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131-586: SCM is the broad range of activities required to plan, control and execute a product's flow from materials to production to distribution in the most economical way possible. SCM encompasses the integrated planning and execution of processes required to optimize the flow of materials, information and capital in functions that broadly include demand planning, sourcing, production, inventory management and logistics—or storage and transportation. Supply chain management strives for an integrated, multidisciplinary, multimethod approach. Current research in supply chain management

262-496: A ⋅ x ) {\displaystyle \therefore v^{2}=u^{2}+2({\boldsymbol {a}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {x}})} where v = | v | etc. The above equations are valid for both Newtonian mechanics and special relativity . Where Newtonian mechanics and special relativity differ is in how different observers would describe the same situation. In particular, in Newtonian mechanics, all observers agree on

393-605: A ) ⋅ x = ( 2 a ) ⋅ ( u t + 1 2 a t 2 ) = 2 t ( a ⋅ u ) + a 2 t 2 = v 2 − u 2 {\displaystyle (2{\boldsymbol {a}})\cdot {\boldsymbol {x}}=(2{\boldsymbol {a}})\cdot ({\boldsymbol {u}}t+{\tfrac {1}{2}}{\boldsymbol {a}}t^{2})=2t({\boldsymbol {a}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {u}})+a^{2}t^{2}=v^{2}-u^{2}} ∴ v 2 = u 2 + 2 (

524-447: A = d v d t . {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {a}}={\frac {d{\boldsymbol {v}}}{dt}}.} From there, velocity is expressed as the area under an a ( t ) acceleration vs. time graph. As above, this is done using the concept of the integral: v = ∫ a   d t . {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {v}}=\int {\boldsymbol {a}}\ dt.} In

655-491: A "supply chain orientation". The latter term involves a recognition that a business strategy cannot be fulfilled without managing the activities of suppliers and customers upstream and downstream, whereas the former term is used for "the actual implementation of this orientation". Supply chain visibility, in its origins, was concerned with knowledge of the location/production stage and expected delivery date of incoming products and materials, so that production could be planned, but

786-427: A building and Risk Avoidance for the planning phase of the building. In the planning phase of a building, site selection, building placement and site conditions are crucial for the risk avoidance. Early planning can help prepare and design for the built environment based on forces that we understand and perceive. In the operation phase of the building, a disturbance does not mark the end of resilience, but should propose

917-522: A certain amount. In 2013, The 100 Resilient Cities Program was initiated by the Rockefeller foundation , with the goal to help cities become more resilient to physical, social and economic shocks and stresses. The program helps facilitate the resilience plans in cities around the world through access to tools, funding and global network partners such as ARUP and the AIA. Of 1,000 cities that applied to join

1048-432: A company's supply chain network from end-to-end (suppliers, transporters, returns, warehouses, retailers, manufacturers, and customers). In some cases, a supply chain includes the collection of goods after consumer use for recycling or the reverse logistics processes for returning faulty or unwanted products back to producers up the value chain. Supply chain management is a cross-functional approach that includes managing

1179-417: A constant 20 kilometres per hour in a circular path has a constant speed, but does not have a constant velocity because its direction changes. Hence, the car is considered to be undergoing an acceleration. Since the derivative of the position with respect to time gives the change in position (in metres ) divided by the change in time (in seconds ), velocity is measured in metres per second (m/s). Velocity

1310-704: A continuous information flow. However, in many companies, management has concluded that optimizing product flows cannot be accomplished without implementing a process approach. The key supply chain processes as stated by Lambert (2004) are: Much has been written about demand management . Best-in-class companies have similar characteristics, which include the following: One could suggest other critical supply business processes that combine these processes stated by Lambert, such as: Effective business process integration in supply chain management requires not only continuous communication, but also strategic coordination across departments and partner companies. The main reason for this

1441-453: A few key strategic activities. This inter-organizational supply network can be acknowledged as a new form of organization. However, with the complicated interactions among the players, the network structure fits neither "market" nor "hierarchy" categories. It is not clear what kind of performance impacts different supply-network structures could have on firms, and little is known about the coordination conditions and trade-offs that may exist among

