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50-605: The Suwon World Cup Stadium (수원월드컵경기장) is a football stadium located in Suwon , South Korea. It has been home of the K League 2 team Suwon Samsung Bluewings since 2001. The capacity of the stadium is 44,031. The Suwon World Cup Stadium was one of the venues of the 2002 FIFA World Cup , and held the following matches: 37°17′10.6″N 127°02′12.8″E  /  37.286278°N 127.036889°E  / 37.286278; 127.036889 Suwon Suwon ( Korean :  수원 ; Korean pronunciation: [su.wʌn] )

100-519: A number of administrative territory changes since the 1960s. In 1963, Suwon expanded greatly as 20 villages were incorporated from Hwaseong-gun. In 1983, two more villages were acquired from Yongin. In 1987, Suwon expanded westwards, acquiring another two villages from Hwaseong. Gwonseon District and Paldal District were established in 1988. It received more territory from Hwaseong and Yongin in 1994, and again from Hwaseong in 1995. It established Yeongtong District in 2003. In preparation for

150-613: A variety of historical landmarks. As a walled city, it is a popular destination for day-trippers from Seoul, with the wall itself—Hwaseong Fortress—receiving 1½ million visits in 2015. Suwon plays an important economic role as it is home to Samsung Electronics , Korea's largest and most profitable company. The company's research and development centre is in Yeongtong District in eastern Suwon, where its headquarters have also been located since 2016. Samsung's prominence in Suwon

200-411: A zhang in length. They then chant all day as they work, not because they consider the work painful, but to give themselves encouragement; moreover they consider this to be stalwart behavior... They have a fondness for brigandage... Among their men one occasionally sees one who is tattooed. Moreover on the large islands in the sea west of Mahan there are outlanders, very short and small people whose language

250-638: Is Samsung Electronics , which was founded in the city in 1969. Its headquarters remain in Suwon, located today with the company's large R&D complex in Maetan-dong. Samsung's presence in the city can be seen through its sponsorship of local sports teams such as Suwon Samsung Bluewings Football Club and two of the oldest domestic basketball teams—Samsung Thunders and Samsung Life Blueminx—both of which have since left Suwon. Other major companies in Suwon include SK Chemical , Samsung SDI , and Samsung Electro-Mechanics . Hwaseong Fortress , built under

300-507: Is a challenge. Suwon is 11% self-sufficient in its use of water, and plans to increase this to 50% through rainwater harvesting , including building retention facilities; and by treating and reusing sewage. Air pollution in Suwon appears to be from a range of industrial and other sources, with origins of coarse particulate matter (PM 10 ) shown in the pie chart. PM 10 sources on the Suwon–Yongin border: The largest employer in Suwon

350-428: Is also provided in some regular schools, e.g., Suwonbuk Middle School ( 37 Gwanggyosan-ro, Yeonghwa-dong). There is also a centre for lifelong learning at Kyemyung High School ( 88 Jangan-ro 496 beon-gil, Imok-dong), and there are two international schools in the city: Gyeonggi Suwon International School and Suwon Chinese International School ( 수원화교중정소학교 ; 水原華僑中正小學 ) Throughout South Korea, water management

400-575: Is believed to be a combination of Old Korean words. "Ma (마)" in native Korean meant "South" while "Han (한)" meant "big", giving the meaning of Mahan, the "Big Nation of the South". As part of the Samhan, Jinhan meant "Big Nation of the East" and Byeonhan meant "Big Nation of Shimmer". Mahan probably developed from the existing bronze society of third to second centuries BC, continuing to absorb migration from

450-573: Is clear: the company is partnered with Sungkyunkwan University, which has a campus in the city; it also owns the professional football team Suwon Samsung Bluewings. This team has won the K League four times and the Asian Super Cup twice. The city is also home to the K League 1 team Suwon FC and the KBO League baseball team KT Wiz. Suwon houses several well-known universities, most notably Sungkyunkwan University and Ajou University. It

500-500: Is composed of four gu (districts). Jangan District ( 장안구 ) and Gwonseon District ( 권선구 ) were established on 1 July 1988. On 1 February 1993, parts of Jangan District and Gwonseon District became a new district, Paldal District ( 팔달구 ). The newest district is Yeongtong District ( 영통구 ), which separated from Paldal District on 24 November 2003. These districts are in turn divided into 42 dong . Suwon has several new 'towns', e.g., Homaesil and Gwanggyo . The latter

