Misplaced Pages

#404595

46-570: Although the cartulary itself just lists the possessions of the monastery of St. Peter in Selo on the territory of the Republic of Poljica , Croatia and the ways through which they were acquired (such as purchase or grants), it also contains a few important historical notes. It is preserved in its original form. In its basis, the cartulary is actually a chronicle of the Benedictine monastery which

92-450: A global moratorium on executions , with a view to eventual abolition. The International Human Rights Standards for Law Enforcement has created a system whereby it is recognised that international human rights law is binding upon all state actors, and that said state actors must know and be capable of applying international standards for human rights. The right to life is for the most part an inalienable right granted to every human upon

138-553: A certain set of rules that have been set out in the ' Use of Force ' section of the Pocket Book on Human Rights for the Police. The essential tenet of the Pocket Book surrounding the use of lethal force is that all other means of a non-violent nature should be employed initially, followed by proportionately appropriate use of force. Proportionately appropriate use of force can, and will in some circumstances, refer to lethal force if

184-547: A cultural organization. The reigning prince ( veliki knez ) is elected once a year and Petar Rodić was re-elected several times. The title of the rulers of the Principality of Poljica was župan (count) at first, later changing to knez (prince) and finally veliki knez (grand prince). Right to live The right to life is the belief that a human (or other animal ) has the right to live and, in particular, should not be killed by another entity. The concept of

230-624: A description of the Poljica common law and its system of government, and is one of the most important Croatian historical legal statutes (together with the Vinodol codex of 1288 ), written in a mixture of Chakavian and Shtokavian dialects , and in Cyrillic (the name appears in the annex of the Statute of Poljica from 1655) ( poljičica and poljička azbukvica ). One of the items of

276-399: A later addendum, with information on the political situation in late 11th century Croatia, naming six feudal noble families ( Čudomirić , Kačić , Kukar , Mogorović , Snačić , Šubić ) from which bans (viceroys) of Croatia, Bosnia, Slavonia, Požega, Podravina, Albania and Srijem were elected from and others which were eligible for being elected as župans and states that in the case that

322-561: A law enforcement agent genuinely believes that ending the life of one civilian would result in the preservation of his life, or the lives of his fellow civilians, as is outlined in the 'Permissible Circumstances for the Use of Firearms ' section of the Pocket Book. The Pocket Book also outlines in the 'Accountability for the Use of Force and Firearms' section that there are stringent measures of accountability in place to maintain integrity within state law enforcement agencies as regards their right to

368-648: A more broad-based, nonsectarian movement, key Minnesota leaders proposed an organizational model that would separate the NRLC from the direct oversight of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops and by early 1973 NRLC Director Fr. James T. McHugh and his executive assistant, Michael Taylor, proposed a different plan, facilitating the NRLC move toward its independence from the Roman Catholic Church . Some utilitarian ethicists argue that

414-399: A right to life arises in debates on issues including: capital punishment , with some people seeing it as immoral ; abortion , with some considering the killing of a human embryo or fetus immoral; euthanasia , in which the decision to end one's life outside of natural means is seen as incorrect; meat production and consumption , in which the breeding and killing of animals for their meat

460-491: A scenario to a conclusion, giving specific thought to both the safety of themselves and other civilians. Law enforcement officers are given the prerogative to engage in department-approved methods to safely bring a conclusion to a scenario and are also given the ability to use issued equipment to resolve issues in scenarios where they are required to protect themselves or others from damage, to bring resistant individuals under control, or to safely conclude unlawful incidents. There

506-541: A sudden attack by land. Omiš received a charter from Andrew II of Hungary in 1207, and remained under the nominal protection of Hungary until 1444, when both Omiš and Poljica accepted the suzerainty of Venice , while retaining their internal freedom. The occupation of Bosnia as well as by the Ottoman Empire gravely impacted the Republic of Poljica. Notable battles were fought by the local forces against

SECTION 10

#1732772714405

552-640: A valid judicial title for a direct deliberate disposal of an innocent human life In 1966 the National Conference of Catholic Bishops (NCCB) asked Fr. James T. McHugh to begin observing trends in abortion reform within the United States . The National Right to Life Committee (NRLC) was founded in 1967 as the Right to Life League to coordinate its state campaigns under the auspices of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops. To appeal to