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1572-484: A longer period of time (affordability, drought). It is important to understand the application of resilient design on both shocks and stresses as buildings can play a part in contributing to their resolution. Even though the IBC is a model code, it is adopted by various state and governments to regulate specific building areas. Most of the approaches to minimizing risks are organized around building use and occupancy. In addition,

1703-473: A natural disaster on new and existing buildings. The rating considers the building prior to its use through its structure, Mechanical-Electrical systems and material usage. Currently, the program is in its pilot stage, focusing primarily on earthquake preparedness and resilience. For earthquake hazards, the rating relies heavily on the requirements set by the Building codes for design. Buildings can obtain one of

1834-771: A product. This set of partners may change according to a given market, region, or channel, resulting in a proliferation of trading partner environments, each with its own unique characteristics and demands. Specialization within the supply chain began in the 1980s with the inception of transportation brokerages, warehouse management (storage and inventory), and non-asset-based carriers, and has matured beyond transportation and logistics into aspects of supply planning, collaboration, execution, and performance management. Market forces sometimes demand rapid changes from suppliers, logistics providers, locations, or customers in their role as components of supply chain networks. This variability has significant effects on supply chain infrastructure, from

1965-742: A recovery plan for future adaptations. Disturbances should be used as a learning opportunity to assess mistakes and outcomes, and reconfigure for future needs. The international building code provides minimum requirements for buildings using performative based standards. The most recent International Building Code (IBC)was released in 2018 by the International Code Council (ICC), focusing on standards that protect public health, safety and welfare, without restricting use of certain building methods. The code addresses several categories, which are updated every three years to incorporate new technologies and changes. Building codes are fundamental to

2096-534: A second near Riverside, California . The centroid near Dayton is particularly important because it is closest to the population center of the US and Canada. Dayton is within 500 miles of 60% of the US population and manufacturing capacity, as well as 60% of Canada's population. The region includes the interchange between I-70 and I-75 , one of the busiest in the nation, with 154,000 vehicles passing through per day, of which 30–35% are trucks hauling goods. In addition,

2227-451: A stage 1, 2, or 3 network. In stage 1–type supply chain, systems such as production, storage, distribution, and material control are not linked and are independent of each other. In a stage 2 supply chain, these are integrated under one plan, and enterprise resource planning (ERP) is enabled. A stage 3 supply chain is one that achieves vertical integration with upstream suppliers and downstream customers. An example of this kind of supply chain

2358-476: A state or to spring back. In the 1640s the root term provided a resilience in the field of the mechanics of materials as "the ability of a material to absorb energy when it is elastically deformed and to release that energy upon unloading". By 1824, the term had developed to encompass the meaning of ‘elasticity’. Thomas Tredgold was the first to introduce the concept of resilience in 1818 in England. The term

2489-416: A structure can be defined as "a group of semi-independent organizations, each with their capabilities, which collaborate in ever-changing constellations to serve one or more markets in order to achieve some business goal specific to that collaboration". The importance of supply chain management proved crucial in the 2019-2020 fight against the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic that swept across the world. During

2620-414: A supply chain, embedding it into a system of systems , allowing to analyze the interactions of the supply chain with systems that operate at other levels (e.g. society, political economy, planet Earth). For example, these three components of resilience can be discussed for the 2021 Suez Canal obstruction , when a ship blocked the canal for several days. Persistence means to "bounce back"; in our example it

2751-583: A tangible value. RELi provides a credit catalog that is used a s a reference guide for building design and expands on the RELi definition of resilience as follows: Resilient Design pursues Buildings + Communities that are shock resistant, healthy, adaptable and regenerative through a combination of diversity, foresight and the capacity for self-organization and learning. A Resilient Society can withstand shocks and rebuild itself when necessary. It requires humans to embrace their capacity to anticipate, plan and adapt for

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2882-588: A two-dimensional system, where there is an x-axis and a y-axis, corresponding velocity components are defined as v x = d x / d t , {\displaystyle v_{x}=dx/dt,} v y = d y / d t . {\displaystyle v_{y}=dy/dt.} The two-dimensional velocity vector is then defined as v =< v x , v y > {\displaystyle {\textbf {v}}=<v_{x},v_{y}>} . The magnitude of this vector represents speed and

3013-431: A useful economic consideration. In mathematics and physics , a centroid is the arithmetic mean position of all the points in a plane figure . For supply chain management, a centroid is a location with a high proportion of a country's population and a high proportion of its manufacturing, generally within 500 mi (805 km). In the US, two major supply chain centroids have been defined, one near Dayton, Ohio , and

