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70-563: Named after Henry L. Stimson , United States Secretary of State in the Hoover administration (1929–1933), the policy followed Japan's unilateral seizure of Manchuria in northeastern China following action by Japanese soldiers at Mukden (now Shenyang ), on September 18, 1931. The doctrine was also invoked by US Under-Secretary of State Sumner Welles in the Welles Declaration on July 23, 1940, which announced non-recognition of

140-427: A Japanese American fifth column . By February, John McCloy and others from the pro-exclusion camp had won him over. On February 11, Stimson and McCloy briefed in a phone conference Roosevelt, who gave his Secretary of War the go-ahead to pursue whatever course he saw fit. McCloy contacted Karl Bendetsen to begin formulating a removal strategy immediately after. Roosevelt granted Stimson the final approval to carry out

210-521: A close relationship with Alfred Lee Loomis his first cousin twenty years his junior, and became the father that Loomis never had ; while Loomis became the son that Stimson could not have because he was sterile. In 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt appointed Stimson U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York , where Stimson made a distinguished record prosecuting antitrust cases. He later served from 1937 to 1939 as president of

280-632: A difficult position. It was evident that appeals to the spirit of the Kellogg–Briand Pact had no impact on either the Chinese or the Japanese, and Stimson was further hampered by President Herbert Hoover 's clear indication that he would not support economic sanctions as a means to bring peace in the Far East . On January 7, 1932, Stimson sent similar notes to China and Japan that incorporated

350-782: A diplomatic approach that had been used by earlier secretaries facing crises in the Far East. Later known as the Stimson Doctrine or sometimes the Hoover-Stimson Doctrine the notes read in part as follows: Stimson had stated that the United States would not recognize any changes made in China that would curtail American treaty rights in the area, that the "open door" must be maintained, and would refuse any legitimacy to territorial changes made in violation of

420-533: A job that was so enormous. He defied all naysayers and plunged into the task with "an energy that men 20 years his junior could not have mustered." However, at 75, Stimson confessed that he was "feeling very tired. The unconscious strain has been pretty heavy on me." Stimson was initially opposed to the internment of Japanese Americans away from the West Coast, but he eventually gave in to pro-exclusion military advisers and secured Roosevelt's final approval for

490-496: A partner in 1893. Elihu Root , a future Secretary of War and Secretary of State, became a major influence on and role model for Stimson. In July 1893, Stimson married the former Mabel Wellington White, a great-great-granddaughter of one of the Founding Fathers , Roger Sherman , and the sister of Elizabeth Selden Rogers . An adult case of mumps had left Stimson infertile, and they had no children. Stimson developed

560-457: A prominent surgeon, and his wife, the former Candace Thurber Wheeler. When he was nine, his mother died of kidney failure, and he was then sent to boarding school . He spent summers with his grandmother Candace Wheeler at her Catskills country house and played with his uncle Dunham Wheeler, who was almost the same age, in "the Armory", which was their nickname for one corner of a large room in

630-570: A speech impediment. In the summer of 1950, Stimson fell and broke his leg and was confined to a wheelchair. On October 20, one month after his 83rd birthday, he succumbed to complications from a second heart attack. Stimson died at his estate Highhold in Huntington, New York . He is buried in the adjacent town of Laurel Hollow , in the cemetery of St. John's Church. He was the last surviving member of William Howard Taft 's cabinet. United States Secretary of War The secretary of war

700-706: A worldwide naval race and thus helped negotiate the London Naval Treaty . He protested the Japanese invasion of Manchuria , which instituted the Stimson Doctrine of nonrecognition of international territorial changes that are executed by force. After World War II broke out in Europe , Stimson accepted President Franklin Roosevelt's appointment to return as Secretary of War. After the U.S. entered

770-674: The League of Nations , which adopted a resolution on March 11, 1932 that "it is incumbent upon members of the League of Nations not to recognize any situation, treaty or agreement which may be brought about by means contrary to the Covenant of the League of Nations or the Pact of Paris." It also acquired legal force for the members of the Organization of American States after it was included in

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840-649: The New York City Bar Association , where a medal honoring service as a U.S. Attorney is still awarded in his honor. Stimson was defeated as Republican candidate for Governor of New York in 1910 . He joined the Council on Foreign Relations at its inception and was described by The New York Times as "the group's quintessential member". Stimson is an English surname, a variant of Stevenson. In 1911, President William Howard Taft appointed Stimson as Secretary of War . Stimson continued

