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135-571: Sugar Land (sometimes spelled as Sugarland ) is the largest city in Fort Bend County, Texas , United States, located in the southwestern part of the Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land metropolitan area. Located about 19 miles (31 km) southwest of downtown Houston , Sugar Land is a populous suburban municipality centered around the junction of Texas State Highway 6 and Interstate 69 / U.S. Route 59 . Beginning in

270-475: A Swaminarayan sect Hindu temple, is along Brand Lane in unincorporated Fort Bend County , near Stafford and Sugar Land. The Sri Saumyakasi, a Sugar Land Chinmaya Hindu temple, opened in December 2007. It is the only Hindu temple in the city devoted to Shiva . The Chinmaya Mission Houston started in 1982. Originally classes were held in an apartment. In a ten year period the members raised $ 2.5 million for

405-670: A plantation economy based on cotton as the commodity crop. Planters had numerous African-American slaves as laborers. By the 1850s, Fort Bend was one of six majority-black counties in Texas. In 1860, the slave population totaled 4,127, more than twice that of the 2,016 whites. Few free Blacks lived there, as Texas refused them entry. While the area began to attract white immigrants in the late 19th century, it remained majority-Black during and after Reconstruction. Whites endeavored to control freedmen and their descendants through violence and intimidation. Freedmen and their sympathizers supported

540-657: A bond proposal to fund the park failed to gain passage in November 2013. Reginald Moore, designated as caretaker of the cemetery by the Texas Historical Commission , who is a former Texas Department of Corrections employee, has criticized the City of Sugar Land and state of Texas for attempting to erase the history of the Black Codes and convict leasing by plans for the cemetery. Moore, the founder of

675-517: A cash-poor economy, men often couldn't pay the fee, they were required to work off the costs as convict laborers. The states made so much money that they had incentives to convict poor men for minor offenses. Convict leasing was little regulated; the state did not protect the convicts or oversee their treatment. This system was thoroughly explored and documented in Douglas A. Blackmon 's Slavery by Another Name : The Re-Enslavement of Black Americans from

810-468: A closet within the tower structure. The Smithville Prison Property ( 29°37′03″N 95°39′09″W  /  29.61750°N 95.65250°W  / 29.61750; -95.65250 ), near the northwest corner of Texas State Highway 6 and U.S. Highway 90A and east of the runway of Sugar Land Regional Airport , had employee housing and farmland. In 2010 it had 96 acres (39 ha) of land. In February 2011 it had 85 acres (34 ha) of land. Smithville

945-408: A commissioners' court. It is composed of four popularly elected county commissioners, one representing each precinct drawn decennially on the basis of population, and a county judge elected to represent the entire county. Other county officials include a sheriff, district attorney, tax assessor-collector, county clerk, district clerk, county treasurer, and county attorney. For decades, Fort Bend County

1080-644: A decrease in population. This was a period when many African Americans migrated in the second wave of the Great Migration from Texas and other parts of the South to the West Coast, where a buildup in the defense industry provided more job opportunities. Other minorities settled in the county during its residential development, and African Americans are now a minority. As of the census of 2000, 354,452 people, 110,915 households, and 93,057 families resided in

1215-427: A developer, by bid in 2003. The developer announced plans to build a new master-planned community called Telfair in this location. In July 2004, Sugar Land annexed all of this land into the city limits to control the quality of development, extending the city limits westward. This was unusual, since Sugar Land had earlier annexed only built-out areas, not lands prior to development. In December 2005, Sugar Land annexed

1350-588: A former employee of the Texas Prison System, stated that there were two possible reasons why Two Camp closed. Newspaper articles of the era said that it was antiquated, and Hudson said that prison officials may have intended to sell the land occupied by Two Camp to private developers. The building remained unoccupied for several decades. In 2002 the State of Texas sold the parcel with the former dormitory to Newland Communities. Newland decided to restore

1485-474: A generation ago. Many of its lower-income residents, including African American workers who at one time made up the majority working sugarcane, have been displaced and have had to seek work and housing elsewhere. The company maintains its headquarters in Sugar Land. The Texas Department of Transportation sold 2,018 acres (817 ha) of prison land in the western portion of Sugar Land to Newland Communities,

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1620-597: A harsh winter. As part of the Kempner-Copenhaver agreement, Copenhaver moved to the site to serve as general manager and build the company-owned town of Sugar Land. The trains running through Sugar Land are on the route of the oldest railroad in Texas. They run adjacent to the sugar refinery, west of the town, and through the center of what used to be known as the Imperial State Prison Farm . It operated with convict lease labor. Between

1755-431: A hospital district. OakBend Medical Center serves as the county's charity hospital which the county contracts with. School districts in the county include: Kendleton Independent School District , which formerly served parts of the county, closed in 2010 and merged into LCISD. The Texas Legislature assigns these community college districts to the following: Fort Bend County Libraries operates many libraries in

1890-766: A household in the city was $ 115,069, and for a family was $ 132,534. Male full-time workers had a median income of $ 98,892 versus $ 60,053 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 48,653. About 6.4% of families and 9.9% of the population were below the poverty line , including 13.5% of those under age 18 and 5.5% of those age 65 or over. Catholics account for over 30% of the city population with 11,998 households registered by St. Laurence, St. Thomas Aquinas, and St. Theresa parishes. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston operates three churches in Sugar Land: The BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Houston ,

2025-472: A large minority middle class started to emerge, Fort Bend was virgin territory that all groups could move to." In 2020 Fort Bend County had the highest percentage of Asian Americans of any county in Texas. In 2019 Indian Americans make up almost 50% of the Asian Americans in the county, with the second and third largest subsets being Chinese Americans and Vietnamese Americans . From 2010 to 2020

2160-423: A letter addressed simply to "Mr. Republican". As the 1960s progressed, though, rapid suburban-style development in west and southwest Houston began to overflow into Fort Bend County, where the development of numerous master-planned communities attracted many upper-middle-class families to developments in the eastern portion of the county. This development, along with the shift of conservative white Democrats towards

2295-408: A main building with administration and inmate housing, and an industrial facilities building with a canner, meatpacking plant, and powerhouse. The state intended for Central to become the central intake and rehabilitation prison in the prison system. In the mid-1930s Central had nearly 700 prisoners. In 1935 Central housed both White and African American prisoners, who were segregated. In the 1950s

