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39-495: SunOS 1 only supported the Sun-2 series systems, including Sun-1 systems upgraded with Sun-2 ( 68010 ) CPU boards. SunOS 2 supported Sun-2 and Sun-3 ( 68020 ) series systems. SunOS 4 supported Sun-2 (until release 4.0.3), Sun-3 (until 4.1.1), Sun386i (4.0, 4.0.1 and 4.0.2 only) and Sun-4 ( SPARC ) architectures. Although SunOS 4 was intended to be the first release to fully support Sun's new SPARC processor, there

78-775: A 3Com 3c400 board. The server could support diskless Sun-2/50 clients through the Ethernet board. Other supported Multibus boards included the Sky Computer Floating Point Processor, Sun ALM (Asynchronous Line Multiplexer) with 8 serial ports, and Sun SunLink Communications Processor (SCP) for SNA and X.25 connectivity. BYTE in August 1984 described the Sun-2/120 as a " VAX -class machine", with "superb graphics and excellent response time under loading". Server (computing) A server

117-465: A Xylogics 450 SMD Controller. The SMD controller could support four disks even though Sun only supported two. A 20 MB QIC tape drive could be connected through an Archive QIC/SCSI converter. The system also supported 1/2" tape drives connected to a Computer Products Corporation TAPEMASTER or a Xylogics 472 board. An Ethernet connection was provided by a Sun board based on the Intel 82586 chip, or

156-1107: A computer monitor or input device, audio hardware and USB interfaces. Many servers do not have a graphical user interface (GUI). They are configured and managed remotely. Remote management can be conducted via various methods including Microsoft Management Console (MMC), PowerShell , SSH and browser-based out-of-band management systems such as Dell's iDRAC or HP's iLo . Large traditional single servers would need to be run for long periods without interruption. Availability would have to be very high, making hardware reliability and durability extremely important. Mission-critical enterprise servers would be very fault tolerant and use specialized hardware with low failure rates in order to maximize uptime . Uninterruptible power supplies might be incorporated to guard against power failure. Servers typically include hardware redundancy such as dual power supplies , RAID disk systems, and ECC memory , along with extensive pre-boot memory testing and verification. Critical components might be hot swappable , allowing technicians to replace them on

195-599: A "Sun Shoebox". Sun-1 systems upgraded with Sun-2 Multibus CPU boards were sometimes referred to as the 2/100U (upgraded Sun-100) or 2/150U (upgraded Sun-150). A typical configuration of a monochrome 2/120 with 4 MB of memory, 71 MB SCSI disk and 20 MB 1/4" SCSI tape cost $ 29,300 (1986 US price list ). A color 2/160 with 8 MB of memory, two 71 MB SCSI disks and 60 MB 1/4" SCSI tape cost $ 48,800 (1986 US price list ). A Sun 2/170 server with 4 MB of memory, no display, two Fujitu Eagle 380 MB disk drive, one Xylogics 450 SMD disk controller,

234-481: A 6250 bpi 1/2 inch tape drive and a 72" rack cost $ 79,500 (1986 US price list ). Sun 2/120 (9 slot deskside) and 2/170 (15 slot rackmount) systems were based on the Multibus architecture. The CPU board was based on a 10 MHz 68010 processor with a proprietary Sun Memory Management Unit (MMU) and could address 8 MB of physical and 16 MB of virtual memory. The top 1 MB of physical memory address space

273-403: A computer program that turns a computer into a server, e.g. Windows service . Originally used as "servers serve users" (and "users use servers"), in the sense of "obey", today one often says that "servers serve data", in the same sense as "give". For instance, web servers "serve [up] web pages to users" or "service their requests". The server is part of the client–server model ; in this model,

312-415: A device used for (or a device dedicated to) running one or several server programs. On a network, such a device is called a host . In addition to server , the words serve and service (as verb and as noun respectively) are frequently used, though servicer and servant are not. The word service (noun) may refer to the abstract form of functionality, e.g. Web service . Alternatively, it may refer to