910-660: The Philippines for the same reason after he had been appointed Governor-General of the Philippines , an office that he held from 1927 to 1929. Stimson returned to the cabinet in 1929, when U.S. President Herbert Hoover appointed him US Secretary of State . Both served until 1933. Stimson lived in the Woodley Mansion in Washington, D.C. , where he remained through 1946. Shortly after being appointed as

980-724: The Saavedra Lamas Treaty and the Montevideo Convention of 1933, later followed by the Charter of the Organization of American States of 1948. After the entry into force of the UN Charter , international law establishes a general prohibition on the use of force. Consequently, international legal doctrine argues that annexations are illegal, and states are under a legal obligation to comply with

1050-749: The Soviet annexation and incorporation of the three Baltic states : Estonia , Latvia , and Lithuania . This remained the official US position until the Baltic states regained independence in 1991. It was not the first time that the US had used nonrecognition as a political tool or symbolic statement. President Woodrow Wilson had refused to recognize the Mexican Revolutionary governments in 1913 and Japan's 21 Demands upon China in 1915. The Japanese invasion of Manchuria in late 1931 placed Stimson in

1120-436: The attack on Pearl Harbor , Stimson entered in his diary the following statement: "[Roosevelt] brought up the event that we are likely to be attacked perhaps next Monday, for the Japanese are notorious for making an attack without warning, and the question was what we should do. The question was how we should maneuver them into the position of firing the first shot without allowing too much danger to ourselves." With respect to

1190-450: The "most terrible weapon ever known in human history" opened up "the opportunity to bring the world into a pattern in which the peace of the world and our civilization can be saved." He thought the very destructiveness of the new weaponry would shatter the ages-old belief that wars could be advantageous. It might now be possible to call a halt to the use of destruction as a ready solution to human conflicts. Indeed, society's new control over

1260-588: The 1928 Pact. The declaration had few material effects on the Western world , which was burdened by the Great Depression , and Japan went on to establish a puppet state in Manchuria and later bomb Shanghai . The doctrine was criticized on the grounds that its only effect was to alienate the Japanese. The Stimson Doctrine, originally intended only as a political declaration, attracted the attention of

1330-520: The British. Because of this view, when the Senate voted to confirm him, all of the most notorious isolationist Senators such as Henrik Shipstead and Ernest Lundeen of Minnesota, Gerald Nye of North Dakota, Robert Marion La Follette of Wisconsin, David I. Walsh of Massachusetts and Burton K. Wheeler of Montana voted against his confirmation on the grounds he was "too pro-British" whereas all of

1400-549: The Hiroshima atomic bombing became a media sensation, Stimson and others published their own article "The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb". It argued the atomic bombings saved the Japanese from themselves, that demonstrating it would have been impractical, and American casualties from a potential invasion would exceed 1 million, although military documents from July 1945 estimated under 200,000 casualties ( other estimates put

1470-511: The Senate, and they celebrated when he was confirmed. Stimson and Frank Knox , both "vigorous interventionists", were confirmed by the Senate at the same time. Both advocated American entry into World War II on the side of the United Kingdom , earning them the title of "war hawks" from isolationists. Knox was described as " even more of a Hawk than Stimson." Stimson was hired by FDR explicitly to replace Harry Hines Woodring , Knox

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1540-870: The Stimson Doctrine by not recognizing as legitimate territorial changes made through annexations. This view, however, is controversial and not supported by consistent state practice. Henry L. Stimson Henry Lewis Stimson (September 21, 1867 – October 20, 1950) was an American statesman, lawyer, and Republican Party politician. Over his long career, he emerged as a leading figure in U.S. foreign policy by serving in both Republican and Democratic administrations. He served as Secretary of War (1911–1913) under President William Howard Taft , Secretary of State (1929–1933) under President Herbert Hoover , and again Secretary of War (1940–1945) under Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman , overseeing American military efforts during World War II . The son of

1610-536: The U.S. Seventh Army, had slapped an enlisted man who suffered from nervous exhaustion at a medical evacuation hospital in Sicily . The incident caused a storm of controversy, and members of Congress called for Patton to be relieved of command. General Dwight Eisenhower opposed any move to recall General Patton from the European Theater and said privately, "Patton is indispensable to the war effort – one of

