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50-402: Suwon city government decided to create a semi-professional level football club that would link school-level football clubs within the city and Suwon Samsung Bluewings , which is a professional club based in the city. On 15 March 2003, Suwon City Football Club was officially formed. The club appointed Kim Chang-kyum as their manager and joined the semi-professional Korea National League , which

100-515: A beaten pattern. Archaeological finds of the period are mainly from Nakrang and Goguryo in the north and Samhan in the south. Bronze and iron were used and iron made at shell midden sites on the southern coast. Artifacts typical of the Korean Bronze Dagger culture, some Han Chinese culture, and Northern Steppe cultures have been found together on archaeological sites in this region, indicating independent and extensive interactions by

150-519: A number of administrative territory changes since the 1960s. In 1963, Suwon expanded greatly as 20 villages were incorporated from Hwaseong-gun. In 1983, two more villages were acquired from Yongin. In 1987, Suwon expanded westwards, acquiring another two villages from Hwaseong. Gwonseon District and Paldal District were established in 1988. It received more territory from Hwaseong and Yongin in 1994, and again from Hwaseong in 1995. It established Yeongtong District in 2003. In preparation for

200-613: A variety of historical landmarks. As a walled city, it is a popular destination for day-trippers from Seoul, with the wall itself—Hwaseong Fortress—receiving 1½ million visits in 2015. Suwon plays an important economic role as it is home to Samsung Electronics , Korea's largest and most profitable company. The company's research and development centre is in Yeongtong District in eastern Suwon, where its headquarters have also been located since 2016. Samsung's prominence in Suwon

250-638: Is Samsung Electronics , which was founded in the city in 1969. Its headquarters remain in Suwon, located today with the company's large R&D complex in Maetan-dong. Samsung's presence in the city can be seen through its sponsorship of local sports teams such as Suwon Samsung Bluewings Football Club and two of the oldest domestic basketball teams—Samsung Thunders and Samsung Life Blueminx—both of which have since left Suwon. Other major companies in Suwon include SK Chemical , Samsung SDI , and Samsung Electro-Mechanics . Hwaseong Fortress , built under

300-507: Is a challenge. Suwon is 11% self-sufficient in its use of water, and plans to increase this to 50% through rainwater harvesting , including building retention facilities; and by treating and reusing sewage. Air pollution in Suwon appears to be from a range of industrial and other sources, with origins of coarse particulate matter (PM 10 ) shown in the pie chart. PM 10 sources on the Suwon–Yongin border: The largest employer in Suwon

350-428: Is also provided in some regular schools, e.g., Suwonbuk Middle School ( 37 Gwanggyosan-ro, Yeonghwa-dong). There is also a centre for lifelong learning at Kyemyung High School ( 88 Jangan-ro 496 beon-gil, Imok-dong), and there are two international schools in the city: Gyeonggi Suwon International School and Suwon Chinese International School ( 수원화교중정소학교 ; 水原華僑中正小學 ) Throughout South Korea, water management

400-573: Is clear: the company is partnered with Sungkyunkwan University, which has a campus in the city; it also owns the professional football team Suwon Samsung Bluewings. This team has won the K League four times and the Asian Super Cup twice. The city is also home to the K League 1 team Suwon FC and the KBO League baseball team KT Wiz. Suwon houses several well-known universities, most notably Sungkyunkwan University and Ajou University. It

450-500: Is composed of four gu (districts). Jangan District ( 장안구 ) and Gwonseon District ( 권선구 ) were established on 1 July 1988. On 1 February 1993, parts of Jangan District and Gwonseon District became a new district, Paldal District ( 팔달구 ). The newest district is Yeongtong District ( 영통구 ), which separated from Paldal District on 24 November 2003. These districts are in turn divided into 42 dong . Suwon has several new 'towns', e.g., Homaesil and Gwanggyo . The latter

500-565: Is found in northern Suwon, specifically Pajang-dong, Gwanggyo-dong, Woncheon-dong, and Maetan-dong. Visible rocks here are composed of quartz , feldspar , biotite , amphibole , and muscovite ; and are generally dark grey or dark green. Mesozoic biotite granite intrudes through these. Precambrian quartzo-feldspathic gneiss (PCEqgn) is distributed in some mountainous areas in Hagwanggyo-dong and Sanggwanggyo-dong in northern Suwon. This gneiss has primarily undergone silicification , and