2430-543: A major suburban county dominated by service and manufacturing industries. Among the earliest such developments were Sugar Land's Sugar Creek and Missouri City's Quail Valley , whose golf course hosted the Houston Open during the 1973 and 1974 seasons of the PGA Tour . Another was First Colony in Sugar Land, a 9,700-acre development commenced in the 1970s by Houston developer Gerald D. Hines that eventually became

2565-469: A men's correctional facility supply warehouse, was inside the unit. In February 2011, the main prison property was located on 245 acres (99 ha) of land. 80% of the land was raw land. The Central Barber Shop, the prison barber shop , was located in the tower structure. The Austin American-Statesman said that a cohort of the criminal duo Bonnie and Clyde was said to have lived in

2700-531: A minimum security unit for about 1,000 prisoners. Most of its prisoners were first-time offenders. The prisoners were housed in the Main Building, twelve prefabricated dormitories separate from the main building but inside the compound, and in a trusty camp outside the prison compound. Prisoners grew crops several dozen yards from one of the runways at Sugar Land Regional Airport . The compound included 113 housing units for staff members and their families;

2835-441: A potential expansion of Sugar Land Regional Airport. In contrast to greater Houston in general, Fort Bend County's economy is more diverse, with numerous service-sector jobs in healthcare, energy, education, hospitality, and other areas. Major companies with a presence in the county include Schlumberger , Minute Maid , Fluor , and Sunoco 's logistics operations in Sugar Land. The Houston Business Journal reported in 2010 that

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2970-461: A prison in that location would be less expensive to operate and would allow the state to alleviate a shortage of correction personnel by consolidating staff members. In 2007 TDCJ officials said that discussions to move the Central Unit from Sugar Land to Brazoria County were preliminary. During the same year, Whitmire promoted a bill calling for a study for the feasibility of selling the land of

3105-506: A private home security service were part of the amenities developed. The success of Sugar Creek, buoyed by the construction of U.S. Highway 59, quickly made Sugar Land's vast farmlands attractive to real-estate developers for residential housing. In 1977, development began on First Colony , a master-planned community encompassing 10,000 acres (4,000 ha). Developed by a Gerald Hines -led consortium that became known as Sugarland Properties Inc., development on First Colony would continue over

3240-552: A sizable Pakistani community in Sugar Land. As of 2013, about one-third of the Asian population was Indian American , according to Harish Jajoo, a former city council member of Indian origin. The Sugar Land area has Indian grocery stores, temples, several mosques and many Ismaili Jamatkhanas. Sugar Land is the national headquarters for the United States Ismaili Community. Jajoo stated that the quality of

3375-472: A time of budget shortfalls. Since then, most of the former prison plantation land has been redeveloped by Newland Communities as a master-planned community known as Telfair . Newland Communities had bought the land in 2002 from the State of Texas, long planning such development. Two Camp, a former prison building, has been renovated as the Houston Museum of Natural Science Sugar Land. Other parts of

3510-476: Is Richmond . The largest city located entirely within the county borders is Sugar Land . The largest city by population in the county is Houston ; however, most of Houston's population is located in neighboring Harris County. Fort Bend County is included in the Houston – The Woodlands –Sugar Land metropolitan statistical area . As of the 2020 census , the population was 822,779. In 2017, Forbes ranked it

3645-525: Is Houston's William P. Hobby Airport in Harris County. Fort Bend County is also within the primary service area of George Bush Intercontinental Airport in Houston. Fort Bend County officially created a department of public transportation in 2005 that provides commuter buses to Uptown , Greenway Plaza , and Texas Medical Center . It also provides demand-and-response buses to senior citizens and

3780-474: Is classified as being humid subtropical , featuring two seasons, a wet season from April to October, and a dry season from November to March. The city is located in the Gulf coastal plains biome , and the vegetation is classified as a temperate grassland . The average yearly precipitation is 48 inches. Prevailing winds are from the south and southeast during most of the year, bringing heat and moisture from

3915-448: Is home to the headquarters of Imperial Sugar; the company's main sugar refinery and distribution center were once located in the city. The Imperial Sugar crown logo is featured in the city seal and logo. Sugar Land has roots in the original Mexican land grant made to Anglo-American Stephen F. Austin . One of the first settlers of the land, Samuel M. Williams, called this area "Oakland Plantation". Williams' brother, Nathaniel, purchased

4050-557: Is located in northeast Fort Bend County, 20 miles (32 km) southwest of downtown Houston. It is bordered by Houston to the northeast, and by Stafford , Missouri City , and Meadows Place to the east. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city of Sugar Land has a total area of 42.9 square miles (111.1 km), of which 40.5 square miles (104.8 km) are land and 2.4 square miles (6.3 km), or 5.7%, are covered by water. The elevation of most of

4185-549: Is often considered a swing county, with election results usually tilting more Democratic than statewide results, which continue to favor Republicans. Elections within the county are often decided by margins in more Republican-leaning areas in Sugar Land, Rosenberg, and Sienna, with Republicans dominating in the Katy, Fulshear, and rural southern areas of the county and Democrats in the county's northeast corner around Missouri City and Fresno, as well as heavily Hispanic Mission Bend. Since

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4320-445: Is subsiding at a rate of between 10 and 25 millimeters per year. The subsidence is exacerbated by Climate Change , increased suburban development, and inadequate replenishment. The subsidence has significant human cost. For example, the historic flooding caused by Hurricane Harvey was worse than it would have otherwise been due to the effect, and houses and buildings in the city are sinking and having their foundations damaged. To manage

4455-470: Is the only one of the three that is not used to extract drinking water. Due to the rapid building of suburbs in the city and surrounding region, aquifer replenishment has significantly decreased. The city government has enacted a program to manage the aquifers. Underpinning the area's land surface are unconsolidated clays , clay shales , and poorly cemented sands , extending to depths of several miles. The region's geology developed from stream deposits from

4590-593: Is the wealthiest county in Texas, with a median household income of $ 95,389 and a median family income of $ 105,944, having surpassed Collin and Rockwall Counties since the 2000 census. However, the Council for Community and Economic Research ranked Fort Bend County America's third-wealthiest county when the local cost of living was factored in. This estimate does not include property taxes and local taxes, as effective tax rates and home insurance were not measured. Along with other Texas counties, Fort Bend County has one of

