The Stoglav Synod ( Russian : Стоглавый Собор ), also translated as the Hundred Chapter Synod or Council of a Hundred Chapters , was a church council ( sobor ) held in Moscow in 1551, with the participation of Tsar Ivan IV , Metropolitan Macarius (presiding), other higher clergymen, and possibly representatives of the Boyar Duma . It convened in January and February 1551, with some final sessions as late as May of that year. Its decrees are known as the Stoglav .
21-632: In 1542, Macarius was elected Metropolitan of Moscow and all Russia, and he later supported Ivan IV's coronation and marriage to Anastasia Romanovna . When Ivan left Moscow to campaign in Kazan , Macarius served as head of state. In 1551, the Tsar summoned a synod of the Russian Church , led by Macarius, to resolve discrepancies and issues in the church, as well as address certain spiritual and existential issues of Russian society. Ivan gave four speeches to
42-416: A corps of fearsome black-clad men who terrorized on his behalf, known as the oprichniki . The examination of Anastasia's remains in the 1990s and at the beginning of the 21st century by archaeologists and forensics experts provided evidence that could sustain her husband's claim. Further research using neutron activation analysis confirmed the acute mercury poisoning of Anastasia. While mercury
63-627: A low voice and was very polite. The Tsar himself, in his later years after he married seven times following Anastasia's murder, said that if she had not died, none of the gruesome things he did would have happened. After Anastasia's death, the Tsar's personality changed completely. Sir Jerome Horsey , an agent for the Russia Company and envoy for the English court, wrote in his memoirs about Anastasia and Ivan IV: " He being young and riotous, she ruled him with admirable affability and wisdom ". In
84-491: A prohibition for monasteries to found new large villages in cities. By decisions of the Stoglav Synod, church ceremonies and duties in the whole territory of Russia were unified, and norms of church life were regulated with the purpose of increasing the educational and moral level of the clergy to ensure they would correctly fulfill their duties, such as creation of schools for preparation of priests . In particular,
105-576: The Stoglav . Accordingly, since these times the Sobor acquired the name "Stoglav Synod". The Stoglav was the basic code of canon law as well as a guide to the everyday life of the Muscovite clergy. There are many hand-written editions of the "Stoglav" . Anastasia Romanovna Anastasia Romanovna Zakharyina-Yurieva ( Russian : Анастасия Романовна Захарьина-Юрьева ; 1530 – 7 August 1560)
126-538: The Bolshoi Theatre , starring Yuri Vladimirov as Ivan IV and Natalia Bessmertnova as Anastasia. The ballet's plot includes the meeting and marriage of Anastasia and Ivan, her poisoning by boyars, and Ivan's fall into darkness and madness after the loss of Anastasia. The ballet has had several revivals. In Sergei Eisenstein's 1945 film Ivan the Terrible , she was portrayed by Lyudmila Tselikovskaya . In
147-520: The Cathedral of the Annunciation . She gave birth to a total of six children: Anna, Maria, Dmitry , Ivan , Eudoxia, and Feodor . It is widely believed that Anastasia had a moderating influence on Ivan's volatile character. Ivan adored Anastasia and never thought to be with any woman but her. Anastasia was not very beautiful, but had a very soft face with a calming influence. She often spoke in
168-699: The Holy Great Martyr Anastasia is granted to women who have distinguished themselves in the areas of charity, culture, medicine, education, science, and other endeavors useful to the nation and society, and who now continue their noble deeds under the patronage of the Head of the Russian Imperial House. Anastasia is one of the main characters in the ballet Ivan the Terrible by choreographer Yuri Grigorovich with music by Sergei Prokofiev , which premiered on 20 February 1975, at
189-527: The Sobor forbade the tradition of polyphony and other shortcuts in liturgy. The church authorities' control over the activities of book writers, icon painters, and others, was firmly established. In particular, this was the council which declared Andrei Rublev 's icon painting style to be ideal. The decrees issued by the Synod, the Stoglav , ruled that all traditional Russian rituals were correct, compared to
210-633: The alternative Greek rites. This unilaterial decision shocked many of the Orthodox. The monks of Athos protested and the Russian monks there regarded the decisions of the synods as invalid. The decisions of the Stoglav Synod that approved the native Russian rituals at the expense of those accepted in Greece and other Orthodox countries were cancelled by the Moscow Sobor of 1666–1667 , which furthered