550-565: Is found in northern Suwon, specifically Pajang-dong, Gwanggyo-dong, Woncheon-dong, and Maetan-dong. Visible rocks here are composed of quartz , feldspar , biotite , amphibole , and muscovite ; and are generally dark grey or dark green. Mesozoic biotite granite intrudes through these. Precambrian quartzo-feldspathic gneiss (PCEqgn) is distributed in some mountainous areas in Hagwanggyo-dong and Sanggwanggyo-dong in northern Suwon. This gneiss has primarily undergone silicification , and

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600-727: Is mainly composed of quartz, feldspar, biotite, and muscovite. It is grey, grey-brown, and white. Suwon's single tectonic fault splits from the Singal Fault in Iui-dong, creating the Woncheonri Stream. The stream follows the fault through Ha-dong, Woncheon-dong, and Maetan-dong till it joins the Hwangguji Stream in Annyeong-dong, Hwaseong . This is a 20 km -long vertical fault running SSW, eventually to

650-529: Is not the same as that of the Han. They all bind their hair like Xianbei, but they make their clothing of leather and like to raise oxen and pigs. Their clothing has an upper part, but no lower part, and indeed it is almost as if they were naked. They go back and forth by boat, buying and selling in the Han. Goryeo historians identified Mahan with Goguryeo , which was supported by their works like Samguk Sagi , Samguk Yusa and Jewang Ungi . That historical view

700-525: Is open to the public on weekdays from 9 a.m. till 5 p.m. , but it is closed at weekends. Bugugwon ( 부국원 ), also known as Suwon Gu Bugugwon , built prior to 1923, is a cultural centre at 130 Hyanggyo-ro, Gyo-dong. There is no record of the 85.95 m building's construction, but exterior photographs were published in 1923. Under Japanese rule, the building was the headquarters of Bugukwon Co., Ltd., which sold agricultural products such as fertilizers. After liberation, from 1952 to 1956, it temporarily housed

750-431: Is perhaps the most notable of these: the first stage of its construction was completed in 2011. Suwon is 50.3% male (49.7% female), and 2.9% foreign. On average, there are 2.3 residents per household. Further details for each district are shown below (figures from 31 December 2023). The Catholic Diocese of Suwon was created in 1963 by Pope Paul VI . The cathedral—St Joseph's—is at 39 Imok-ro, Jeongja-dong. Suwon

800-542: Is served by three expressways, the national railway network, and three lines on the Seoul Metropolitan Subway. Suwon means literally "water source". The area has gone by different names since antiquity, but almost all of them have this meaning. The name originally comes from the name of the statelet Mosuguk  [ ko ] , from around the Proto–Three Kingdoms period . Afterwards,

850-683: Is the birthplace of the former president of the Baptist World Alliance, Kim Janghwan (Billy Kim) . Mr founded the Suwon Central Baptist Church , though this is located in Yongin. Mireukdang ( 미륵당 ), a small shrine to Maitreya , is located in Pajang-dong. This has a religious basis fusing Buddhism and traditional local religions. Illegal dumping of household waste has been a problem in Suwon, and

900-419: Is the largest city and capital of Gyeonggi Province , South Korea's most populous province. The city lies approximately 30 km (19 mi) south of the national capital, Seoul . With a population of 1.2 million, Suwon has more inhabitants than Ulsan , though it enjoys a lesser degree of self-governance as a 'special case city'. Traditionally known as the 'City of Filial Piety ', modern Suwon retains

950-668: The Greek Expeditionary Force relocated from Busan to Suwon, attached to the US 1st Cavalry Division . The city also appeared strategically important, as in late 1951, the US Air Force's top fighter pilot Gabby Gabreski was placed in charge of Suwon Air Base . A memorial to French forces was erected in 1974 near the Yeongdong Expressway's North Suwon exit. This was renovated in 2013. In 1964,

1000-542: The Mesozoic Era. Most of Suwon is composed of biotite granite (Jbgr) from the Jurassic period. This granite is centred on Paldalsan. A form of Daebo granite, this rock is distributed through Homaesil-dong, Geumgok-dong, Dangsu-dong, Seryu-dong, Seodun-dong, Gwonseon-dong, and other areas. Its main constituent minerals are quartz, plagioclase , orthotic, biotite, and amphibole. Precambrian biotite gneiss (PCEbgn)