4725-399: The 2020 United States census , there were 111,026 people, 38,852 households, and 31,328 families residing in the city. At the publication of the census of 2010, 78,817 people, 26,709 households, and 21,882 families were residing in the city. The population density was 2,432.6 inhabitants per square mile (939.2/km). The 27,727 housing units averaged 855.8 per square mile (330.5/km). In 2010,

4860-654: The Advisory Council on Historic Preservation , began an investigation into the issue in early 2014. In March 2018 an employee doing excavation for the Fort Bend Independent School District near the former prison site, discovered a human bone that was not recent. The school district notified the Texas Historical Commission that there appeared to be a newly discovered burial ground. A grave with 95 bodies

4995-623: The Darrington Unit . The legislature estimated that the closure would mean annual savings of $ 1.25 million. After the closure, the Texas General Land Office took possession of the property. Central Unit had operated for 112 years. Mike Ward of the Austin American-Statesman stated that the three factors that led to the closure of the Central Unit were the expansion of suburban development,

5130-601: The Greater Katy area began to experience rapid growth and expansion into Fort Bend County in the 1990s, led by the development of Cinco Ranch . By 2010, the county's population exceeded 500,000, and it had become the second-largest county in the greater Houston area (behind Harris County). In 2017, Hurricane Harvey caused significant flooding in Fort Bend County, leading to the evacuation of 200,000 residents and over 10,000 rescues. The unprecedented flooding,

5265-455: The Gulf of Mexico . In the summer, daily high temperatures are in the 95 °F (35 °C) range throughout much of July and August. The air tends to feel still and the abundant humidity, with dewpoints typically in the low to mid 70°Fs, creates a heat index around 100 °F each day. Summer thunderstorms are common with 30 to 50% of the days having thunder. The highest temperature recorded in

5400-637: The Houston Museum of Natural Science , Sugar Land. The subdivision donated the building and land to the City of Sugar Land, and the city leases the building to the museum. The museum spent $ 3 million to help renovate the building. Residents of the staff housing were zoned to the Fort Bend Independent School District . Residents of the main Central Unit property were zoned to Cornerstone Elementary School, Sartartia Middle School, and Austin High School . Residents of

5535-637: The Permanent School Fund . In 1932 a concrete housing unit for 600 prisoners opened, replacing wooden barracks that were situated at three work camps. Prominent architects had designed the concrete building. It includes a cupola that prison guards once used as a lookout. A Greek Revival brick building of the Central Unit located east of the Brazos River , named Two Camp, opened in 1939. At one time it housed 400 young African-American prisoners. The facility closed in 1969. Don Hudson,

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5670-629: The Texas State Highway Department . In 1985 the Texas State Highway and Public Transportation Commission took ownership of 109 acres (44 ha). In 1986 the Fort Bend Independent School District took control of 56 acres (23 ha). In 1991 the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation took 3,697 acres (1,496 ha). In 2001 14 acres (5.7 ha) were transferred to

5805-402: The racial makeup of the city was 52.0% White, 7.4% African American, 0.2% Native American, 35.3% Asian, 2.34% other race, and 2.8% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 10.6% of the population. Sugar Land has the highest concentration of Asian Americans in Texas. Altogether in 2010, 10.7% were Indian, 11.5% Chinese , 4.5% Vietnamese , and 2.0% Filipino . There is also

5940-490: The 10,000-acre (4,000 ha) First Colony master-planned community, bringing the city's population to almost 60,000. This was Sugar Land's largest annexation at the time. Sugar Land boasted the highest growth among Texas' largest cities, per the U.S. Census 2000, when it had a population of 63,328. In 2003, Sugar Land became a "principal" city, recognized in the metropolitan area's official title change to Houston–Sugar Land–Baytown, with Sugar Land replacing Galveston as

6075-575: The 1910s until 1959, Sugar Land was virtually self-contained. Imperial Sugar Company provided housing for the workers, encouraged construction of schools, built a hospital to treat workers, and provided businesses to meet the workers' needs. Many of the original houses built by the Imperial Sugar Company remain today in The Hill and Mayfield Park areas of Sugar Land, and have been passed down through generations of family members. During

6210-410: The 1930s. The cemetery was once open to the public. It is now surrounded by two fences with the inner one locked to protect the site. It was declared an Historic Texas Cemetery in 2007. The city of Sugar Land announced in 2012 plans to build a park on the surrounding undeveloped land, and park plans were designed the same year. The park would include the cemetery with a walkway encircling it. However,

6345-410: The 1950s, Imperial Sugar wanted to expand the town by building more houses. It developed a new subdivision, Venetian Estates, which featured waterfront homesites on Oyster Creek and on man-made lakes. As the company town expanded, so did the interest of establishing a municipal government . Voters chose to make Sugar Land a general-law city in 1959, with T. E. Harman becoming the first mayor . In

6480-430: The 1970s, Fort Bend County has been attracting people from all ethnic backgrounds. According to a 2001 Claritas study, it was the fifth-most diverse U.S. county, among counties with a population of 100,000 or more. It is one of a growing number of U.S. counties with an ethnic plurality , with no single ethnic group forming a majority of the population. Fort Bend County also has the highest percentage of Asian Americans in

6615-472: The 1980s. Sugar Land is one of the most affluent and fastest-growing cities in Texas. The 2020 United States Census reported that the city's population had grown more than 40% in the preceding 10 years following the annexation of the Greatwood and New Territory communities in December 2017. Over the same 10-year period, the number of employed persons living in Sugar Land increased by 61%. Sugar Land

6750-545: The 1994 election of a Republican county judge to the commissioners' court for the first time since Reconstruction. As of 2019, five of Fort Bend County's eight countywide offices, including two precinct-level positions, are held by Republicans. The remaining three are held by Democrats. With growing populations of minorities and more socially moderate suburban voters who often break Republican on fiscal and economic issues, Fort Bend County has recently become more competitive. In 2008, Democrat Barack Obama came very close to winning