351-550: A novel window system called NeWS that used and extended the PostScript language and graphics model. In 1989, Sun released OpenWindows , an OPEN LOOK -compliant X11 -based environment which also supported SunView and NeWS applications. This became the default SunOS GUI in SunOS ;4.1.1. Sun-2 2/160: US$ 48,800 (equivalent to $ 115,000 in 2023 ) The Sun-2 series of UNIX workstations and servers

390-407: A response back to the client, typically with a result or acknowledgment. Designating a computer as "server-class hardware" implies that it is specialized for running servers on it. This often implies that it is more powerful and reliable than standard personal computers , but alternatively, large computing clusters may be composed of many relatively simple, replaceable server components. The use of

429-411: A server serves data for clients . The nature of communication between a client and server is request and response . This is in contrast with peer-to-peer model in which the relationship is on-demand reciprocation. In principle, any computerized process that can be used or called by another process (particularly remotely, particularly to share a resource) is a server, and the calling process or processes

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468-423: A service for the requester, which often runs on a computer other than the one on which the server runs. The average utilization of a server in the early 2000s was 5 to 15%, but with the adoption of virtualization this figure started to increase to reduce the number of servers needed. Strictly speaking, the term server refers to a computer program or process (running program). Through metonymy , it refers to

507-452: Is a computer that provides information to other computers called " clients " on a computer network . This architecture is called the client–server model . Servers can provide various functionalities, often called "services", such as sharing data or resources among multiple clients or performing computations for a client. A single server can serve multiple clients, and a single client can use multiple servers. A client process may run on

546-406: Is a client. Thus any general-purpose computer connected to a network can host servers. For example, if files on a device are shared by some process, that process is a file server . Similarly, web server software can run on any capable computer, and so a laptop or a personal computer can host a web server. While request–response is the most common client-server design, there are others, such as

585-618: Is a collaborative effort, Open Compute Project around this concept. A class of small specialist servers called network appliances are generally at the low end of the scale, often being smaller than common desktop computers. A mobile server has a portable form factor, e.g. a laptop . In contrast to large data centers or rack servers, the mobile server is designed for on-the-road or ad hoc deployment into emergency, disaster or temporary environments where traditional servers are not feasible due to their power requirements, size, and deployment time. The main beneficiaries of so-called "server on

624-427: Is also less of a concern, but power consumption and heat output can be a serious issue. Server rooms are equipped with air conditioning devices. A server farm or server cluster is a collection of computer servers maintained by an organization to supply server functionality far beyond the capability of a single device. Modern data centers are now often built of very large clusters of much simpler servers, and there

663-467: Is considered a tier 2 support platform as of NetBSD 7.0.1. Models are listed in approximately chronological order. A desktop disk and tape sub-system was introduced for the Sun-2/50 desktop workstation. It could hold a 5 ¼" disk drive and 5 ¼" tape drive . It used DD-50 (sometimes erroneously referred to as DB-50) connectors for its SCSI cables, a Sun specific design. It was often referred to as

702-405: Is contrasted with "user", distinguishing two types of host : "server-host" and "user-host". The use of "serving" also dates to early documents, such as RFC 4, contrasting "serving-host" with "using-host". The Jargon File defines server in the common sense of a process performing service for requests, usually remote, with the 1981 version reading: SERVER n. A kind of DAEMON which performs

741-596: Is one small twist: after Solaris 2.6, the "2." was dropped from the Solaris name and the SunOS minor number appears by itself. The latest Solaris release is named Solaris 11 and incorporates SunOS 5.11. Beginning with SunOS 1.0, the Sun Window System provided a GUI called Suntools, layered on top of lower-level windowing and bitmap libraries; this was renamed SunView in SunOS 3.0. Sun then developed

780-802: The Intel Multibus architecture, with later models using VMEbus , which continued to be used in the successor Sun-3 and Sun-4 families. Sun-2 systems were supported in SunOS until version 4.0.3. A port to support Multibus Sun-2 systems in NetBSD was begun in January 2001 from the Sun-3 support in the NetBSD 1.5 release. Code supporting the Sun-2 began to be merged into the NetBSD tree in April 2001. sun2