1050-627: The University of Suwon and Suwon Science College are not actually in Suwon, but in neighbouring Hwaseong. Seoul National University 's agriculture campus was located in Suwon until 2005; it is now in Seoul. Suwon has 44 high schools, 57 middle schools, 100 primary schools, and 180 kindergartens. Three schools are dedicated to special education: Jahye School ( 47 Subong-ro, Tap-dong), Suwon Seokwang School ( 517 Jangan-ro, Imok-dong), and Areum School ( 32 Gwanggyo-ro, Iui-dong). Special education

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1100-431: The "tadpole knot" and leave it bare like a shining fishtail. They wear gowns of rough cloth, and on their feet they wear leather sandals. When there is something to be done within their community up to the point where the authorities have walls built, all the young braves and stalwarts gouge out the skin of their backs to string themselves together with a large rope, or, again, they insert through their shin wooden poles about

1150-399: The 11th century, it went by either Susŏng (different Hanja: 隋城 ) or Hannam ( 한남 ; 漢南 ; lit.  south of Han). In 1310, it received the name Suwon . In English, the name was formerly often spelt 'Sou-wen' . The area now corresponding to Suwon has been inhabited since at latest the early Bronze Age. Artifacts from that period to the early Iron Age have been found in

1200-460: The 1910–1945 Japanese colonial period, a number of prominent Korean independence activists came from or operated in Suwon. Kim Se-hwan  [ ko ] and Yi Sŏn-gyŏng ( 이선경 ; 李善卿 ) were both arrested for their activities. On 15 August 1949, Suwon was promoted from a county to a city, with some of its former territory made into Hwaseong County. When the Korean War began,

1250-674: The Goryeo and Joseon periods. During the Joseon Dynasty, it was the largest and oldest state school in Gyeonggi Province. The school was originally built in 1291 beside Hwasan in Wau-ri, Hwaseong-gun. It was moved to its current location at 107–9 Hyanggyo-ro, Gyo-dong around 1795, when Hwaseong Fortress was built. The school houses memorial tablets to Confucius , Mencius , and 25 Korean figures noteworthy to Confucianism. It

1300-574: The North Suwon exit of the Yeongdong Expressway; Gwanggyo Reservoir  [ ko ] ( 광교 저수지 ) and Hagwanggyo Reservoir ( 하광교 소류지 ) at the foot of Gwanggyosan; Woncheon and Sindae Reservoirs ( 원천 저수지 , 신대 저수지 ) in Gwanggyo Lake Park; and Geumgok Reservoir ( 금곡 저수지 ), a small lake at the foot of Chilbosan. Irwang Reservoir (Manseokkeo) has been designated a world heritage site for irrigation. Wangsong Reservoir ( 왕송 저수지 ), on

1350-668: The San Guo Zhi recorded the Han state fallen in struggles with the Lelang Commandery and Daifang Commandery in the 246. Under continuous pressure from Baekje, only 20 statelets of Mahan confederacy survived until the late 3rd century. Baekje eventually absorbed or conquered all of Mahan by the 5th century, growing into one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea , along with Silla and Goguryeo . Kings of Mahan occasionally called themselves "King of Jin," referring to

1400-759: The Suwon Court and the Public Prosecutor's Office. From 1957 to 1960, it was used as the Suwon City Education Support Office, and in 1974 the Republican Party used it as their Gyeonggi Province base. In 1979, the Suwon Arts Foundation was based here, and in 1981 it became an internal medicine clinic. Since 2018, it has been a public cultural space. Mahan confederacy "Mahan (馬韓)"

1450-559: The United States Air Force 49th Fighter Wing , then stationed in Japan, was sent to Korea with an initial mission of evacuating civilians from Suwon and Gimpo . While on this mission, on 27 June 1950, US planes in Suwon were attacked by North Korean fighters. The ensuing Battle of Suwon Airfield became the first aerial combat of the war. Suwon Airfield was attacked again two days later while General Douglas MacArthur