1680-402: The United States. Although Japan ignored it, according to Stimson, the wheels of justice had now turned and the "peace-loving" nations, as Stimson called them, had the chance to punish Japan's misdeeds in a manner that would warn aggressor nations never again to invade their neighbors. To validate the new moral order, he believed that the atomic bomb had to be used against combatants and workers in

1750-552: The War Department, drafted the first proposals for an International Tribunal, which soon received backing from Truman. Stimson's plan eventually led to the Nuremberg Trials of 1945–1946, which have strongly influenced the development of international law . As Secretary of War, Stimson took direct and personal control of the entire atomic bomb project, with immediate supervision over Major General Leslie Groves ,

1820-544: The anger of Germans against the Allies and thereby "obscure the guilt of the Nazis and the viciousness of their doctrines and their acts." Stimson pressed similar arguments on Harry S. Truman , when he became president, in the spring of 1945. Stimson, a lawyer, insisted, against the initial wishes of both Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill , on proper judicial proceedings against leading war criminals. He and

1890-611: The article, later wrote, "We deserve some sort of medal." Stimson looked beyond the immediate end of the war. He was the only top government official to try to predict the meaning of the Atomic Age , and he envisioned a new era in human affairs. For half-a-century, he had worked to inject order, science, and moralism into matters of law, state, and diplomacy. The impact of the atomic bomb, he thought, would go far beyond military concerns to encompass diplomacy, world affairs, business, economics, and science. Above all, Stimson stated that

1960-495: The casualties as high as 4 million). Stimson also sidestepped questions such as the suffering of the victims and the radioactive qualities of the bombs, saying they had a "revolutionary character" or "unfamiliar nature". Because his article was the first official account of the reasonings behind the bombings, news outlets that were covering Hersey's Hiroshima began to cover Stimson's article instead. President Truman commended Stimson, and McGeorge Bundy , who had worked with Stimson on

2030-543: The citizen Japanese. The latter is the fact but I am afraid it will make a tremendous hole in our constitutional system." Stimson authorized the release of Japanese Americans from camp in May 1944 but postponed permission for them to return to the West Coast until after the November elections to avoid controversy in Roosevelt's upcoming campaign. On November 21, 1943, the news broke that General George S. Patton , commander of

2100-425: The city until over 30 years after his marriage). The Manhattan Project was managed by Major General Groves (Corps of Engineers) with a staff of reservists and many thousands of civilian scientists and engineers. Groves nominally reported directly to General George Marshall , but Stimson was really in charge. Stimson secured the necessary money and approval from Roosevelt and from Congress, ensured that Manhattan had

2170-467: The door between them was deliberately left open at all times) led efforts to prepare an unprepared America for war. Together, Stimson and Marshall had to build up the Army and Army Air Corps, organize housing and training for the soldiers, and oversee the design, testing, production, and distribution of the various machines, weapons, and materials required to support the country and its allies. Ten days before

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2240-652: The ethics of codebreaking. In 1930 and 1931, Stimson was the Chairman of the U.S. delegation to the London Naval Conference of 1930 . In the following year, he was the Chairman of the U.S. delegation to World Disarmament Conference in Geneva . The same year, the United States issued the " Stimson Doctrine " in response to Japanese invasion of Manchuria . It stated that the U.S. refused to recognize any situation or treaty that limited U.S. treaty rights or

2310-540: The eviction of West Coast Japanese Americans on February 17, and two days later, Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066 , which authorized the establishment of military zones that excluded certain persons. As the Western Defense Command began circulating civilian exclusion orders, a new debate formed regarding Japanese Americans in the Territory of Hawaii . Stimson joined other officials to push for

2380-565: The exclusion of all "enemy alien" Japanese from the islands. (Japanese immigrants were prohibited by law from naturalization and so were classified as enemy aliens, regardless of their residential status.) However, Japanese Hawaiians were the largest ethnic group in the territory and the foundation of the Island's labor force. Since mass removal was infeasible both economically and politically, Stimson's proposal quickly fell through. Although Stimson believed it to be "quite impossible" to determine

2450-457: The fate of mankind, and he posed the problem to the world in such clear and articulate fashion that there was a nearly-unanimous agreement mankind had to find a way so that atomic weapons would never be used again to kill people. Stimson officially announced his retirement on September 21, 1945. Afterwards, he wrote his memoirs with the aid of McGeorge Bundy . On Active Service in Peace and War