3144-402: A velocity vector, denotes only how fast an object is moving, while velocity indicates both an object's speed and direction. To have a constant velocity , an object must have a constant speed in a constant direction. Constant direction constrains the object to motion in a straight path thus, a constant velocity means motion in a straight line at a constant speed. For example, a car moving at

3275-412: Is Tesco . It is the third movement of supply chain management development, the globalization era, can be characterized by the attention given to global systems of supplier relationships and the expansion of supply chains beyond national boundaries and into other continents. Although the use of global sources in organizations' supply chains can be traced back several decades (e.g., in the oil industry), it

3406-423: Is supply chain resilience , defined as "the capacity of a supply chain to persist, adapt, or transform in the face of change". For a long time, the interpretation of resilience in the sense of engineering resilience (= robustness) prevailed in supply chain management, leading to the notion of persistence . A popular implementation of this idea is given by measuring the time-to-survive and the time-to-recover of

3537-468: Is a force acting opposite to the relative motion of any object moving with respect to a surrounding fluid. The drag force, F D {\displaystyle F_{D}} , is dependent on the square of velocity and is given as F D = 1 2 ρ v 2 C D A {\displaystyle F_{D}\,=\,{\tfrac {1}{2}}\,\rho \,v^{2}\,C_{D}\,A} where Escape velocity

3668-433: Is a new concept that shifts the focus to combining the social, ecological and technical domains of resilience. The adaptive model focuses on the transformable quality of the stable state of a system. In adaptive buildings, both short term and long term resilience are addressed to ensure that the system can withstand disturbances with social and physical capacities. Buildings operate at multiple scale and conditions, therefore it

3799-676: Is a scalar, whereas "5 metres per second east" is a vector. If there is a change in speed, direction or both, then the object is said to be undergoing an acceleration . The average velocity of an object over a period of time is its change in position , Δ s {\displaystyle \Delta s} , divided by the duration of the period, Δ t {\displaystyle \Delta t} , given mathematically as v ¯ = Δ s Δ t . {\displaystyle {\bar {v}}={\frac {\Delta s}{\Delta t}}.} The instantaneous velocity of an object

3930-429: Is a set of firms who move materials "forward", or a set of organizations, directly linked by one or more upstream and downstream flows of products, services, finances, or information from a source to a customer. Supply chain management is the management of such a chain. Other commonly accepted definitions of supply chain management include: Mentzer et al. make a further distinction between "supply chain management" and

4061-658: Is about removing the ship as quickly as possible to allow "normal" operations. Adaptation means to accept that the system has reached a "new normal" state and to act accordingly; here, this can be implemented by redirecting ships around the African cape or use alternative modes of transport. Finally, transformation means to question the assumptions of globalization, outsourcing and linear supply chains and to envision alternatives; in this example this could lead to local and circular supply chains that do not need global transportation routes any longer. Six major movements can be observed in

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4192-761: Is also important for organizational learning. Firms with geographically more extensive supply chains connecting diverse trading cliques tend to become more innovative and productive. The security-management system for supply chains is described in ISO/IEC 28000 and ISO/IEC 28001 and related standards published jointly by the ISO and the IEC . Supply Chain Management draws heavily from the areas of operations management, logistics, procurement, and information technology, and strives for an integrated approach. An important element of SCM

4323-417: Is always less than or equal to the average speed of an object. This can be seen by realizing that while distance is always strictly increasing, displacement can increase or decrease in magnitude as well as change direction. In terms of a displacement-time ( x vs. t ) graph, the instantaneous velocity (or, simply, velocity) can be thought of as the slope of the tangent line to the curve at any point , and

4454-557: Is concerned with topics related to resilience , sustainability , and risk management , among others. Some suggest that the "people dimension" of SCM, ethical issues, internal integration, transparency/visibility, and human capital/talent management are topics that have, so far, been underrepresented on the research agenda. Supply chain management, techniques with the aim of coordinating all parts of SC, from supplying raw materials to delivering and/or resumption of products, tries to minimize total costs with respect to existing conflicts among