6885-509: The 19th century, the present-day Sugar Land area was home to a large sugar plantation situated in the fertile floodplain of the Brazos River . Following the consolidation of local plantations into Imperial Sugar Company in 1908, Sugar Land grew steadily as a company town and incorporated as a city in 1959. Since then, Sugar Land has grown rapidly alongside other edge cities around Houston, with large-scale development of master-planned communities contributing to population swells since

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7020-525: The 5,300-acre (2,100 ha) Ellis Plantation, one of the few plantations in Fort Bend County to survive the Civil War. The Ellis Plantation had originally been part of the Jesse Cartwright league; Will Ellis had operated it after the Civil War by a system of tenant farming , made up mostly of African-American families who were previously enslaved on the land. In 1908, the partnership acquired

7155-513: The Albert and Mamie George Building, and as a result, the multi-institution teaching center was renamed as the University of Houston Sugar Land . In 2003, the Imperial Sugar Company refinery plant and distribution center were closed, but the effect on the local economy was minimal. Sugar Land has become an affluent Houston suburb rather than the blue-collar , agriculture -dependent town it was

7290-431: The Central Unit to save money. On May 30, 2011, the regular session of the 82nd Texas Legislature concluded. The legislature voted to close the Central Unit by removing funding on September 1 of that year. Mike Ward of the Austin American-Statesman said that, one week prior to the decision, "it appeared" that the Central Unit would remain open because legislators questioned whether removing capacity for 1,500 prisoners

7425-509: The Central Unit, reducing its size, and various local and state bodies have also claimed land, much of it to support transportation improvements. From 1921 to 1984, the state sold a total of 945 acres (382 ha) to private individuals and industries. A 1935 resurvey by the Texas State Reclamation Department caused the facility to lose 148 acres (60 ha). In 1964 130 acres (53 ha) were transferred to

7560-408: The Central Unit. The bill awaited the signature of Governor of Texas Rick Perry . As of that year the Texas General Land Office estimated the value of the land to $ 10.1 million. Hal Croft, the acting deputy director of asset management of the land office, said in a press release "That property is like the center of a doughnut — prime property now because it has been surrounded by development." If

7695-518: The City of Sugar Land. If the prison closes, the TDCJ would lose the Central Unit's 1,060 prisoner beds. By 2010, due to the expansion of Greater Houston , housing developments such as Chelsea Harbor were constructed within .5 miles (0.80 km) of the prison grounds. In February 2011 the prison had 330 acres (130 ha) of land remaining. In mid-2011 the State of Texas had a severe budget shortfall. State legislators determined they needed to close

7830-467: The Civil War to World War II (2008). The State of Texas bought the 5,200-acre (2,100 ha) area in 1908. The Imperial State Prison Farm, one of the first penal institutions owned by the State of Texas, opened in 1909 in the Imperial Sugar plantation. Originally it had 3,700 acres (1,500 ha) and was the hub of the Texas state correctional agriculture production. In 1930 the facility

7965-596: The Fort Bend County Commissioners' Court. In 2018, significant enthusiasm for U.S. Senate candidate Beto O' Rourke and strong Democratic infrastructure resulted in Democratic control of the commissioners' court (including county judge) and a number of countywide administrative and judicial posts, with Fort Bend Independent School District board trustee K.P. George becoming Texas's first Asian-American county judge. Today, Fort Bend County

8100-637: The Jaybirds ordered a list of certain Blacks and Woodpecker officials out of the county, overthrowing the local government. The Jaybirds took over county offices and established a "White-only pre-primary," disenfranchising African Americans from the only competitive contests in the county. This device lasted until 1950, when Willie Melton and Arizona Fleming won a lawsuit against the practice in United States District Court , though it

8235-719: The Republican Party because of emancipation, electing their candidates to office. The state legislature was still predominately white. By the 1880s, most white residents belonged to the Democratic Party. Factional tensions were fierce, as political elements split largely along racial lines. The Jaybirds, representing the majority of the Whites, struggled to regain control from the Woodpeckers, who were made up of some whites who were consistently elected to office by

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8370-561: The Republican Party in the wake of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , led to increased support for the GOP in the following years. Richard Nixon narrowly carried the county in 1968, making it the only county in greater Houston outside of Harris County to go Republican that year, and carried it again in 1972. In 1976, conservative physician Ron Paul of Brazoria County, noted for his opposition to most government programs, which earned him

8505-622: The Richmond-Rosenberg area. Fort Bend County is also a major service area for the Houston Chronicle , which provides separate local coverage for the Sugar Land and Katy areas. The sole publicly owned airport in the county is Sugar Land Regional Airport in Sugar Land . Privately owned airports for public use include: Privately owned for private use: The closest airport with regularly scheduled commercial service

8640-474: The Smithville property were zoned to Lakeview Elementary School, Sugar Land Middle School, and Kempner High School . In 2006 Smithville was rezoned from Kempner to Austin, with grades 9-10 immediately zoned to Austin, and grades 11-12 zoned to Kempner, with a phasing in by grade. Smithville had since been rezoned back to Kempner. The Imperial State Farm Cemetery, a small prison cemetery located on

8775-603: The Southern United States; the largest groups are of Vietnamese , Chinese , Indian , and Filipino ancestry. By 2011, Fort Bend was ranked the fourth-most racially diverse county in the United States by USA Today . The newspaper based the ranking on calculating the probability that two persons selected at random would be of different ethnic groups or races. According to the USA Today methodology,

8910-509: The TDCJ granted the prison's access easements to the City of Sugar Land. By 2009 the City of Sugar Land had already zoned the land that the prison occupied to a light industrial commercial park zone. Allen Bogard, the City Manager of Sugar Land, said that he believed that the Central Unit property "has a much higher purpose and value to the state of Texas to be utilized for economic development purposes." Some Sugar Land residents supported

9045-486: The Texas Slave Descendant Society, and others such as anthropologist Fred McGhee, have called for commemoration of the graveyard and its occupants. Sugar Land officials denied the claims of covering up the racial history of the city. It said that a historical marker to be erected at the site of the cemetery would memorialize injustices against African Americans in the Texas prison system during

9180-609: The adjoining 12,500-acre (5,100 ha) Cunningham Plantation, with its raw-sugar mill and cane-sugar refinery. The partnership changed the name to Imperial Sugar Company; Kempner associated the name "Imperial", which was also the name of a small raw-sugar mill on the Ellis Plantation, with the Imperial Hotel in New York City. Around the turn of the 20th century, most of the sugarcane crops were destroyed by