598-459: Is no mention as to what "reasonably necessary" should be interpreted as meaning, but there is reference made to the reasonable man method of determining how one should approach a scenario. However, it has been highlighted through events such as the killing of Michael Brown by Darren Wilson in Ferguson, Missouri , which resulted in public unrest , that there is confusion and debate surrounding

644-405: Is seen by some people as an infringement on their rights; and in killings by law enforcement, which are seen by some as an infringement on those persons' right to live. However, individuals may disagree in which of these areas the principle of a right to life might apply. The term "right to life" is used in the abortion debate by those who wish to end the practice of abortion , or at least reduce

690-569: The "right to life", where it exists, depends on conditions other than membership of the human species . The philosopher Peter Singer is a notable proponent of this argument. For Singer, the right to life is grounded in the ability to plan and anticipate one's future. This extends the concept to non-human animals, such as other apes , but since the unborn, infants and severely disabled people lack this, he states that abortion, painless infanticide and euthanasia can be "justified" (but are not obligatory) in certain special circumstances, for instance in

736-634: The Napoleonic era, Poljica was absorbed by Austria . Poljica area were also important to Croatian national renaissance on Croatian South, because the votes from Poljica contributed a lot to the victory of the People's Party ( Narodna stranka , the Croatian unionist party) in 1882 on the elections in Split county, bringing the pro-Croat forces on ruling level. It since passed to Yugoslavia , and in 1912,

782-499: The Poljica Statute states that "everyone has the right to live ", contrary to many mediaeval European laws replete with capital punishments including torture. A number of other documents dated from the 12th to 17th century regarding the republic have been preserved, such as Poljički molitvenik (1614) and Statut poljičke bratovštine Sv.Kuzme i Damjana (1619). The territories of the Republic of Poljica lay chiefly within

828-409: The Poljica region was reconstituted as a single municipality. In 1945, it was split again between several municipalities, and remained that way until the present day, when the villages are part of Croatian municipalities of Omiš, Podstrana, Dugi Rat and Split. Today this area of around 250 km (97 sq mi) is inhabited by around 20,000 people. Recently the republic was "re-established" as

874-625: The Turks in 1530 and 1686, and in both occasions the Ottoman army was repelled. A local young woman by the name of Mila Gojsalić became a heroine after sacrificing herself for the good of the Poljica community in one of the conflicts with the Turks—;she infiltrated the Turkish camp and blew up the munitions stockpile. A statue of Mila Gojsalić by Ivan Meštrović stands in Poljica overlooking

920-505: The United States created widespread feeling amongst US citizens that they were not being protected by the police. The justice system mostly found that these agents acted within the boundaries of the law because the actions of the people who were shot were judged to be sufficiently questionable in character for the police officer to fear for their own life or the lives of others. Coppolo investigated Connecticut law and reported that

966-467: The area's rate of violent crime , the size of the non -indigenous population and the socioeconomic position of the community concerned. Appropriating a blanket description of how police killings can occur across the board is difficult given the vast differences in social context from state to state. Perry, Hall and Hall discuss the phenomena across the United States of America which became highly charged and widely documented in late 2014, referring to

SECTION 20

#1732772714405

1012-568: The bounds of international law. While the Pocket Book on Human Rights for the Police outlines the academic circumstances under which law enforcement agents may use lethal force, the literal scenarios in which police killings have occurred are also relevant. Rosenfeld states that there is considerable literature that gives reason to believe that social conditions also have a part to play in how law enforcement killings can occur. Rosenfeld states that there are numerous studies that have been conducted which link law enforcement agents' use of lethal force to

1058-408: The case of a disabled infant whose life would be one of suffering. Bioethicists associated with disability rights and disability studies communities have argued that Singer's epistemology is based on ableist conceptions of disability. Opponents of capital punishment argue that it is a violation of the right to life, while its supporters argue that the death penalty is not a violation of

1104-490: The frequency of the practice, and in the context of pregnancy , the term right to life was advanced by Pope Pius XII during a 1951 papal encyclical : Every human being, even the child in the womb, has the right to life directly from God and not from his parents, not from any society or human authority. Therefore, there is no man, no society, no human authority, no science, no “indication” at all whether it be medical, eugenic, social, economic, or moral that may offer or give