4585-404: Is crucial before, during and after a disturbance. Some scholars argue that resilience and sustainability tactics target different goals. Paula Melton argues that resilience focuses on the design for unpredictable, while sustainability focuses on the climate responsive designs. Some forms of resilience such as adaptive resilience focus on designs that can adapt and change based on a shock event, on

4716-720: Is defined as v =< v x , v y , v z > {\displaystyle {\textbf {v}}=<v_{x},v_{y},v_{z}>} with its magnitude also representing speed and being determined by | v | = v x 2 + v y 2 + v z 2 . {\displaystyle |v|={\sqrt {v_{x}^{2}+v_{y}^{2}+v_{z}^{2}}}.} While some textbooks use subscript notation to define Cartesian components of velocity, others use u {\displaystyle u} , v {\displaystyle v} , and w {\displaystyle w} for

4847-501: Is defined as the rate of change of position with respect to time, which may also be referred to as the instantaneous velocity to emphasize the distinction from the average velocity. In some applications the average velocity of an object might be needed, that is to say, the constant velocity that would provide the same resultant displacement as a variable velocity in the same time interval, v ( t ) , over some time period Δ t . Average velocity can be calculated as: The average velocity

4978-435: Is defined as the rate of change of position, it is often common to start with an expression for an object's acceleration . As seen by the three green tangent lines in the figure, an object's instantaneous acceleration at a point in time is the slope of the line tangent to the curve of a v ( t ) graph at that point. In other words, instantaneous acceleration is defined as the derivative of velocity with respect to time:

5109-610: Is focused on assuming the community's buildings support the resilience of communities ahead of disasters. The process presented by the ICC includes understanding the risks, identifying strategies for the risks, and implementing those strategies. Risks vary based on communities, geographies and other factors. The American Institute of Architects created a list of shocks and stresses that are related to certain community characteristics. Shocks are natural forms of hazards (floods, earthquakes), while stresses are more chronic events that can develop over

5240-483: Is found by the distance formula as | v | = v x 2 + v y 2 . {\displaystyle |v|={\sqrt {v_{x}^{2}+v_{y}^{2}}}.} In three-dimensional systems where there is an additional z-axis, the corresponding velocity component is defined as v z = d z / d t . {\displaystyle v_{z}=dz/dt.} The three-dimensional velocity vector

5371-635: Is given by the harmonic mean of the speeds v ¯ = n ( 1 v 1 + 1 v 2 + 1 v 3 + ⋯ + 1 v n ) − 1 = n ( ∑ i = 1 n 1 v i ) − 1 . {\displaystyle {\bar {v}}=n\left({1 \over v_{1}}+{1 \over v_{2}}+{1 \over v_{3}}+\dots +{1 \over v_{n}}\right)^{-1}=n\left(\sum _{i=1}^{n}{\frac {1}{v_{i}}}\right)^{-1}.} Although velocity

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5502-461: Is important to recognize that constant changes in architecture are expected. Laboy and Fannon recognize that the resilience model is shifting, and have applied the MCEER four properties of resilience to the planning, designing and operating phases of architecture. Rather than using four properties to describe resilience, Laboy and Fannon suggest a 6R model that adds Recovery for the operation phase of

5633-543: Is listed in the catalog for ease of access. In 2018, three new LEED pilot credits were released to increase awareness on specific natural and man-made disasters. The pilot credits are found in the Integrative Process category and are applicable to all Building Design and Construction rating systems. LEED credits overlap with RELi rating system credits, the USGBC has been refining RELi to better synthesize with

5764-528: Is meant to increase creativity, information sharing, and collaboration among users. At its core, the common attribute of Web 2.0 is to help navigate the vast information available on the Web in order to find what is being bought. It is the notion of a usable pathway. SCM 2.0 replicates this notion in supply chain operations. It is the pathway to SCM results, a combination of processes, methodologies, tools, and delivery options to guide companies to their results quickly as

5895-459: Is not used to publicize or market the building. Due to the current focus on seismic interventions, the USRC does not take into consideration several parts of a building. The USRC building rating system does not take into consideration any changes to the design of the building that might occur after the rating is awarded. Therefore, changes that might impede the resilience of a building would not affect