9315-632: The airport's runway. Many of the remaining buildings were constructed in an Art Deco architecture style. Several neighborhoods had been built nearby. The unit was in proximity to Harris County and Hospital Galveston ; as of 2009 Harris County sentenced more criminals into TDCJ than did any other county in Texas. The TDCJ assigned some prisoners to the Central Unit so that the prisoners resided closer to their former homes and could keep in touch with families. The proximity to Hospital Galveston also allowed for Central Unit prisoners to have convenient access to health care services. As of 2004 Central served as

9450-596: The area was 109 °F in August 2023. Winters in the area are cool and mild. The average winter high/low is 62/45 °F (16/7 °C). The coldest period is usually in January, when north winds bring winter rains. Snow is almost unheard of and typically does not accumulate. One such rare snowstorm hit Houston on Christmas Eve 2004. A few inches accumulated, but had melted by the next afternoon. The earliest snowfall to occur in any winter fell on December 4, 2009. As of

9585-405: The area, Masjid Maryam (New Territory Islamic Center) and Masjid At-Taqwa (Synott Islamic Center). Fort Bend County, Texas Fort Bend County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas . The county was founded in 1837 and organized the next year. It is named for a blockhouse at a bend of the Brazos River . The community developed around the fort in early days. The county seat

9720-549: The building, which had some broken windows and some loose exterior bricks. The company arranged to place a new metal roof on the building. City officials and local historians positively reacted to the restoration decision from Newland. Around 2005 Newland began development of the Telfair subdivision, located on former prison property, around the former Two Camp Building. In 2009 the 43,000 square feet (4,000 m ) Two Camp Building and its nearby land were adapted and opened as

9855-526: The chance of people of being two different ethnic groups/races being selected was 75%. Karl Eschbach, a former demographer with the State of Texas, has said that many people from Houston neighborhoods and communities with clear racial identities, such as the East End , Sunnyside , and the Third Ward , moved to suburban areas that were too new to have established racial identities. Eschbach explained, "[a]s

9990-460: The city is between 70 and 90 feet (21 and 27 m) above sea level. The elevation of Sugar Land Regional Airport (SGR) is 82 feet (25 m). Sugar Land has two major waterways running through the city. The southwestern and southern portion of the city were developed along the Brazos River, which runs into Brazoria County . Oyster Creek runs from the northwest to the eastern portion of

10125-425: The city limits and into Missouri City. Sugar Land developers have built many artificial lakes connecting to Oyster Creek or the Brazos River, as part of new master-planned communities. Sugar Land and other surrounding areas are subsiding and the rate of subsidence is increasing. The area sunk about 1 foot between 1943 and 1964, while it sunk over 6 feet between 1988 and 2016 Currently, it is estimated that Sugar Land

10260-570: The city. Approval of this amendment authorized the mayor to be a voting member of council, in addition to performing duties as presiding officer of the council. Sugar Land annexed Sugar Creek in 1986, after the latter community was nearly built-out. That same year, the city organized the largest celebration in its history, the Texas Sesquicentennial Celebration, celebrating 150 years of Texan independence from Mexican rule (DGA). An amendment on May 5, 1990, changed

10395-483: The city. This resulted in a favorable 40/60 ratio of residential to commercial tax base within the city. In 1981, a special city election was held for the purpose of establishing a home-rule municipal government . Voters approved the adoption of a home-rule charter, which established a mayor-council form of government, with all powers of the city vested in a council composed of a mayor and five councilmen, elected from single-member districts . A special city election

10530-660: The composition of the city council, adding a mayor and two council members, each to be elected at-large , to the five-member council. The at-large positions require election by a majority of voters, which reduces representation of any minority interests. Throughout much of the 1990s, Sugar Land grew rapidly. The majority of residents are white-collar and college-educated, working in Houston 's energy industry. An abundance of commercial development, with numerous low-rise office buildings, banks, and high-class restaurants, has taken place along both Interstate 69 / U.S. Highway 59 and State Highway 6 . Sugar Land added to its tax base with

10665-471: The county, with 48.6% of the vote to Republican John McCain 's 50.9%. In 2016, Hillary Clinton became the first Democrat to carry the county since Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964, largely due to the unpopularity of Republican nominee Donald Trump , with many voters splitting their tickets between Clinton and Republicans for other offices; Republicans won every elected countywide office by a margin similar to Clinton's, while also defeating an incumbent Democrat on

10800-459: The county. According to the 2008 American Community Survey, the median income for a household in the county was $ 81,456, and for a family was $ 90,171. Males had a median income of $ 54,139 versus $ 41,353 for females. The per capita income for the county was $ 30,862. About 5.50% of families and 7.10% of the population were below the poverty line , including 8.50% of those under age 18 and 9.40% of those age 65 or over. As of 2006, Fort Bend County

10935-821: The county. Houston Public Library operates one branch in the county, the Stimley Blue Ridge Neighborhood Library in Blue Ridge, Houston . Local newspapers in the county include three weeklies: the Fort Bend Star , headquartered in Stafford ; the Fort Bend Independent ; and the Fort Bend Sun , headquartered in Sugar Land. The daily Fort Bend Herald and Texas Coaster focuses on news coverage in

11070-671: The county. Source: The Fort Bend County Jail is at 1410 Richmond Parkway in Richmond . Texas Department of Criminal Justice operates the following facilities in Fort Bend County, all at the Jester State Prison Farm site: Prisons for men: Other facilities: The TDCJ announced that the Central Unit in Sugar Land was closing in 2011. The City of Sugar Land is exploring the property for future economic development, including light industrial uses, as well as

11205-423: The county. The population density was 405 people per square mile (156 people/km ). The 115,991 housing units averaged 133 units per square mile (51/km ). The racial or ethnic makeup of the county was 56.96% White (46.21% White non-Hispanic), 19.85% Black or African American, 0.30% Native American, 11.20% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 9.10% from other races, and 2.56% from two or more races. About 21.12% of