550-727: Is mainly composed of quartz, feldspar, biotite, and muscovite. It is grey, grey-brown, and white. Suwon's single tectonic fault splits from the Singal Fault in Iui-dong, creating the Woncheonri Stream. The stream follows the fault through Ha-dong, Woncheon-dong, and Maetan-dong till it joins the Hwangguji Stream in Annyeong-dong, Hwaseong . This is a 20 km -long vertical fault running SSW, eventually to

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600-525: Is open to the public on weekdays from 9 a.m. till 5 p.m. , but it is closed at weekends. Bugugwon ( 부국원 ), also known as Suwon Gu Bugugwon , built prior to 1923, is a cultural centre at 130 Hyanggyo-ro, Gyo-dong. There is no record of the 85.95 m building's construction, but exterior photographs were published in 1923. Under Japanese rule, the building was the headquarters of Bugukwon Co., Ltd., which sold agricultural products such as fertilizers. After liberation, from 1952 to 1956, it temporarily housed

650-431: Is perhaps the most notable of these: the first stage of its construction was completed in 2011. Suwon is 50.3% male (49.7% female), and 2.9% foreign. On average, there are 2.3 residents per household. Further details for each district are shown below (figures from 31 December 2023). The Catholic Diocese of Suwon was created in 1963 by Pope Paul VI . The cathedral—St Joseph's—is at 39 Imok-ro, Jeongja-dong. Suwon

700-542: Is served by three expressways, the national railway network, and three lines on the Seoul Metropolitan Subway. Suwon means literally "water source". The area has gone by different names since antiquity, but almost all of them have this meaning. The name originally comes from the name of the statelet Mosuguk  [ ko ] , from around the Proto–Three Kingdoms period . Afterwards,

750-683: Is the birthplace of the former president of the Baptist World Alliance, Kim Janghwan (Billy Kim) . Mr founded the Suwon Central Baptist Church , though this is located in Yongin. Mireukdang ( 미륵당 ), a small shrine to Maitreya , is located in Pajang-dong. This has a religious basis fusing Buddhism and traditional local religions. Illegal dumping of household waste has been a problem in Suwon, and

800-419: Is the largest city and capital of Gyeonggi Province , South Korea's most populous province. The city lies approximately 30 km (19 mi) south of the national capital, Seoul . With a population of 1.2 million, Suwon has more inhabitants than Ulsan , though it enjoys a lesser degree of self-governance as a 'special case city'. Traditionally known as the 'City of Filial Piety ', modern Suwon retains

850-470: The 2013 season . Their debut season as a professional club was successful, as they finished fourth in the league and became the only K League Challenge club to reach the quarter-finals in the FA Cup . The 2015 season was a milestone for the club. After finishing the regular season in third place, Suwon FC proceeded to the K League Challenge play-offs in which they eliminated Seoul E-Land and Daegu FC . In

900-668: The Greek Expeditionary Force relocated from Busan to Suwon, attached to the US 1st Cavalry Division . The city also appeared strategically important, as in late 1951, the US Air Force's top fighter pilot Gabby Gabreski was placed in charge of Suwon Air Base . A memorial to French forces was erected in 1974 near the Yeongdong Expressway's North Suwon exit. This was renovated in 2013. In 1964,

950-595: The Han dynasty of China in 108 BC, the northern region of the peninsula and Manchuria was occupied by the states of Buyeo , Goguryeo , Okjeo , Dongye , and other minor statelets. Goguryeo 's traditional founding date is 37 BC, but it was mentioned in Chinese records as early as 75 BC. China installed four commanderies in former Gojoseon territory, but three of them fell quickly to Korean resistance. Goguryeo gradually conquered and absorbed all its neighbors, and destroyed

1000-542: The Mesozoic Era. Most of Suwon is composed of biotite granite (Jbgr) from the Jurassic period. This granite is centred on Paldalsan. A form of Daebo granite, this rock is distributed through Homaesil-dong, Geumgok-dong, Dangsu-dong, Seryu-dong, Seodun-dong, Gwonseon-dong, and other areas. Its main constituent minerals are quartz, plagioclase , orthotic, biotite, and amphibole. Precambrian biotite gneiss (PCEbgn)