6026-416: Is now owned by the U.S Green Building Council (USGBC) and available to projects seeking LEED certification. The first version of RELi was released in 2014, it is currently still in the pilot phase, with no points allocated for specific credits. RELi accreditation is not required, and the use of the credit information is voluntary. Therefore, the current point system is still to be determined and does not have

6157-474: Is position and r ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {\boldsymbol {r}}}} is the radial direction. The transverse speed (or magnitude of the transverse velocity) is the magnitude of the cross product of the unit vector in the radial direction and the velocity vector. It is also the dot product of velocity and transverse direction, or the product of the angular speed ω {\displaystyle \omega } and

6288-404: Is related to that of vulnerability. Both terms are specific to the event perturbation, meaning that a system/infrastructure/community may be more vulnerable or less resilient to one event than another one. However, they are not the same. One obvious difference is that vulnerability focuses on the evaluation of system susceptibility in the pre-event phase; resilience emphasizes the dynamic features in

6419-492: Is synonymous with a region that is ecological, economically and socially sustainable.” Other scholars such as Perrings state that “a development strategy is not sustainable if it is not resilient.” Therefore, the two concepts are intertwined and cannot be successful individually as they are dependent on one another. For example, in RELi and in LEED and other building certifications, providing access to safe water and an energy source

6550-540: Is that it can effectively improve agility. At the same time, this integration can help businesses respond quickly to changes in demand and improve customer satisfaction. Integration of suppliers into the new product development process was shown to have a major impact on product target cost, quality, delivery, and market share. Tapping into suppliers as a source of innovation requires an extensive process characterized by development of technology sharing, but also involves managing intellectual property issues. There are gaps in

6681-491: Is that it is the ability to respond, absorb, and adapt to, as well as recover in a disruptive event. A resilient structure/system/community is expected to be able to resist to an extreme event with minimal damages and functionality disruptions during the event; after the event, it should be able to rapidly recovery its functionality similar to or even better than the pre-event level. The concept of resilience originated from engineering and then gradually applied to other fields. It

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6812-409: Is the gravitational constant and g is the gravitational acceleration . The escape velocity from Earth's surface is about 11 200 m/s, and is irrespective of the direction of the object. This makes "escape velocity" somewhat of a misnomer, as the more correct term would be "escape speed": any object attaining a velocity of that magnitude, irrespective of atmosphere, will leave the vicinity of

6943-769: Is the component of velocity along a circle centered at the origin. v = v T + v R {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {v}}={\boldsymbol {v}}_{T}+{\boldsymbol {v}}_{R}} where The radial speed (or magnitude of the radial velocity) is the dot product of the velocity vector and the unit vector in the radial direction. v R = v ⋅ r | r | = v ⋅ r ^ {\displaystyle v_{R}={\frac {{\boldsymbol {v}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {r}}}{\left|{\boldsymbol {r}}\right|}}={\boldsymbol {v}}\cdot {\hat {\boldsymbol {r}}}} where r {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {r}}}

7074-482: Is the functionality at time t {\displaystyle t} ; t 0 {\displaystyle t_{0}} is the time when the event strikes; t f {\displaystyle t_{f}} is the time when the functionality full recovers. The resilience loss is a metric of only positive value. It has the advantage of being easily generalized to different structures, infrastructures, and communities. This definition assumes that

7205-432: Is the functionality at time t {\displaystyle t} ; t 0 {\displaystyle t_{0}} is the time when the event strikes; t h {\displaystyle t_{h}} is the time horizon of interest. Velocity Velocity is the speed in combination with the direction of motion of an object . Velocity is a fundamental concept in kinematics ,

7336-546: Is the limit average velocity as the time interval approaches zero. At any particular time t , it can be calculated as the derivative of the position with respect to time: v = lim Δ t → 0 Δ s Δ t = d s d t . {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {v}}=\lim _{{\Delta t}\to 0}{\frac {\Delta {\boldsymbol {s}}}{\Delta t}}={\frac {d{\boldsymbol {s}}}{dt}}.} From this derivative equation, in

7467-418: Is the mass of the object. The kinetic energy of a moving object is dependent on its velocity and is given by the equation E k = 1 2 m v 2 {\displaystyle E_{\text{k}}={\tfrac {1}{2}}mv^{2}} where E k is the kinetic energy. Kinetic energy is a scalar quantity as it depends on the square of the velocity. In fluid dynamics , drag

