final opinion on behalf of the Court, but remained on
170-580: A race the next year for the State Senate . His successful legal practice led to his election to the California Supreme Court in 1857, serving six years. Field was determined and vengeful when others disagreed with him, and he easily made enemies. An opponent of his wrote that Field's life would be "found to be one series of little-mindedness, meanlinesses, of braggadocio, pusillanimity, and contemptible vanity." While serving on
204-482: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Stephen Johnson Field Stephen Johnson Field (November 4, 1816 – April 9, 1899) was an American jurist . He was an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court from May 20, 1863, to December 1, 1897, the second longest tenure of any justice. Prior to this appointment, he was
238-461: Is the traditional Spanish municipal magistrate , who had both judicial and administrative functions. An alcalde was, in the absence of a corregidor , the presiding officer of the Castilian cabildo (the municipal council) and judge of first instance of a town. Alcaldes were elected annually, without the right to reelection for two or three years, by the regidores (council members) of
272-706: The Atlantic Cable , and Rev. Henry Martyn Field , a prominent clergyman and travel writer. He grew up in Stockbridge, Massachusetts , and went to Turkey at thirteen with his sister Emilia and her missionary husband, Rev. Josiah Brewer . He received a B.A. from Williams College , Williamstown, Massachusetts, in 1837. While attending Williams College he was one of the original Founders of Delta Upsilon fraternity. After reading law in Albany with Harmanus Bleecker and New York City with his brother David, Stephen
306-485: The Rock Creek Cemetery . Field wrote 544 opinions, more than any other justice save for Justice Samuel Miller , John P. Stevens , and Clarence Thomas (by comparison, Chief Justice Marshall wrote 508 opinions in his 34 years on the court). According to journalist Brian Doherty , "Field was one of the pioneers of the concept (beloved by many libertarian legal thinkers ) of substantive due process –
340-543: The U.S. Supreme Court , once served as the only alcalde of Marysville, California , a town established in 1850 during the Gold Rush by immigrants, who temporarily used the Spanish and Mexican form of municipal government. In Texas, the position of county judge was based on that of the alcalde which had existed in the state prior to the Texas Revolution . Like the alcaldes before them, county judges under
374-495: The California Supreme Court, Field had a special coat made with pockets large enough to hold two pistols so that he could fire the weapons inside the pockets. In 1858 he was challenged to a duel by a fellow Judge (William T. Barbour) but at the dueling ground, neither man fired his gun. In 1859 Field replaced the former chief justice of the California Supreme Court, David S. Terry , because Judge Terry killed
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#1732793063404408-945: The Californian public. In his 1884 district court ruling, In re Look Tin Sing , he declared that children born in U.S. jurisdictions are U.S. citizens regardless of ancestry. However, as a member of the U.S. Supreme Court, he penned opinions infused with racist anti-Chinese-American rhetoric, most notably in his majority opinion in The Chinese Exclusion Case, Chae Chan Ping v. United States , 130 U.S. 581 (1889), and in his dissent in Chew Heong v. United States , 112 U.S. 536 (1884). In November 1885, Field served as an original trustee of Leland Stanford Junior University . Alcalde Alcalde ( / æ l ˈ k æ l d i / ; Spanish: [alˈkalðe] )
442-529: The Texas Constitution wield both judicial and chief executive functions. Although in larger counties today the county judge usually functions solely as county chief executive, in smaller counties, the role of the county judge continues to have many of the combined judicial and administrative functions of the alcalde . The city of Sonoma, California , has a tradition to name an honorary title of Alcalde/Alcaldesa , to preside over ceremonial events of
476-577: The bench for another twenty months, finally retiring on December 1, 1897. Field would become the last veteran of both the Taney Court and the Chase Court to remain on the bench. He would remain the longest serving member of the Court until his record was surpassed by William O. Douglas , who served from 1939 to 1975. He died in Washington, D.C., on April 9, 1899, and was buried there in
510-540: The case. The number of seats on the United States Supreme Court was expanded from nine to ten in March 1863, as a result of the Tenth Circuit Act . This gave President Abraham Lincoln an opportunity to nominate a new associate justice , which he did on March 6, 1863. Seeking to effect both a regional and political balance on the Court, Lincoln selected Field, a westerner and Unionist Democrat . Field
544-533: The conquest, adelantados had the right to appoint the alcaldes in the districts they settled, if they could attract the legally specified number of settlers to the area. This right could be inherited for one generation, after which the right of election returned to the municipal council. In modern Spanish, the term alcalde is equivalent to a mayor , and is used to mean the local executive officer in municipalities throughout Spain and Latin America. For example,
578-640: The court's majority after he left the Supreme Court. In other cases he helped end the income tax ( Pollock v. Farmers' Loan and Trust Company ), limited antitrust law ( United States v. E.C. Knight Company ), and limited the power of the Interstate Commerce Commission . He also joined the majority in Plessy v. Ferguson that upheld racial segregation . Field dissented in the landmark case Strauder v. West Virginia , where
612-468: The equivalent of British parish constables . Because of this, the municipal alcalde was often referred to as an alcalde ordinario . By the end of the fourteenth century the definite form of the Castilian municipal council, the ayuntamiento or cabildo , had been established. The council was limited to a maximum of twenty-four members ( regidores ), who may be appointed for life by the crown, hold
646-453: The fifth Chief Justice of California . Born in Haddam, Connecticut , he was the sixth of the nine children of David Dudley Field I , a Congregationalist minister, and his wife Submit Dickinson, a teacher. His family produced three other children of major prominence in 19th century America: David Dudley Field II the prominent attorney, Cyrus Field , the millionaire investor and creator of