1050-627: The University of Suwon and Suwon Science College are not actually in Suwon, but in neighbouring Hwaseong. Seoul National University 's agriculture campus was located in Suwon until 2005; it is now in Seoul. Suwon has 44 high schools, 57 middle schools, 100 primary schools, and 180 kindergartens. Three schools are dedicated to special education: Jahye School ( 47 Subong-ro, Tap-dong), Suwon Seokwang School ( 517 Jangan-ro, Imok-dong), and Areum School ( 32 Gwanggyo-ro, Iui-dong). Special education

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1100-399: The promotion-relegation playoffs , Suwon then defeated top division side Busan IPark 3–0 on aggregate and won the promotion to the 2016 K League Classic . Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. Suwon Suwon ( Korean :  수원 ; Korean pronunciation: [su.wʌn] )

1150-599: The proto-historical period in the Korean Peninsula , after the fall of Gojoseon and before the maturation of Goguryeo , Baekje , and Silla into full-fledged kingdoms. It is a subdivision of what is traditionally called Korea's Three Kingdoms period and covers the first three centuries of the Common Era, corresponding to the later phase of the Korean Iron Age. When Gojoseon was defeated by

1200-399: The 11th century, it went by either Susŏng (different Hanja: 隋城 ) or Hannam ( 한남 ; 漢南 ; lit.  south of Han). In 1310, it received the name Suwon . In English, the name was formerly often spelt 'Sou-wen' . The area now corresponding to Suwon has been inhabited since at latest the early Bronze Age. Artifacts from that period to the early Iron Age have been found in

1250-460: The 1910–1945 Japanese colonial period, a number of prominent Korean independence activists came from or operated in Suwon. Kim Se-hwan  [ ko ] and Yi Sŏn-gyŏng ( 이선경 ; 李善卿 ) were both arrested for their activities. On 15 August 1949, Suwon was promoted from a county to a city, with some of its former territory made into Hwaseong County. When the Korean War began,

1300-674: The Goryeo and Joseon periods. During the Joseon Dynasty, it was the largest and oldest state school in Gyeonggi Province. The school was originally built in 1291 beside Hwasan in Wau-ri, Hwaseong-gun. It was moved to its current location at 107–9 Hyanggyo-ro, Gyo-dong around 1795, when Hwaseong Fortress was built. The school houses memorial tablets to Confucius , Mencius , and 25 Korean figures noteworthy to Confucianism. It

1350-555: The Koreanic kingdoms and statelets with Han China and various other areas. The introduction of iron technology enabled the manufacture and use of stronger and sharper weapons and agricultural tools, resulting in an acceleration of political integration, as well as greater concentrations of power and wealth. Trade is documented in the "Annals of the Three Kingdoms" of Records of the Three Kingdoms , which states that iron from

1400-634: The Nakdong River basin was exported to Lolang and Wae of Japan. Contact with the cultures of the lower basin of the Nakdong River is demonstrated by archaeological evidence from China, Wae, and Manchuria. In the southern part of the Korean Peninsula, Chinese bronze mirrors, three-legged bronze ritual vessels, bronze buckles, and Chinese coins have been found both from shell middens and tombs. Examples of artifacts originating from

1450-574: The North Suwon exit of the Yeongdong Expressway; Gwanggyo Reservoir  [ ko ] ( 광교 저수지 ) and Hagwanggyo Reservoir ( 하광교 소류지 ) at the foot of Gwanggyosan; Woncheon and Sindae Reservoirs ( 원천 저수지 , 신대 저수지 ) in Gwanggyo Lake Park; and Geumgok Reservoir ( 금곡 저수지 ), a small lake at the foot of Chilbosan. Irwang Reservoir (Manseokkeo) has been designated a world heritage site for irrigation. Wangsong Reservoir ( 왕송 저수지 ), on

1500-831: The Suwon Court and the Public Prosecutor's Office. From 1957 to 1960, it was used as the Suwon City Education Support Office, and in 1974 the Republican Party used it as their Gyeonggi Province base. In 1979, the Suwon Arts Foundation was based here, and in 1981 it became an internal medicine clinic. Since 2018, it has been a public cultural space. Proto%E2%80%93Three Kingdoms period The Proto–Three Kingdoms period (or Samhan period) refers to