7598-461: Is the mass times the distance to the origin times the transverse velocity, or equivalently, the mass times the distance squared times the angular speed. The sign convention for angular momentum is the same as that for angular velocity. L = m r v T = m r 2 ω {\displaystyle L=mrv_{T}=mr^{2}\omega } where The expression m r 2 {\displaystyle mr^{2}}

7729-547: Is the minimum speed a ballistic object needs to escape from a massive body such as Earth. It represents the kinetic energy that, when added to the object's gravitational potential energy (which is always negative), is equal to zero. The general formula for the escape velocity of an object at a distance r from the center of a planet with mass M is v e = 2 G M r = 2 g r , {\displaystyle v_{\text{e}}={\sqrt {\frac {2GM}{r}}}={\sqrt {2gr}},} where G

7860-463: Is the rate of rotation about the origin (with positive quantities representing counter-clockwise rotation and negative quantities representing clockwise rotation, in a right-handed coordinate system). The radial and traverse velocities can be derived from the Cartesian velocity and displacement vectors by decomposing the velocity vector into radial and transverse components. The transverse velocity

7991-453: Is the speed of light. Relative velocity is a measurement of velocity between two objects as determined in a single coordinate system. Relative velocity is fundamental in both classical and modern physics, since many systems in physics deal with the relative motion of two or more particles. Consider an object A moving with velocity vector v and an object B with velocity vector w ; these absolute velocities are typically expressed in

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8122-436: The x {\displaystyle x} -, y {\displaystyle y} -, and z {\displaystyle z} -axes respectively. In polar coordinates , a two-dimensional velocity is described by a radial velocity , defined as the component of velocity away from or toward the origin, and a transverse velocity , perpendicular to the radial one. Both arise from angular velocity , which

8253-493: The velocity of inventory movement. Organizations increasingly find that they must rely on effective supply chains, or networks, to compete in the global market and networked economy. In Peter Drucker 's (1998) new management paradigms, this concept of business relationships extends beyond traditional enterprise boundaries and seeks to organize entire business processes throughout a value chain of multiple companies. According to Drucker, "the greatest change in corporate culture—and

8384-461: The 21st century, changes in the business environment have contributed to the development of supply chain networks. First, as an outcome of globalization and the proliferation of multinational companies, joint ventures, strategic alliances , and business partnerships, significant success factors were identified, complementing the earlier " just-in-time ", lean manufacturing , and agile manufacturing practices. Second, technological changes, particularly

8515-560: The I-75 corridor is home to the busiest north–south rail route east of the Mississippi River . Resilience (engineering and construction) In the fields of engineering and construction, resilience is the ability to absorb or avoid damage without suffering complete failure and is an objective of design, maintenance and restoration for buildings and infrastructure , as well as communities. A more comprehensive definition

8646-399: The LEED resilient design pilot credits. It is important to assess current climate data and design in preparation of changes or threats to the environment. Resilience plans and passive design strategies can differ based on climates that are too hot. Here are general climate responsive design strategies based on three different climatic conditions: Determining and assessing vulnerabilities to

8777-421: The RELi credit list: The RELI Program complements and expands on other popular rating systems such as LEED, Envision, and Living Building Challenge. The menu format of the catalog allows users to easily navigate the credits and recognize the goals achieved by RELI. References to other rating systems that have been used can help increase awareness on RELi and its credibility of its use. The reference for each credit

8908-492: The Two types of USRC rating systems: The verified Rating system is used for marketing and publicity purposes using badges. The rating is easy to understand, credible and transparent at is awarded by professionals. The USRC building rating system rates buildings with stars ranging from one to five stars based on the dimensions used in their systems. The three dimensions that the USRC uses are Safety, Damage and Recovery. Safety describes

9039-459: The activities better or more cost effectively. The effect is to increase the number of organizations involved in satisfying customer demand, while reducing managerial control of daily logistics operations. Less control and more supply chain partners lead to the creation of the concept of supply chain management. Supply chain management is concerned with improving trust and collaboration among supply chain partners, thus improving inventory visibility and

9170-406: The application of a single material that has a stable equilibrium regime rather than the complex adaptive stability of larger systems. In the 1970s, researchers studied resilience in relation to child psychology and the exposure to certain risks. Resilience was used to describe people who have “the ability to recover from adversity.” One of the many researchers was Professor Sir Michael Rutter, who