680-614: The kings of Leon and Castile, the right to have councils. Among the rights that these councils had was to elect a municipal judge ( iudex in Latin and juez in Spanish). These judges were assisted in their duties by various assistant judges, called alcaldes , whose number depended on the number of parishes the town had. The title alcalde was borrowed from the Arabic al qaḍi (قاضي), meaning "the judge." The word alcalde originally
714-598: The majority opinion held that the exclusion of African-Americans from juries violated the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause . Early in his career, Field wrote opinions against California's laws discriminating against the Chinese immigrants to that state. Serving as an individual jurist in district court, he notably struck down the so-called ' Pigtail Ordinance ' in 1879, which was regarded as discriminating against Chinese, making him unpopular with
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#1732793063404748-422: The municipal council. The office of the alcalde was signified by a staff of office , which they were to take with them when doing their business. A woman who holds the office is termed an alcaldesa . In New Spain (Mexico), alcaldes mayores were chief administrators in colonial-era administrative territories termed alcaldías mayores ; in colonial-era Peru the units were called corregimientos . Alcalde
782-758: The notion that the due process protected by the Fourteenth Amendment applied not merely to procedures but to the substance of laws as well." Field's vocal advocacy of substantive due process was illustrated in his dissents to the Slaughter-House Cases and Munn v. Illinois . In the Slaughter-House Cases , Justice Field's dissent focused on the Privileges or Immunities clause, not the Due Process clause (which
816-417: The office as an inherited possession or be elected by the citizens ( vecinos ) of the municipality. (Many cabildos had a mix of these different types of regidores .) The number of magistrates, now definitely called alcaldes , was limited to one or two, depending on the size of the city and who were elected annually by the regidores . To ensure control over cabildos , the Castilian monarchs often appointed
850-612: The office had some influence in the local political and legal developments of those areas and is mentioned in judicial cases. This title continued to be in use in the Southwest United States after the Mexican–American War until a permanent political and judicial system could be established. Alcaldes were notorious for their support for rule of law and opposition to vigilantes. In nineteenth-century California, Stephen Johnson Field , later an associate justice of
884-407: The same term This disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Field&oldid=1255263479 " Category : Human name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
918-645: The title alcalde continued to be used in the Spanish-speaking American Commonwealth of Puerto Rico after the occupation of the island during the Spanish–American War in 1898. In the autonomous Spanish cities of Ceuta and Melilla , however, the alcaldes-presidentes have greater powers than their peninsular colleagues. Because the United States incorporated parts of the former Viceroyalty of New Spain ,
952-455: Was admitted to the bar. He practiced law with David until 1848, when he went to California during the Gold Rush . Field was an uncle of future Associate Justice David Josiah Brewer . Other notable relatives include Paul Stephen Field and legal scholar Anne Field. In California, Field's legal practice boomed and he was elected alcalde , a form of mayor and justice of the peace under the old Mexican rule of law, of Marysville (curiously, he
986-621: Was also a title given to Indigenous (Native American) leaders inside the Spanish missions, who performed a large variety of duties for the Franciscan missionaries. The office of the alcalde evolved during the Reconquista as new lands were settled by the expanding kingdoms of León and Castile . As fortified settlements in the area between the Douro and Tagus rivers became true urban centers, they gained, from their feudal lords or
1020-521: Was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 10, 1863, and took the judicial oath of office on May 20, 1863. Field insisted on breaking John Marshall 's record of 34 years on the court, even when he was no longer able to handle the workload. His colleagues asked him to resign due to his being intermittently senile , but he refused, at one point John Marshall Harlan urged Field to retire, reminding Field that he had been part of
1054-634: Was elected Alcalde just three days after his arrival in Marysville). Because the Gold Rush city could not afford a jail, and it cost too much to transport prisoners to San Francisco, Field implemented the whipping post, believing that without such a brutal implement many in the rough and tumble city would be hanged for minor crimes. The voters sent him to the California State Assembly in 1850 to represent Yuba County , but he lost
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1088-507: Was important in the dissent of Justice Bradley as well as the dissent of Justice Swayne). In both Munn v. Illinois and Mugler v. Kansas , Justice Field based his dissent on the protection of property interests by the Due Process clause. One of Field's most notable opinions was his majority opinion in Pennoyer v. Neff , which set the standard on personal jurisdiction for the next 100 years. His views on due process were eventually adopted by
1122-534: Was instead shot dead by Field's bodyguard, U.S. Marshal David B. Neagle . Legal issues arising from the killing of Terry came before the Supreme Court in the 1890 habeas corpus case of In re Neagle . The Court ruled the United States Attorney General had authority to appoint U.S. Marshals as bodyguards to Supreme Court justices and Marshal Neagle had acted within the scope of his authority in shooting Terry. Field recused himself from
1156-581: Was used for simple judges, as in Andalusian Arabic . Only later was it applied to the presiding municipal magistrate. This early use continued to be reflected in its other uses, such as alcaldes del crimen , the judges in the audiencias ; Alcaldes de la Casa y Corte de Su Majestad , who formed the highest tribunal in Castile and also managed the royal court; alcaldes mayores , a synonym for corregidor ; and alcaldes de barrio , who were roughly
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