11340-830: The diversity of industries promoted decades of rapid population growth. After Memorial Hermann Hospital and St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital opened facilities in Fort Bend County, already home to local facilities for Houston Methodist Hospital in Sugar Land, as well as locally based OakBend Medical Center in Richmond, many doctors moved their offices to the county. Compared to Montgomery County, which has experienced rapid growth in corporate employment following ExxonMobil's decision to move its greater Houston operations to an area directly south of The Woodlands, Fort Bend County has yet to experience significant corporate growth, though Schlumberger recently announced plans to move its North American headquarters to Sugar Land. The county does not have

11475-501: The early 1960s, a new subdivision development called Covington Woods was constructed. Later that year, the Imperial Cattle Ranch sold about 1,200 acres (490 ha) to a developer to create what became Sugar Creek in 1968. As a master-planned community, Sugar Creek introduced the concept of country club living to Sugar Land. Custom houses were built to surround two golf courses , and country clubs, swimming pools, and

11610-491: The east. In 1822, a group of Stephen F. Austin 's colonists, headed by William Travis, built a fort at the present site of Richmond. The fort was called Fort Bend because it was built in the bend of the Brazos River. The city of Richmond was incorporated under the Republic of Texas along with 19 other towns in 1837. Fort Bend County was created from parts of Austin, Harris, and Brazoria Counties in 1838. Fort Bend developed

11745-411: The end of the Civil War and 1912, more than 3,500 prisoners died in Texas as a result of the racist convict leasing program. Archaeologists have uncovered unmarked graves of African Americans from this period in the region around Sugar Land's prison and sugar factory. Since the early 21st century, this area has been largely redeveloped as the suburban planned community of Telfair . As a company town from

11880-517: The erosion of the Rocky Mountains . These sediments consist of a series of sands and clays deposited on decaying organic matter that, over time, were transformed into oil and natural gas . Beneath these tiers is a water-deposited layer of halite , a rock salt. The porous layers were compressed over time and forced upward. As it pushed upward, the salt dragged surrounding sediments into dome shapes, often trapping oil and gas that seeped from

12015-597: The fifth-fastest growing county in the United States. In 2015, Fort Bend County became Texas's wealthiest county, with a median household income of $ 95,389 and a median family income of $ 105,944, surpassing Collin and Rockwall Counties since the 2000 census. Before European settlement, the area was inhabited by Karankawa Indians. Spanish colonists generally did not reach the area during their colonization, settling more in South Texas. After Mexico achieved independence from Spain, Anglo-Americans started entering from

12150-480: The former refinery property of Imperial Sugar Company. This development includes Constellation Field , home of the Sugar Land Space Cowboys , originally an independent baseball team but later a member of affiliated Minor League Baseball . Retail needs are to be served in the planned Imperial Market development. In 2017, the 6,400-seat Smart Financial Centre concert hall opened. Sugar Land

12285-544: The general public that travel only in Fort Bend County. Parts of the county, such as Katy and Missouri City, participate in the Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County and are served by several park-and-ride routes. Central Unit The unit first opened in April 1909. The unit had 950 beds for men but related facilities increased capacity at the site. Sugar Land Regional Airport

12420-401: The idea of the prison leaving. Some residents feared that sexually oriented businesses , such as strip clubs, could open in a light industrial commercial park zone once the prison was closed. By 2009 the airport received a $ 2 million grant for airport expansion, and the grant could be used to buy the prison property. In 2009 the State of Texas authorized the purchase of the Smithville portion by

12555-444: The jobs, schools, and parks attracts people of Indian origin to Sugar Land. Of the 26,709 households, 40.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 70.0% were married couples living together, 8.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.1% were not families. About 15.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.3% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size

12690-638: The land from Austin in 1838. They developed the plantation by growing cotton , corn , and sugarcane . During these early years, the plantation was the center of social life along the Brazos River. In 1853, Benjamin Terry and William J. Kyle purchased the Oakland Plantation from the Williams family. Terry is known for organizing a division of Texas Rangers during the Civil War and for naming

12825-561: The land in mid-November 2014. The unit, with 336 acres (136 ha) of land, was located .75 miles (1.21 km) from the intersection of Texas State Highway 6 and U.S. Highway 90A . The Central Unit property includes the main prison unit and the Smithville Prison Property (CPU). The prison property is adjacent to the Sugar Land Regional Airport . Prisoners grow crops on land next to

12960-470: The land will be used for the relocation of a parallel airport taxiway, and the remaining land will contain related airport development. The City of Sugar Land stated that the acquisition of Smithville was a "key project for the Airport in fiscal year 2010." When the State of Texas acquired the land in 1908, the prison property had 5,435 acres (2,199 ha) of land. Since then the state has sold parcels of

13095-413: The late 1800s and early 1900s. Activists of the Texas Slave Descendant Society said that a museum would be more appropriate as commemoration. They complained that federal historical laws had been circumvented by the City in accepting the transfer of this property and making plans without consulting with appropriate parties on effects on the historical property. As a response, a United States federal agency,

13230-558: The majority of African Americans, as several had served as Republican officials during Reconstruction. Fort Bend County was the site of the Jaybird–Woodpecker War in 1888–89. After a few murders were committed, the political feud culminated in a gun battle at the courthouse on August 16, 1889, when several more people were killed and the Woodpeckers were routed from the county seat. Governor Lawrence Sullivan Ross sent in militia forces and declared martial law. With his support,

13365-541: The nation's highest property-tax rates. In 2007, it was ranked fifth in the nation for property taxes as a percentage of the homes' value on owner-occupied housing. The list includes only counties with a population over 65,000. Fort Bend County also ranked in the top 100 in property taxes paid and percentage of taxes of income. Part of this is due to Texas's complex Robin Hood plan school financing law. County politics in Fort Bend County, as in all Texas counties, center around

13500-513: The next 30 years. The master-planned community offered homebuyers formal landscaping, neighborhoods segmented by price range, extensive green belts , a golf course and country club, lakes and boulevards, neighborhood amenities, and shopping. Around the same time as First Colony, another master-planned community development called Sugar Mill was started in the northern portion of Sugar Land, offering traditional, lakefront, and estate lots. The master-planned communities of Greatwood and New Territory, at