819-704: The Internet is based upon a client–server model. High-level root nameservers , DNS , and routers direct the traffic on the internet. There are millions of servers connected to the Internet, running continuously throughout the world and virtually every action taken by an ordinary Internet user requires one or more interactions with one or more servers. There are exceptions that do not use dedicated servers; for example, peer-to-peer file sharing and some implementations of telephony (e.g. pre-Microsoft Skype ). Hardware requirement for servers vary widely, depending on

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858-409: The publish–subscribe pattern . In the publish-subscribe pattern, clients register with a pub-sub server, subscribing to specified types of messages; this initial registration may be done by request-response. Thereafter, the pub-sub server forwards matching messages to the clients without any further requests: the server pushes messages to the client, rather than the client pulling messages from

897-847: The Internet, the dominant operating systems among servers are UNIX-like open-source distributions , such as those based on Linux and FreeBSD , with Windows Server also having a significant share. Proprietary operating systems such as z/OS and macOS Server are also deployed, but in much smaller numbers. Servers that run Linux are commonly used as Webservers or Databanks. Windows Servers are used for Networks that are made out of Windows Clients. Specialist server-oriented operating systems have traditionally had features such as: In practice, today many desktop and server operating systems share similar code bases , differing mostly in configuration. In 2010, data centers (servers, cooling, and other electrical infrastructure) were responsible for 1.1–1.5% of electrical energy consumption worldwide and 1.7–2.2% in

936-672: The Sun-2 monochrome frame buffer, and 10 Mbit/s Thick Ethernet on board. Sun provided 1 MB Multibus memory boards and 1 MB and 4 MB VMEbus memory boards but only supported configurations with a maximum of 4 MB RAM. Companies such as Helios Systems also made 4 MB memory boards that would work in Sun systems. A common frame buffer was the Sun-2 Prime Monochrome Video. This board provided an 1152x900 monochrome display with TTL or ECL video signals, and keyboard and mouse ports. It normally occupied

975-599: The United States. One estimate is that total energy consumption for information and communications technology saves more than 5 times its carbon footprint in the rest of the economy by increasing efficiency. Global energy consumption is increasing due to the increasing demand of data and bandwidth. Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) states that data centers used 91 billion kilowatt hours (kWh) electrical energy in 2013 which accounts to 3% of global electricity usage. Environmental groups have placed focus on

1014-411: The go" technology include network managers, software or database developers, training centers, military personnel, law enforcement, forensics, emergency relief groups, and service organizations. To facilitate portability, features such as the keyboard , display , battery ( uninterruptible power supply , to provide power redundancy in case of failure), and mouse are all integrated into the chassis. On

1053-493: The internal designation of this release would be SunOS 5 , from this point Sun began using the marketing name Solaris . The justification for this new "overbrand" was that it encompassed not only SunOS, but also the OpenWindows desktop environment and Open Network Computing (ONC) functionality. Even though the new SVR4-based OS was not expected to ship in volume until the following year, Sun immediately began using

1092-477: The new Solaris name to refer to the currently shipping SunOS 4 release (also including OpenWindows). Thus SunOS 4.1.1 was rebranded Solaris 1.0 ; SunOS 5.0 would be considered a part of Solaris 2.0. SunOS 4.1. x micro versions continued to be released through 1994, and each of these was also given a Solaris 1. x equivalent name. In practice, these were often still referred to by customers and even Sun personnel by their SunOS release names. Matching

1131-564: The running server without shutting it down, and to guard against overheating, servers might have more powerful fans or use water cooling . They will often be able to be configured, powered up and down, or rebooted remotely, using out-of-band management , typically based on IPMI . Server casings are usually flat and wide , and designed to be rack-mounted, either on 19-inch racks or on Open Racks . These types of servers are often housed in dedicated data centers . These will normally have very stable power and Internet and increased security. Noise