1150-503: The killing of animals for the consumption of their meat should be seen as immoral and a violation of their right to life. He holds that rights should be based on sentience, rather than species membership. Numerous authors have invoked the argument from marginal cases to argue that animals should have similar moral status to human infants, senile people, the comatose , and cognitively disabled people. A 2020 survey of 1812 published English-language philosophers found that 48% said it

1196-560: The largest part of Poljica (50%) extends from the Žrnovnica River to the Cetina River at Zadvarje; Lower Poljica (Primorska), built on the remnants of the ancient Greek colony Epetion, which extends along the sea from Omiš to the village of Stobreč. The people of Poljica organized and founded the "parish commune" where they could live according to their own laws. The parish commune was divided into twelve villages (katuni), which they named after twelve larger villages of Poljica: Five of

1242-679: The mouth of Cetina, and the story was also made into a theatre play. After the fall of the Venetian Republic in 1797, Poljica was taken over by Austria . The population of Poljica numbered 6,566 in 1806. In the following year, however, the republic incurred the enmity of Napoleon by rendering aid to the Russians and Montenegrins in Dalmatia , and it was invaded by French troops, who plundered its villages, massacred its inhabitants, and finally deprived it of independence. After

1288-437: The original nobles " didići ", the later from mid-14th century got nickname " ugričići " after the assumption that they came from the areas under control of Kingdom of Hungary . Didići according to legends are the descendants of three sons of King Miroslav of Croatia (each of them forming a tribe of Tišimiri, Limići and Kremenićani ), and were " koljenovići ", as they had rights on lands (" didovina "). Vlastela could become

1334-477: The part of "poljički stol", but they needed the confirmation of the assembly of Poljica nobles. The descendants of the office holders were allowed to use titles of duke and count. Below these ranked the commoners and the serfs . At a very early date the warlike highlanders of Poljica became the friends and allies of the Omiš corsairs , who were thus enabled to harass the seaborne trade of their neighbors without fear of

1380-494: The planet, however, there are certain situations in which state actors are required to take drastic action, which can result in civilians being killed by law enforcement agents. Appropriate occasions for killings by law enforcement are strictly outlined by the International Human Rights Standards for Law Enforcement. Any lethal action taken by law enforcement agents must be taken following

1426-481: The possibility of the existence of a “ right to die ” through the application of euthanasia and granting the individual the right to choose the method of implementing this type of dying, considering that the latter is one of the parts of the right to life. Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person. Every human being has the inherent right to life. This right shall be protected by law. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his life. Every person has

Supetar Cartulary - Misplaced Pages Continue

1472-420: The reigning king of Croatia dies without an heir a new king is elected by the bans, giving primacy to the bans of Croatia, Bosnia, and Slavonia. However, the specific writing about bans is dated to the late 13th and early 14th century, and was constructed for political purposes. Republic of Poljica The Republic of Poljica or duchy ( Croatian : Poljička republika , in older form Poljička knežija )

1518-426: The right to have his life respected. This right shall be protected by law and, in general, from the moment of conception. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his life. Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of the person and the right not to be deprived thereof except in accordance with the principles of fundamental justice. The right to life is considered the most important and first right urged by

1564-684: The right to life because the right to life should apply with deference to a sense of justice . The opponents believe that capital punishment is the worst violation of human rights , because the right to life is the most important, and capital punishment violates it without necessity and inflicts to the condemned a psychological torture . Human rights activists oppose the death penalty, calling it "cruel, inhuman, and degrading punishment", and Amnesty International considers it to be "the ultimate, irreversible denial of Human Rights". The United Nations General Assembly has adopted, in 2007, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014, and 2016 non-binding resolutions calling for

1610-504: The same rights as little dukes of the other villages—they could vote, but not be elected to the government of Poljica due to their ties with Split. The inhabitants lived in scattered villages, twelve of them, each ruled by its count , and all together ruled by the supreme count. These officers, with the three judges, were always of noble birth, though elected by the whole body of citizens. There were two orders of nobles : but because both noble groups were Croats, and to distinguish them from