1550-559: The United States Air Force 49th Fighter Wing , then stationed in Japan, was sent to Korea with an initial mission of evacuating civilians from Suwon and Gimpo . While on this mission, on 27 June 1950, US planes in Suwon were attacked by North Korean fighters. The ensuing Battle of Suwon Airfield became the first aerial combat of the war. Suwon Airfield was attacked again two days later while General Douglas MacArthur

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1600-468: The Yellow Sea. In Suwon, biotite gneiss and biotite granite are brought into contact by the fault. While the low-lying fault sits in the south of Suwon, the north is hillier: the city's highest point is Gwanggyosan (582 m (1,909 ft)) on the border with Yongin. Most of Suwon's streams originate on Gwanggyosan or other nearby peaks. Since the city is bounded to the north by Gwanggyosan, to

1650-404: The area and what is now Hwaseong were together called Maehol , Maetkol , or Mulgol ( 매홀; 맷골; 물골 ; 買忽 ). In 757 CE , the name was changed to Susŏng-gun ( 수성군 ; 水城郡 ; lit.  Susŏng County), in order to disambiguate it from another territory with a similar-sounding name. In 940, its name was changed to Su-ju ( 수주 ; 水州 ; lit.  Su Province). In

1700-520: The area, and include objects such as pottery, sculpture, and arrowheads. One location these materials have been found is at Yeogisan  [ ko ] , which is now a monument of Gyeonggi Province  [ ko ] . During the Three Kingdoms of Korea period, the area was described as being of the territory of the statelet Mosuguk, part of the Mahan confederacy . The area came under

1750-465: The border with Uiwang, used to be partly in Suwon, but after controversial boundary changes, it is now entirely in Uiwang. Suwon has both a humid continental climate ( Köppen : Dfa ), and a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cwa ). The city is prone to occasional flooding: the 1998 flood caused the death of a US soldier, and 145 mm (5.7 in) of rain fell in 24 hours in 2010. The city

1800-432: The city council has addressed this by increasing urban greenery. This approach appears to have reduced the scale of the problem. There are several universities and colleges in Suwon. These include Sungkyunkwan University 's Natural Sciences Campus, Kyonggi University , Ajou University , Dongnam Health University , Gukje Cyber University , Hapdong Theological Seminary , and Suwon Women's University. Despite their names,

1850-475: The construction of a new planned city Gwanggyo , there were two-way exchanges of land between Suwon and Yongin in 2007 and 2019. Suwon's most recent land exchange occurred in 2020, when it swapped some land parcels with Hwaseong. Suwon lies in the north of the Gyeonggi plain, 30 km (19 mi) south of the national capital, Seoul. It is bordered by the cities of Uiwang to the north-west, Yongin to

1900-591: The east, Hwaseong to the south-west, and Ansan to the west. Suwon is near the Yellow Sea coast: at its closest point, on the 239-metre (784 ft) Chilbosan ridge to the west, Suwon lies 18.2 km (11.3 mi) from Ueumdo in Sihwa Lake, a coastal inlet cordoned off to drive the world's largest tidal power station . Suwon is primarily composed of Precambrian metamorphic rock. It has amphibolites that intrude through these, and also granites from

1950-433: The final. Manager Kim Chang-kyum left the team after the 2011 season as his contract expired and Cho Deok-je , who had been managing the club's youth team, took over his place. On 9 December 2012, it was officially announced that the team would become fully professional. The club's name was also changed to Suwon FC and got an approval to join the professional K League . Suwon FC joined the second-tier K League Challenge in

2000-541: The first times in Korea's history, corvée labour having been common previously. Construction details were meticulously recorded in the text Hwaseong Seongyeok Uigwe ( 화성 성역 의궤 ). This document was invaluable after the Korean War: reconstruction efforts from 1964 to the present day have relied heavily on this. Suwon Hyanggyo ( 수원향교 ; 水原鄕校 ) was a government-run school and Confucian ceremonial centre during