2520-672: The first President under the Constitution , he appointed Knox to continue serving as Secretary of War. The secretary of war was the head of the War Department . At first, he was responsible for all military affairs, including naval affairs . In 1798, the secretary of the Navy was created by statute, and the scope of responsibility for this office was reduced to the affairs of the United States Army . From 1886 onward,

2590-527: The guarantors of our victory." Stimson and McCloy agreed; Stimson told the Senate Patton would be retained because of the need for his "aggressive, winning leadership in the bitter battles which are to come before final victory." Stimson strongly opposed the Morgenthau Plan to deindustrialize and to partition Germany into several smaller states. The plan also envisioned the deportation and

2660-533: The head of the Manhattan Project . Both Roosevelt and Truman followed Stimson's advice on every aspect of the bomb, and Stimson overruled military officers when they opposed his views. That is best seen after military planners had selected Kyoto as the most promising target in southern Japan for nuclear attack. Stimson, who had vacationed in Kyoto in 1926 and spent a night there in 1929 as well, overruled

2730-552: The head of the War Department , in July 1940. The choice of Stimson, a conservative Republican (and anti-New Dealer) and Frank Knox as secretary of the Navy was a calculated effort by the president to win bipartisan support for what was considered the almost-inevitable U.S. entrance into the war. In the seventeen months leading up to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Stimson, working side-by-side with U.S. Army Chief of Staff George C. Marshall (in offices adjacent to one another where

2800-405: The highest priorities, and controlled all plans for the use of the bomb. Stimson successfully tried to get " Little Boy " (the Hiroshima bomb) dropped within hours of its earliest possible availability. Japan was to be forced to surrender, and the bombing of Hiroshima August 6 was likely a finishing blow for Tokyo. Stimson ultimately concluded if the U.S. had guaranteed the Japanese preservation of

2870-728: The house. Roaming the Catskill Mountains, he grew to love the outdoors and would become an avid sportsman. He was educated at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts , where he gained a lifelong interest in religion and a close relationship with the school. He later donated Woodley, his Washington, D.C. estate, to the school in his will (the property is now the Maret School ). He was an honorary lifetime member of Theodore Roosevelt 's Boone and Crockett Club , North America's first wildlife conservation organization. He

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2940-518: The imperial constitutional monarchy, Japan might have surrendered and prevented the use of atomic bombs. Historians debate whether the impact of continued blockade, relentless bombing, and the Soviet Union 's invasion of Manchuria would have forced Japanese Emperor Hirohito to surrender some time in late 1945 or early 1946 without the use of atomic bombs but with massive Allied casualties. After American journalist John Hersey 's account of

3010-408: The incarceration program. The administration was split in the wake of Pearl Harbor, with Justice Department officials arguing against "evacuation" and the Army and the War Department leaders demanding the immediate relocation. Still opposed to the idea of wholesale eviction, Stimson spent much of January 1942 in fielding calls from military advisers and West Coast politicians on the potential threat of

3080-423: The loyalty of Japanese Americans and eventually came to support the army's incarceration program, he remained unconvinced on the legality of the policy: "The second generation Japanese can only be evacuated either as part of a total evacuation, giving access to the areas only by permits, or by frankly trying to put them out on the ground that their racial characteristics are such that we cannot understand or trust even

3150-423: The most "Anglophile" Senators such as John H. Bankhead II and J. Lister Hill of Alabama, Kenneth McKellar and Tom Stewart of Tennessee, Harry Schwartz and Joseph C. O'Mahoney of Wyoming all spoke in favor of Stimson and his foreign policy views (and voted to confirm him as Secretary of War). The British government watched his confirmation vote closely, hoping he would have enough votes to get confirmed by

3220-536: The most elemental forces of nature finally "caps the climax of the race between man's growing technical power for destructiveness and his psychological power of self-control and group control—his moral power." To this end, Stimson advocated collaboration with the Soviet Union and genuine international control of atomic technology and weaponry, including possibly turning them over to the United Nations. He