231-463: The code exists, and over a hundred different handwritten copies are known. Most scholars, including Yevgeny Golubinsky , recognize the date in the Stoglav , February 23rd, as the beginning of the council. Others, such as Dmitry Stefanovich, suggest that the council begin in early January and ended in February, with the dates in the written code describing the period during which the clergymen compiled
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#1732771750008252-415: The code from their earlier deliberations. The Stoglav Synod proclaimed the inviolability of church properties and the exclusive jurisdiction of church courts over ecclesiastical matters. At the demand of the church hierarchy the government cancelled the tsar's jurisdiction over ecclesiastics. In exchange, members of the Stoglav Synod made concessions to the government in a number of other areas, such as
273-440: The council, asking questions on church opinion concerning various rites and practices of the church, and the clergymen deliberated and presented a consensus to Ivan which would be later codified. There is some debate over the timeline of the council in 1551. The Stoglav document itself, the written church code produced by the council, states that the council began February 23rd and concluded May 11th. However, no original copy of
294-699: The election of Feodor's son Mikhail Romanov to the throne after the Time of Troubles . On 20 August 2010, the Head of the Russian Imperial House , H.I.H. Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna of Russia , established the Imperial Order of the Holy Great Martyr Anastasia for women. The Order was established in honor of the Holy Great Martyr Saint Anastasia and in memory of Tsaritsa Anastasia Romanovna. The Order of
315-703: The great schism of the Russian church known as the Raskol . The synod produced a church code named The Synodal Code of the Russian Orthodox Church Synod . It was phrased as a record of questions of the Tsar to the clergy with their answers. By the end of the 16th century the text of the Code was divided into one hundred chapters (or " sto glav " in Russian), and had become commonly referred to as
336-485: The summer of 1560, Anastasia fell ill to a lingering illness and died on 7 August. In consequence, Ivan suffered a severe emotional collapse, suspecting that his wife had been a victim of malicious actions and had been poisoned by the boyars. Although he had no evidence of such crimes, he had a number of boyars tortured and executed. Ivan already had a strong dislike of the boyars due to their abusive actions toward him during his childhood. In response to her death, he developed
357-582: The traditional upbringing of noblewomen of their rank. Roman Yurievich Zakharyin-Koshkin died on 16 February 1543. Anastasia was selected as the best bride for Ivan from a large number of suitable mates brought to the Kremlin specifically for the selection process. All the noble families throughout Russia were given an invitation to present their eligible daughters for this purpose (it is said that there were between 500 and 1500 girls to choose from). Anastasia and Ivan's marriage took place on 3 February 1547, at
378-517: The two main ruling dynasties in Russian history, the Rurik dynasty and the Romanov dynasty . Anastasia's brother, Nikita Romanovich , was the father of Feodor Romanov , the first to take the surname Romanov, in honour of his grandfather, father of a tsaritsa. In other words, Feodor Romanov was the first cousin of the last Rurikid tsar, Feodor I. This connection with the derelict dynasty facilitated
399-493: Was a minor branch of a noble family that had already been at court. Ivan had met Anastasia before the bride show as her uncle had been one of Ivan's guardians. Anastasia's father was descended from the boyar Feodor "Koshka" ("Cat") Kobyla , fourth son of Andrei Kobyla . The origins of her mother, Uliana Ivanovna, are unknown. Anastasia had at least three older siblings – Daniel, Nikita and Anna. Both girls spent most of their childhood and early youth with their mother, and had
420-402: Was also used as a cure, leading to some debate around the issue, the levels of mercury found were too high, according to the experts. However, many of the royal remains have high levels of poison in them, suggesting that possibly Anastasia was not maliciously poisoned, but died of medical treatment that used poisonous substances. Through her marriage to Ivan IV, Anastasia became the link between
441-438: Was the tsaritsa of all Russia as the first wife of Ivan IV , the tsar of all Russia . She was also the mother of Feodor I , the last lineal Rurikid tsar of Russia, and the great-aunt of Michael of Russia , the first tsar of the Romanov dynasty . Anastasia was the daughter of the boyar Roman Yurievich Zakharyin-Koshkin , who served as Okolnichy during the reign of Grand Prince Vasily III . The house of Zakharyin-Yuriev
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