2050-432: The headquarters of Gyeonggi Province began a process of relocation from Seoul to Suwon. Seoul had left the province in 1949. When the construction of the headquarters was completed on 23 June 1967, the date was set as a new annual holiday: Suwon Citizen's Day ( 수원시민의 날 ). The Hwahong Cultural Festival (now Hwaseong Cultural Festival  [ ko ] ) was established to celebrate the occasion. Suwon has experienced

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2100-452: The influence of Goguryeo in the late 5th century CE, and then later became part of Unified Silla (668–935). It became part of Goryeo after a military campaign led by King Taejo . In the 13th and 14th centuries, the area was promoted, demoted, merged, and made part of various administrative districts. The area then became a part of Joseon upon its founding, and in 1395 was made an administrative center of Gyeonggi Province . Until

2150-532: The last Chinese commandery in 313. In the south, the little-understood state of Jin had given rise to the loose confederacies Jinhan , Byeonhan , and Mahan , or collectively, Samhan . Baekje was founded in 18 BC in Mahan territory and began to slowly overtake it. Silla was founded by the unification of six chiefdoms within the Jinhan, traditionally in 57 BC, although it may have been somewhat later. Byeonhan

2200-505: The late 18th century, Suwon's administrative centre was in modern-day Annyeong-dong at the foot of Hwasan (a hill in Hwasan-dong, Hwaseong ). In 1796, King Jeongjo relocated it to its current location at the foot of Paldalsan. To protect this new city, he commanded the building of Hwaseong Fortress —a protective wall around the town. An 1899 administrative report had the population at 49,708 people in 12,579 households. During

2250-419: The orders of King Jeongjo in 1796, is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The entire city used to be encircled by the fortress walls, but Suwon has long since expanded far beyond this boundary. There are four main gates in the walls, and Haenggung Palace lies in the centre of the fortress. Hwaseong was built under the guidance of philosopher Jeong Yak-yong . Workers were paid for their labour for one of

2300-986: The west by Chilbosan, and to the east by other hills, the streams, chiefly the Hwanggujicheon, Suwoncheon , Seohocheon , and Woncheollicheon, flow southwards. After merging, they eventually empty into the Yellow Sea at Asan Bay . The entirety of Suwon is drained in this manner. Several of Suwon's streams feature lakes. Since there are few natural lakes on the Korean mainland, Suwon's lakes are in fact small reservoirs. These 11 reservoirs are Chungmanje  [ ko ] , otherwise known as Seoho ( 서호 ) near Hwaseo Station; Irwol Reservoir ( 일원 저수지 ) near Sungkyunkwan University; Bambat Reservoir ( 밤밭 저수지 ) near Sungkyunkwan University Station; Manseokkeo  [ ko ] , otherwise known as Irwang Reservoir ( 일왕 저수지 ) in Manseok Park; Pajang Reservoir ( 파장 저수지 ) near

2350-498: Was a site of such killings: eyewitness account from US intelligence officer Donald Nichols places Suwon as the location of a massacre of approximately 1,800 in late June 1950. Suwon was retaken, fell again to the North, before being recaptured for the final time. In total, the city changed hands four times during the war. While under southern authority, Suwon hosted forces from several countries. For example, on 16 December 1950,

2400-427: Was absorbed into the later Gaya confederacy , which in turn was annexed by Silla. Because of this continuity, most historians consider the Three Kingdoms to begin around the fall of Gojoseon, but the three did not dominate the peninsula as kingdoms until around 300. Important features of this period include the widespread production of iron artifacts for daily use and the introduction of grey earthenware pottery with

2450-509: Was on site. Though the US repelled both attacks, Suwon fell to the advancing North Koreans one week later, on 4 July 1950. The following day saw the first land conflict between United States and North Korean forces, the Battle of Osan . North Korean troops were not the only threat to life: in the early days of the war, southern authorities feared left-leaning civilians, and many were killed. Suwon

2500-675: Was then called the K2 League. They won their first trophy in 2004 by winning the Korean President's Cup National Football Tournament . Slowly, they rose to strong contenders in the Korea National League as they reached the play-off on four occasions between 2005 and 2009, although they failed to lift the trophy on all four occasions. Finally, in the 2010 season, they became the league champions after beating Daejeon Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power 2–1 on aggregate in

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