1500-468: The Yellow Sea. In Suwon, biotite gneiss and biotite granite are brought into contact by the fault. While the low-lying fault sits in the south of Suwon, the north is hillier: the city's highest point is Gwanggyosan (582 m (1,909 ft)) on the border with Yongin. Most of Suwon's streams originate on Gwanggyosan or other nearby peaks. Since the city is bounded to the north by Gwanggyosan, to

1550-404: The area and what is now Hwaseong were together called Maehol , Maetkol , or Mulgol ( 매홀; 맷골; 물골 ; 買忽 ). In 757 CE , the name was changed to Susŏng-gun ( 수성군 ; 水城郡 ; lit.  Susŏng County), in order to disambiguate it from another territory with a similar-sounding name. In 940, its name was changed to Su-ju ( 수주 ; 水州 ; lit.  Su Province). In

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1600-457: The area, and include objects such as pottery, sculpture, and arrowheads. One location these materials have been found is at Yeogisan  [ ko ] , which is now a monument of Gyeonggi Province  [ ko ] . During the Three Kingdoms of Korea period, the area was described as being of the territory of the statelet Mosuguk, part of the Mahan confederacy . The area came under

1650-465: The border with Uiwang, used to be partly in Suwon, but after controversial boundary changes, it is now entirely in Uiwang. Suwon has both a humid continental climate ( Köppen : Dfa ), and a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cwa ). The city is prone to occasional flooding: the 1998 flood caused the death of a US soldier, and 145 mm (5.7 in) of rain fell in 24 hours in 2010. The city

1700-413: The ceremony of kneeling to make obeisance. For their dwellings they make grass-roofed earth-chambers shaped like tumuli; the door is on the top, and a whole family lives together inside, with no distinction as to old or young, male or female... They do not know about riding oxen and horses, their oxen and horses being used exclusively for accompanying the dead... They are strong and brave by nature. They wear

1750-432: The city council has addressed this by increasing urban greenery. This approach appears to have reduced the scale of the problem. There are several universities and colleges in Suwon. These include Sungkyunkwan University 's Natural Sciences Campus, Kyonggi University , Ajou University , Dongnam Health University , Gukje Cyber University , Hapdong Theological Seminary , and Suwon Women's University. Despite their names,

1800-475: The construction of a new planned city Gwanggyo , there were two-way exchanges of land between Suwon and Yongin in 2007 and 2019. Suwon's most recent land exchange occurred in 2020, when it swapped some land parcels with Hwaseong. Suwon lies in the north of the Gyeonggi plain, 30 km (19 mi) south of the national capital, Seoul. It is bordered by the cities of Uiwang to the north-west, Yongin to

1850-581: The earlier Jin state and asserting nominal sovereignty over all of Samhan. A wealth of bronze artifacts and production facilities indicate that Mahan was probably the earliest developed of the three Hans. At its height, Mahan covered much of the Han River Basin and the modern-day provinces of Gyeonggi , Chungcheong , and Jeolla , although political unity was strongest led by Mokji state (목지국, 目支國) in Cheonan , Chungcheong . There are three stocks:

1900-591: The east, Hwaseong to the south-west, and Ansan to the west. Suwon is near the Yellow Sea coast: at its closest point, on the 239-metre (784 ft) Chilbosan ridge to the west, Suwon lies 18.2 km (11.3 mi) from Ueumdo in Sihwa Lake, a coastal inlet cordoned off to drive the world's largest tidal power station . Suwon is primarily composed of Precambrian metamorphic rock. It has amphibolites that intrude through these, and also granites from

1950-723: The fall of Wiman Joseon and establishment of the Chinese commanderies in the Korean Peninsula region in 108 BC. It is described in the Chinese chronicle San Guo Zhi and the much later Korean chronicles Samguk Yusa and Samguk Sagi . In the 1st century AD, the Wolji/Mokji (月支/目支) state, that formed and led Mahan confederacy, was defeated in struggles with Baekje , another member of Mahan, and consequently losing whole region of present-day Han River basin. But

2000-499: The first is called Mahan, the second Jinhan, and the third Byeonhan, which is the ancient state of Jin. Mahan is to the west of it. Its people are settled on the land and both sow and plant... Scattered between the mountains and the sea, their settlements have no inner or outer walls... By custom they have few rules and regulations. Their national town has a dominant leader, but the people's settlements are scattered, and they are not readily subject to regulation and control. They do not have