1656-603: The south-easterly curve made by the river Cetina before it enters the Adriatic at Omiš. They also comprised the fastnesses of the Mosor mountain (1,370 m or 4,500 feet) and the fertile strip of coast from Omiš to Stobreč , 16 km (10 mi) W.N.W. Poljica is divided into three zones: Upper Poljica (Zagorska), behind Mosor, is farthest from the Adriatic Sea and is in the hinterland of Mosor; Middle Poljica (Zavrska),

1702-409: The twelve villages were greatly populated by free peasants of Split origin, and are therefore called free peasant composite villages. The other composite villages were populated by descendants of the three brothers (noted to be founders of Poljica). Each of the twelve villages elected an elder, or little duke ( knez ), to serve as leader. The little dukes of free peasant composite villages did not share

1748-463: The use of firearms and lethal force. The 'Procedure for the Use of Firearms' section provides the process through which law enforcement agents must progress when using firearms. It states that they must identify themselves as a law enforcement agent , issue a clear warning, and give an adequate amount of time for response (providing that time would not likely result in harm being done to the agent or other civilians) before deadly force can be used within

1794-701: The use of lethal force from white police officers on unarmed black male civilians. There is no legal prerogative which gives law enforcement agents the ability to use lethal force based on the race of the person they are dealing with, there is only a legal prerogative to engage in lethal force if there is a reasonable fear for your life or the lives of others. However, the Propublica analysis of federal data on fatal police shootings between 2010 and 2012, showed that young black male civilians were 21 times more likely to be killed by police than young white male civilians. The use of lethal force from law enforcement agents in

1840-446: The use of lethal force must be followed by a report that determines whether the law enforcement agent's lethal force was proportionately necessary in the circumstances. Coppolo also stated that a reasonable lethal response must only be made when there is a reasonable belief that the facts you have been presented with could realistically result in a risk of death or grievous bodily harm. In Animal Liberation , Peter Singer writes that

1886-441: The use of lethal force. International institutions have outlined when and where law enforcement agents might have the availability of lethal force at their disposal. The International Association of Chiefs of Police have 'Model Policies' which incorporate various pieces of information from leading sources. One of these model policies states that law enforcement agents will engage in reasonable necessary force to efficiently bring

Supetar Cartulary - Misplaced Pages Continue

1932-465: Was an autonomous community which existed in the late Middle Ages and the early modern period in central Dalmatia , near modern-day Omiš , Croatia . It was organized as a "peasants' republic" and is best known because of the Poljica Statute . The name poljica stems from the word polje for "field", karst polje in particular, a common geographic feature in the area. The Poljica region

1978-558: Was first titled a "republic" by the Venetian writer Alberto Fortis in 1774. It was also known as Poglizza (in Italian). Poljica is best known for the eponymous statute from the 15th century . The oldest preserved revision is from 1440, it refers to an older one and was further revised in 1485, 1515, 1665, and on several occasions up to the 19th century, growing to 116 articles. It is today kept in Omiš's museum. This document contains

2024-588: Was founded around 1080 by a Croatian dignitary and slave owner Petar Crni (Peter the Black). Today, it is kept in the treasury of the Cathedral of Saint Domnius in Split . The cartulary traces the foundation of the monastery of Saint Peter on the territory of the Republic of Poljica , near the hamlet of Sumpetar (located in today's Jesenice ) on October 11, 1080, during the reign of king Demetrius Zvonimir . It

2070-659: Was founded by a local nobleman Petar Crni , son of Gumaj, and his wife Mary. The document represents an important insight into the social and economic situation and circumstances in 11th-century Croatia and Dalmatia. It chronologically lists land exchanges, and more importantly, the acquisition of slaves , which had been a profitable trade in the region. It contains rich onomastics material. Apart from personal names of Slavic , Roman and Christian origin, it also contains vernacular nicknames such as Platichlebi (plati + hleb, "buy bread"), Tilstacossa (Tusta kosa, thick hair), Urascana (Vraškonja) and so on. The cartulary also contains

2116-523: Was permissible to eat animals in ordinary circumstances, while 45% said it was not. Those who believe a person should be able to make the decision to end their own life through euthanasia use the argument that persons have a right to choose , while those who oppose the legalization of euthanasia argue so on the grounds that all persons have a right to life, which they interpret as an obligation to live . They are commonly referred to as right-to-lifers . The European Convention on Human Rights defended

#404595