13635-520: The nickname "Dr. No", captured the 22nd district in the United States House of Representatives in a special election, before narrowly losing re-election in the November election in which Gerald Ford also won Fort Bend, despite losing Texas to Jimmy Carter . Beginning in 1978, Republicans began to win several offices within the county, with William P. Clements carrying the county in his successful run for governor. That same year, Paul

13770-410: The opening of First Colony Mall in 1996. The more than one-million-square-foot (100,000 m) mall , the first in Fort Bend County, is located at the busiest intersection of the city: Interstate 69/U.S. 59 and State Highway 6. The mall was named after the 10,000-acre (4,000 ha) master-planned community of First Colony. In November 1997, Sugar Land annexed the remaining municipal utility districts of

13905-585: The passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the federal government has enforced it by regularly reviewing voting patterns and local practices, and plaintiffs have sometimes sued state or local governments over discriminatory practices. In April 2009, as part of a settlement with the United States Department of Justice , officials of Fort Bend County agreed to increase assistance to Spanish-speaking Latino voters in elections held in

14040-540: The percentage of non-Hispanic white people declined by 4.8%, the Asian American community grew by 83,167 (83.7% increase), the percentage of Hispanic people increased by 42.9% and the percentage of black people increased by 35.9%. Fort Bend County also has the highest percentage of Filipino Americans in the Greater Houston area and in state of Texas. Filipinos are also the fourth largest Asian subset in

14175-607: The permanent temple. Shri Krishna Vrundavana has a Sugar Land postal address, but is physically in the Alief super neighborhood in the Houston city limits. It occupies the 450-person, 9,000-square-foot (840 m) former La Festa Hall. It was established in 2011 with about 200 people in its congregation; originally the temple rented its property. In October 2015 the temple organizers bought the current site for $ 1.3 million. In December 2015 its congregation had numbered over 800. The Islamic Society of Greater Houston operates two mosques in

14310-479: The population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. Other self-identifications were 8.8% of German ancestry, 6.3% American, and 5.8% English ancestry. In 2000, of the 110,915 households, 49.80% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.80% were married couples living together, 11.40% had a female householder with no husband present, and 16.10% were not families. About 13.50% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.10% had someone living alone who

14445-551: The prison had over 1,000 inmates. In 1963, before racial desegregation occurred, the facility housed first offenders and white male prisoners under 25 years of age. Central Unit II housed male African-American second offenders under the age of 25. In 1991 3,700 acres (1,500 ha) of land was transferred to the Texas Department of Transportation for the construction of Texas State Highway 99 (Grand Parkway) and other highways; much of that land included territory that

14580-417: The prison is sold, the resulting funds would be used to fund public schools; they cannot be used to build another prison facility. By 2008 the city and the state were conducting a joint study researching whether the TDCJ should close the Central Unit and sell the land. Mayor of Sugar Land Dave Wallace said "Let's just say that a prison is not the highest and best use for that land right now." During that year

14715-690: The rapidly increasing subsidence, the Texas State Legislature created the Fort Bend Subsidence District in 1989. The US Geologic Survey and the US Army Corps of Engineers have performed studies and monitoring of the subsidence. Sugar Land sits atop three aquifers : Chicot, Evangeline, and Jasper. The Chicot and Evangeline Aquifers have been the primary source of municipal water for Sugar Land, Houston, Galveston and other surrounding areas. The Jasper Aquifer

14850-555: The recently built-out, master-planned community of Avalon and four sections of Brazos Landing subdivision, adding about 3,200 residents. The city eventually annexed the communities of River Park, Greatwood , and New Territory , with the latter two being annexed on December 12, 2017, bringing the city proper's population to 117,869. In the 2010s, development began on the Imperial master-planned community, located in undeveloped territory east of Sugar Land Regional Airport and incorporating

14985-429: The result of record rainfall and overflow from the Brazos River and Barker Reservoir , resulted in damage to or destruction of over 6,800 homes in the county. According to the United States Census Bureau , the county has a total area of 885 square miles (2,290 km ), of which 24 square miles (62 km ) (2.7%) are covered by water. From 1930 to 1950, the county showed a decline in the rate of expansion and even

15120-681: The second-most important city in the metropolitan area after Houston. The metro area is now officially referred to as the Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land metropolitan area. With its population increase, the city needed to attract higher education facilities. In 2002, the University of Houston System at Fort Bend moved to a new 250-acre (100 ha) campus located off the University Boulevard and Interstate 69/U.S. 59 intersection. The city helped fund

15255-640: The site are zoned for light industrial use to support the airport. In 1878 the state began to lease convicts as laborers to private companies operating on the Imperial Sugar property. This practice was widespread in Texas and across the South after Reconstruction, when few states had prisons. Many states generated substantial revenues from the fees for convict leasing. They passed what were known as Black Codes , criminalizing behavior they believed associated with freedmen and charging them fees for convictions, for instance, for so-called vagrancy. Because in

15390-486: The south side of U.S. Highway 90A in the northwest part of Telfair , has graves of deceased prisoners. The cemetery, also known as the Old Imperial Farm Cemetery, has at least 33 graves, with the earliest three dated from 1912. Most graves are those of African-American inmates. The earliest are of men arrested on trumped-up charges under the discriminatory Black Codes , in order to supply labor for

15525-410: The southwest Greater Houston area's main retail hub, anchored by First Colony Mall and Sugar Land Town Square . Since the 1980s, new communities have continued to develop, with Greatwood , New Territory , and Sienna (originally Sienna Plantation) among the more recent notable developments. In addition to continued development in the eastern part of the county around Sugar Land and Missouri City,

15660-410: The stabilization of the state's adult prison population, and pressure to take budget cuts. Herman Weston was the unit's final warden. As of 2014 the City of Sugar Land plans to convert much of the property into an industrial park. The city government of Sugar Land approved paying Hines Interests Limited Partnership $ 207,800 as part of a contract in order to do a feasibility study on the new usage of

15795-473: The state's convict lease system. This practice was widespread in the South before most states built prisons; some made a large portion of their budgets from convict leasing , which has been called "slavery by another name." The state conducted little regulation of treatment of prisoners, many of whom were abused, and poorly fed and housed by their employers. At least one grave notes that the inmate drowned while attempting to escape. Three graves are post dated to