3290-473: The nation's industrial output to the battlefields. In addition to George Marshall, Stimson worked closely with his top aides Robert P. Patterson , who succeeded Stimson as secretary; Robert Lovett , who handled the Air Force; Harvey Bundy ; and John J. McCloy , Assistant Secretary of War. Stimson was 73 when he took the reins as War Secretary, and many critics questioned if a man of his age could tackle

3360-596: The new Secretary of State, Stimson shut down the Cipher Bureau (U.S. cryptanalytic service, later known as the "Black Chamber") in 1929. According to the NSA 's Center for Cryptologic History, Stimson likely dissolved the bureau for budgetary reasons. But he also considered intercepting diplomatic communications unethical, reputedly saying: "Gentlemen do not read each other's mail." By the advent of World War II in 1940 it appears Stimson had changed his mind, at least as to

3430-432: The plan, Stimson insisted to Roosevelt that 10 European countries, including Russia, depended upon German trade and its production of raw materials. He also stated that it was inconceivable that the "gift of nature," which was populated by peoples of "energy, vigor, and progressiveness," should be turned into a "ghost territory" or "dust heap." What Stimson most feared, however, was that a subsistence-level economy would turn

3500-411: The planners and successfully fought to remove Kyoto from the target list against significant opposition from the military. The true reasons for Stimson's opposition to destroying Kyoto are not clear and may have been both personal and strategic. The common misconception that Stimson had a personal affinity for Kyoto after honeymooning there is not supported by the historical record (indeed, he did not visit

3570-713: The rank of colonel in August 1918. He continued his military service in the Organized Reserve Corps and rose to the rank of brigadier general in 1922. In 1927, Stimson was sent by President Calvin Coolidge to Nicaragua to negotiate an end to the Nicaraguan Civil War . Stimson wrote that Nicaraguans "were not fitted for the responsibilities that go with independence and still less fitted for popular self-government." He opposed independence for

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3640-593: The reorganization of the United States Army that had begun under his mentor, Elihu Root . After the outbreak of World War I , Stimson became part of the Preparedness Movement . He served as an artillery officer in France after the United States entered the war . From 1927 to 1929, he served as Governor-General of the Philippines under President Calvin Coolidge . In 1929, President Hoover appointed Stimson as Secretary of State. Stimson sought to avoid

3710-477: The reorganization of the army that had begun by Elihu Root , which improved its efficiency prior to its vast expansion in World War I. In 1913, Stimson left office following the accession of President Woodrow Wilson . Following the outbreak of World War I in 1914, he was a strong supporter of Britain and France although also supported U.S. neutrality. He called for preparation of a large, powerful army and

3780-497: The secretary of the Navy, have since 1949 been non-Cabinet subordinates under the secretary of defense . The secretary of the Army's office is generally considered the direct successor to the secretary of war's office although the secretary of defense took the secretary of war's position in the Cabinet, and the line of succession to the presidency. The office of Secretary at War was modeled upon Great Britain's secretary at war , who

3850-717: The secretary of war was in the line of succession to the presidency , after the vice president of the United States , the Speaker of the House of Representatives , the President pro tempore of the Senate and the secretary of state . In 1947, with the passing of the National Security Act of 1947 , the secretary of war was replaced by the secretary of the Army and the secretary of the Air Force , which, along with

3920-487: The summary imprisonment of anybody suspected of responsibility for war crimes . Initially, Roosevelt had been sympathetic to the plan, but Stimson's opposition and the public outcry when the plan was leaked made Roosevelt backtrack. Stimson thus retained overall control of the U.S. occupation zone in Germany, and despite the plan's influence on the early occupation, it never became official policy. Explaining his opposition to

3990-441: The surgeon Lewis Atterbury Stimson and Candace C. Stimson (née Wheeler, daughter of Candace Thurber Wheeler) Stimson became a Wall Street lawyer after graduating from Harvard Law School . He served as a United States Attorney under President Theodore Roosevelt and prosecuted several antitrust cases. After he was defeated in the 1910 New York gubernatorial election , Stimson served as Secretary of War under Taft. He continued

4060-609: The war in Europe, Stimson was "pro-British" even before Pearl Harbor. Stimson's view was the British Royal Navy , fighting Nazi Germany in the Atlantic, was protecting America, and was the reason the U.S. did not (for the time being) "have to do the fighting ourselves." Stimson said America should "rely on the shield of the British Navy," and that on that basis the U.S. should do everything possible to arm and supply