1170-431: The same device or may connect over a network to a server on a different device. Typical servers are database servers , file servers , mail servers , print servers , web servers , game servers , and application servers . Client–server systems are usually most frequently implemented by (and often identified with) the request–response model: a client sends a request to the server, which performs some action and sends

1209-411: The server as in request-response. The role of a server is to share data as well as to share resources and distribute work. A server computer can serve its own computer programs as well; depending on the scenario, this could be part of a quid pro quo transaction, or simply a technical possibility. The following table shows several scenarios in which a server is used. Almost the entire structure of

SunOS - Misplaced Pages Continue

1248-412: The server's purpose and its software. Servers often are more powerful and expensive than the clients that connect to them. The name server is used both for the hardware and software pieces. For the hardware servers, it is usually limited to mean the high-end machines although software servers can run on a variety of hardwares. Since servers are usually accessed over a network, many run unattended without

1287-514: The top 1 MB of physical memory address space. There was also a Sun-2 Color Video board available that provided an 1152x900 8-bit color display. This board occupied the top 4 MB of address space. 42 MB MFM disks were commonly used for storage. Two disks could be connected to an Adaptec MFM/ SCSI and then to a Sun-2 Multibus Serial/SCSI Host Adapter. The SCSI board provided two additional serial ports. For larger storage requirements, 65, 130, and 380 MB SMD disks were connected to

1326-629: The version numbers was not straightforward: Today, SunOS 5 is universally known as Solaris , although the SunOS name is still visible within the OS itself – in the startup banner, the output of the uname command, and man page footers, among other places. Matching a SunOS 5.x release to its corresponding Solaris marketing name is simple: each Solaris release name includes its corresponding SunOS 5 minor version number. For example, Solaris 2.4 incorporated SunOS 5.4. There

1365-574: The word server in computing comes from queueing theory , where it dates to the mid 20th century, being notably used in Kendall (1953) (along with "service"), the paper that introduced Kendall's notation . In earlier papers, such as the Erlang (1909) , more concrete terms such as "[telephone] operators" are used. In computing, "server" dates at least to RFC 5 (1969), one of the earliest documents describing ARPANET (the predecessor of Internet ), and

1404-518: Was also a SunOS 3.2 release with preliminary support for Sun-4 systems. SunOS 4.1.2 introduced support for Sun's first sun4m -architecture multiprocessor machines (the SPARCserver 600MP series); since it had only a single lock for the kernel, only one CPU at a time could execute in the kernel. The last release of SunOS 4 was 4.1.4 (Solaris 1.1.2) in 1994. The sun4 , sun4c and sun4m architectures were supported in 4.1.4; sun4d

1443-526: Was launched by Sun Microsystems in November 1983. As the name suggests, the Sun-2 represented the second generation of Sun systems, superseding the original Sun-1 series. The Sun-2 series used a 10 MHz Motorola 68010 microprocessor with a proprietary Sun-2 Memory Management Unit (MMU), which enabled it to be the first Sun architecture to run a full virtual memory UNIX implementation, SunOS 1.0, based on 4.1BSD . Early Sun-2 models were based on

1482-575: Was not supported. Sun continued to ship SunOS 4.1.3 and 4.1.4 until December 27, 1998; they were supported until September 30, 2003. In 1987, AT&T Corporation and Sun announced that they were collaborating on a project to merge the most popular Unix flavors on the market at that time: BSD (including many of the features then unique to SunOS), System V , and Xenix . This would become System V Release 4 (SVR4). On September 4, 1991, Sun announced that its next major OS release would switch from its BSD-derived source base to one based on SVR4. Although

1521-556: Was reserved for the monochrome frame buffer. The Multibus CPU board supported the Sun-1 parallel keyboard and mouse as well as two serial ports. The Sun 2/50 (2 slot desktop), Sun 2/130 (12 slot monochrome deskside) and Sun 2/160 (12 slot color deskside) used quad-depth, triple height Eurocard VMEbus CPU boards. The VMEbus CPU board was based on the same design as the Multibus CPU but also included 2 MB or 4 MB of memory,

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