15930-429: The surrounding porous sands. The region is earthquake -free. While the neighboring city of Houston contains 86 mapped and historically active surface faults with an aggregate length of 149 miles (240 km), the clay below the surface in Sugar Land precludes the buildup of friction that produces ground shaking in earthquakes. These faults move only very gradually in what is termed "fault creep". Sugar Land's climate

16065-467: The time situated west of the city in what was then its extraterritorial jurisdiction, also began to be developed by the end of the 1980s. In addition to the development of master-planned communities targeted at commuters from Houston, Sugar Land began attracting the attention of major corporations throughout the 1980s. Many chose to base their operations in the city. Fluor Daniel , Schlumberger , Unocal , and others began to locate offices and facilities in

16200-509: The town. Upon the deaths of Terry and Kyle, Colonel E. H. Cunningham bought the 12,500-acre (5,100 ha) plantation soon after the Civil War. He had a sugar-refining plant built here, and developed the town around it in 1879, platting the land and attracting settlers during the post-Reconstruction era. In 1906, the Kempner family of Galveston , under the leadership of Isaac H. Kempner , and in partnership with Logan J. Copenhaver, purchased

16335-400: The units include 48 duplexes, 42 officer's quarters, 9 mobile home spaces, and 14 single family units. If Central closes, state employee housing would likely not be available for many TDCJ employees who transfer to other units. Central Unit included a detergent and soap factory, a mechanic shop, a freight transportation terminal, and farming operations. Sugar Land Distribution Center (SLDC),

16470-447: The work supported helping others. Miller paid for the transportation of vegetables in the "Fighting Hunger in Texas" program. In March 2007 39-year-old David Shane Roberts escaped from the Central Unit. By 2007 residential development began to surround the prison. In addition, the Central Unit is in land zoned by the county for expansion of the Sugar Land Regional Airport . The airport was considering expansion of its facilities, and

16605-410: Was 2.90, and the average family size was 3.25. In the city, the age distribution was 24.6% under 18, 7.5% from 18 to 24, 23.4% from 25 to 44, 34.0% from 45 to 64, and 10.4% who were 65 or older. The median age was 41.2 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.6 males. According to the 2014 American Community Survey, the median income for

16740-449: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.14, and the average family size was 3.46. In the county, the age distribution of the population was 32.00% under the age of 18, 7.60% from 18 to 24, 32.30% from 25 to 44, 22.40% from 45 to 64, and 5.70% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.30 males. Since

16875-423: Was a good decision. In August 2011, Texas Department of Criminal Justice announced that the prison will be closing. Spokesperson Michelle Lyons said it will become the first prison in Texas history to close and not be replaced. 71 prison guards will go to other prisons to work. On August 2, 2011, 200 prison guards and 80 prisoners remained to move the trucking hub and soap factory out of Central. The Roach Unit

17010-482: Was a stronghold for the Democratic Party , having achieved disenfranchisement of Blacks at the county level in 1889 in the aftermath of the Jaybird–Woodpecker War . The state effectively disfranchised them with a poll tax and White primaries ; the latter device was declared unconstitutional in 1944. By 1960, so few Republicans resided in Fort Bend County that the county's Republican chair once received

17145-403: Was adjacent to the airport's southeast corner. The road in Smithville was lined with trees. The prison warden and other top officials lived there. The State of Texas agreed to allow the TDCJ to sell this property to Sugar Land in 2009. The City said that the current employee housing is "unusable". It plans to demolish the housing to make way for executive hangar sites. 16 acres (6.5 ha) of

17280-436: Was developed adjacent to this unit, with the runway between two parts of the prison property. The Central Unit was the only state prison within the city limits of Sugar Land which, since 1960, has been highly developed as a suburban, upscale residential and business city. In August 2011, the TDCJ announced that the Central Unit would be the first prison in Texas to close without being replaced. The state wanted to save money at

17415-409: Was held August 9, 1986, to submit the proposed changes to the electorate for consideration. By a majority of the voters, amendments to the charter were approved that provided for a change in the city's form of government from that of "mayor-council" (strong mayor) to that of a " council-manager " form of government, which provides for a professional city manager to be the chief administrative officer of

17550-548: Was originally a part of the Central Unit. By 2007 the state had sold land, and surrounding development over the years reduced the prison to 336 acres (136 ha). In 2000 the prison operated the "Texas Fresh Approach" program, a collaborative developed by the TDCJ, Miller Brewing Co. , and the Texas Association of Second Harvest Food Banks. As part of the program, prisoners grew vegetables, which were sent to food banks throughout Texas. The TDCJ officials said that

17685-622: Was overturned on appeal. In 1953, they ultimately won their suit when the Supreme Court of the United States declared the Jaybird primary unconstitutional in Terry v. Adams , the last of the white primary cases. In the 1960s, the first of several master-planned communities that came to define the county were developed, marking the beginning of its transformation from a largely rural county dominated by railroad and oil and gas interests to

17820-567: Was renamed as the Central State Prison Farm. The name "Central" originates from the prison's status for many years as the central farming and distribution point of agricultural goods from correctional facilities. Construction of a new unit of the Central Farm, funded by the 41st Texas Legislature , began in late 1930. The $ 350,000 unit was completed in late 1932. It consisted of 12 acres (4.9 ha) of land, including

17955-549: Was returned to Congress, while businessman Tom DeLay captured the county's seat in the Texas House of Representatives . In 1984 DeLay succeeded Paul in Congress after the latter ran an unsuccessful U.S. Senate campaign, and became House majority leader by 2002. Beginning in 1982, Republicans won a number of county-level offices and judicial benches, and Fort Bend County's new reputation as a Republican stronghold culminated in

18090-470: Was scheduled to take the former Central soap factory and the Ramsey Unit was scheduled to take the trucking hub. By the end of August, the prison was scheduled to be completely vacant. The state planned to spread the prisoners throughout the state, and not place too many Central prisoners at any remaining unit. Many prisoners went to the Jester State Prison Farm family of units, near Sugar Land, and

18225-542: Was seeking a $ 30 million federal grant to study those possibilities. The City of Sugar Land made moving the facility one of its main priorities for the 2007 state legislative session. John Whitmire , a member of the Texas State Senate , advocated moving the facility to an area in Brazoria County, Texas near the community of Rosharon . The area has several existing TDCJ facilities. Whitmire said that

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