4130-417: The war, Stimson strongly opposed the Morgenthau Plan , which would have deindustrialized and partitioned Germany into several smaller states. He also insisted on judicial proceedings against Nazi war criminals , which led to the Nuremberg trials . Stimson retired from office in September 1945 and died in 1950. Stimson was born in 1867 in Manhattan , New York City , the son of Lewis Atterbury Stimson ,

4200-428: The war, Stimson, working very closely with Army Chief of Staff George C. Marshall , took charge of raising and training 13 million soldiers and airmen, supervised the spending of a third of the nation's GDP on the Army and the Air Forces , helped formulate military strategy, and oversaw the Manhattan Project to build the first atomic bombs. He supported the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . During and after

4270-408: The war. Hiroshima and Nagasaki had both contained combatant bases and major centers of war industry that employed tens of thousands of civilians. The question for Stimson was not one of whether the weapon should be used. Involved were the simple issue of ending a horrible war and the more subtle and more important question of the possibility of genuine peace among nations. Stimson's decision involved

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4340-404: Was William Barrington, 2nd Viscount Barrington , at the time of the American Revolution. The office of Secretary at War was meant to replace both the commander-in-chief and the Board of War , and like the president of the board, the secretary wore no special insignia. The inspector general, quartermaster general , commissary general, and adjutant general served on the secretary's staff. However,

4410-444: Was a Phillips trustee from 1905 to 1947 and served as president of the board from 1935 to 1945. He then attended Yale College , where he was elected to Phi Beta Kappa . He joined Skull and Bones , a secret society that afforded many contacts for the rest of his life. He graduated in 1888 and attended Harvard Law School , where he graduated in 1890. He joined the prestigious Wall Street law firm of Root and Clark in 1891 and became

4480-401: Was a member of the U.S. president 's Cabinet , beginning with George Washington 's administration . A similar position, called either "Secretary at War" or "Secretary of War", had been appointed to serve the Congress of the Confederation under the Articles of Confederation between 1781 and 1789. Benjamin Lincoln and later Henry Knox held the position. When Washington was inaugurated as

4550-464: Was active in the privately funded Plattsburg Training Camp Movement to train potential officers. After the U.S. declared war in 1917, Stimson was one of the 18 selected by former President Theodore Roosevelt to raise a volunteer infantry division for service in France in 1917. President Woodrow Wilson refused to make use of the volunteers, and the unit disbanded. Stimson served in the regular U.S. Army in France as an artillery officer and reached

4620-449: Was brought about by aggression. On October 5, 1931, the League received a strongly-worded letter from Stimson urging it to pressure Japan against aggression in China, and informing the League that the U.S. would support the League's actions. Returning to private life at the end of the Hoover administration , Stimson was an outspoken opponent of Japanese aggression. After World War II broke out, Roosevelt returned Stimson to his post at

4690-462: Was hired explicitly to replace Charles Edison on the grounds that Edison and Woodring were isolationists who did not agree with the philosophy of helping Great Britain in their war against the Nazis. Stimson referred to the views of isolationists as "hopelessly twisted." The power of isolationists explains why Stimson did not record "shock, horror or anger" after Roosevelt informed him of the attack on Pearl Harbor. Instead, he wrote, "my first feeling

4760-461: Was of relief that the indecision was over and that a crisis had come in a way which would unite our people (…) For I feel this country united has practically nothing to fear while the apathy and visions stirred up by unpatriotic men have been hitherto very discouraging." During the war, Stimson oversaw a great expansion of the military, including drafting and training of 13 million soldiers and airmen as well as purchasing and transporting 30 percent of

4830-461: Was opposed in this by other members of the Truman administration like James Byrnes . Stimson's vision of such a new world order, shared in part by many atomic scientists as well as Albert Einstein , would have meant yielding some sovereignty to something akin to a world government . In 1931, when Japan had invaded Manchuria, Stimson, as Secretary of State, proclaimed the Stimson Doctrine : no fruits of illegal aggression would ever be recognized by

4900-403: Was published by Harper in 1948 to critical acclaim. It is often cited by historians, as are the 170,000 typed pages of candid diaries that Stimson dictated at the end of every day. The diary is now in the Yale University Library; parts have been published in microfilm. Two months after leaving office, in November 1945, Stimson suffered a heart attack from which he recovered, although he suffered

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