2050-541: The first times in Korea's history, corvée labour having been common previously. Construction details were meticulously recorded in the text Hwaseong Seongyeok Uigwe ( 화성 성역 의궤 ). This document was invaluable after the Korean War: reconstruction efforts from 1964 to the present day have relied heavily on this. Suwon Hyanggyo ( 수원향교 ; 水原鄕校 ) was a government-run school and Confucian ceremonial centre during

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2100-432: The headquarters of Gyeonggi Province began a process of relocation from Seoul to Suwon. Seoul had left the province in 1949. When the construction of the headquarters was completed on 23 June 1967, the date was set as a new annual holiday: Suwon Citizen's Day ( 수원시민의 날 ). The Hwahong Cultural Festival (now Hwaseong Cultural Festival  [ ko ] ) was established to celebrate the occasion. Suwon has experienced

2150-452: The influence of Goguryeo in the late 5th century CE, and then later became part of Unified Silla (668–935). It became part of Goryeo after a military campaign led by King Taejo . In the 13th and 14th centuries, the area was promoted, demoted, merged, and made part of various administrative districts. The area then became a part of Joseon upon its founding, and in 1395 was made an administrative center of Gyeonggi Province . Until

2200-505: The late 18th century, Suwon's administrative centre was in modern-day Annyeong-dong at the foot of Hwasan (a hill in Hwasan-dong, Hwaseong ). In 1796, King Jeongjo relocated it to its current location at the foot of Paldalsan. To protect this new city, he commanded the building of Hwaseong Fortress —a protective wall around the town. An 1899 administrative report had the population at 49,708 people in 12,579 households. During

2250-501: The north in subsequent centuries. King Jun of the kingdom of Gija Joseon in northern Korea, having lost the throne to Wiman , fled to the state of Jin in southern Korea around 194 - 180 BC. He and his followers are thought to have established a base within Jin territory. It is not certain whether Mahan conquered or arose out of this entity, but Mahan was certainly influenced by this influx of northern culture. Further migration followed

2300-419: The orders of King Jeongjo in 1796, is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The entire city used to be encircled by the fortress walls, but Suwon has long since expanded far beyond this boundary. There are four main gates in the walls, and Haenggung Palace lies in the centre of the fortress. Hwaseong was built under the guidance of philosopher Jeong Yak-yong . Workers were paid for their labour for one of

2350-986: The west by Chilbosan, and to the east by other hills, the streams, chiefly the Hwanggujicheon, Suwoncheon , Seohocheon , and Woncheollicheon, flow southwards. After merging, they eventually empty into the Yellow Sea at Asan Bay . The entirety of Suwon is drained in this manner. Several of Suwon's streams feature lakes. Since there are few natural lakes on the Korean mainland, Suwon's lakes are in fact small reservoirs. These 11 reservoirs are Chungmanje  [ ko ] , otherwise known as Seoho ( 서호 ) near Hwaseo Station; Irwol Reservoir ( 일원 저수지 ) near Sungkyunkwan University; Bambat Reservoir ( 밤밭 저수지 ) near Sungkyunkwan University Station; Manseokkeo  [ ko ] , otherwise known as Irwang Reservoir ( 일왕 저수지 ) in Manseok Park; Pajang Reservoir ( 파장 저수지 ) near

2400-498: Was a site of such killings: eyewitness account from US intelligence officer Donald Nichols places Suwon as the location of a massacre of approximately 1,800 in late June 1950. Suwon was retaken, fell again to the North, before being recaptured for the final time. In total, the city changed hands four times during the war. While under southern authority, Suwon hosted forces from several countries. For example, on 16 December 1950,

2450-509: Was on site. Though the US repelled both attacks, Suwon fell to the advancing North Koreans one week later, on 4 July 1950. The following day saw the first land conflict between United States and North Korean forces, the Battle of Osan . North Korean troops were not the only threat to life: in the early days of the war, southern authorities feared left-leaning civilians, and many were killed. Suwon

2500-489: Was previously given by Ch'oe Ch'i-wŏn , a noted Confucian scholar and historian in the late Silla period. Apart from the geographical location of Mahan, the Chinese historical record History of Song defines the ethnical origin of the Jeong-an kingdom , a successor state of Balhae , as Mahan. In the late Joseon period, that historical notion came under criticism by early Silhak scholar Han Baek-gyeom , who emphasized

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