9301-477: The article can support the understanding of resiliency at a larger urban scale that requires an integrated approach with coordination across multiple government scales, time scales and fields. In addition to integrating resiliency into building code and building certification programs, the 100 resilience Cities program provides other support opportunities that can help increase awareness through non-profit organizations. After more than six years of growth and change,

9432-1574: The average velocity as the slope of the secant line between two points with t coordinates equal to the boundaries of the time period for the average velocity. If t 1 = t 2 = t 3 = ... = t , then average speed is given by the arithmetic mean of the speeds v ¯ = v 1 + v 2 + v 3 + ⋯ + v n n = 1 n ∑ i = 1 n v i {\displaystyle {\bar {v}}={v_{1}+v_{2}+v_{3}+\dots +v_{n} \over n}={\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}{v_{i}}} v ¯ = s 1 + s 2 + s 3 + ⋯ + s n t 1 + t 2 + t 3 + ⋯ + t n = s 1 + s 2 + s 3 + ⋯ + s n s 1 v 1 + s 2 v 2 + s 3 v 3 + ⋯ + s n v n {\displaystyle {\bar {v}}={s_{1}+s_{2}+s_{3}+\dots +s_{n} \over t_{1}+t_{2}+t_{3}+\dots +t_{n}}={{s_{1}+s_{2}+s_{3}+\dots +s_{n}} \over {{s_{1} \over v_{1}}+{s_{2} \over v_{2}}+{s_{3} \over v_{3}}+\dots +{s_{n} \over v_{n}}}}} If s 1 = s 2 = s 3 = ... = s , then average speed

9563-456: The base body as long as it does not intersect with something in its path. In special relativity , the dimensionless Lorentz factor appears frequently, and is given by γ = 1 1 − v 2 c 2 {\displaystyle \gamma ={\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-{\frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}}} where γ is the Lorentz factor and c

9694-456: The branch of classical mechanics that describes the motion of bodies. Velocity is a physical vector quantity : both magnitude and direction are needed to define it. The scalar absolute value ( magnitude ) of velocity is called speed , being a coherent derived unit whose quantity is measured in the SI ( metric system ) as metres per second (m/s or m⋅s ). For example, "5 metres per second"

9825-642: The built environment based on specific locations is crucial for creating a resilience plan. Disasters lead to a wide range of consequences such as damaged buildings, ecosystems and human losses. For example, earthquakes that took place in the Wenchuan County in 2008, lead to major landslides which relocated entire city district such as Old Beichuan. Here are some natural hazards and potential strategies for resilience assessment. There are multiple strategies for protecting structures against hurricanes, based on wind and rain loads. Earthquakes can also result in

9956-592: The chain partners. An example of these conflicts is the interrelation between the sale department desiring to have higher inventory levels to fulfill demands and the warehouse for which lower inventories are desired to reduce holding costs . In 1982, Keith Oliver , a consultant at Booz Allen Hamilton , introduced the term "supply chain management" to the public domain in an interview for the Financial Times . In 1983 WirtschaftsWoche in Germany published for

10087-423: The complexity and speed of the supply chain increase due to global competition; rapid price fluctuations; changing oil prices; short product life cycles; expanded specialization; near-, far-, and off-shoring; and talent scarcity. Increasing volatility has characterized supply chains since about 2000. Douglass in 2010 referred to an SCM management style known as "extreme supply chain management", which: recognizes

10218-402: The concept of an instantaneous velocity might at first seem counter-intuitive, it may be thought of as the velocity that the object would continue to travel at if it stopped accelerating at that moment. While the terms speed and velocity are often colloquially used interchangeably to connote how fast an object is moving, in scientific terms they are different. Speed, the scalar magnitude of

10349-445: The development of the term has enabled it to be used to plan orders using knowledge of potential supplies, and to track post-production processes as far as delivery to customers. Supply chain management software includes tools or modules used to execute supply chain transactions, manage supplier relationships, and control associated business processes. The overall goal of the software is to improve supply chain performance by monitoring

10480-435: The dramatic fall in communication costs (a significant component of transaction costs), have led to changes in coordination among the members of the supply chain network. Many researchers have recognized supply network structures as a new organizational form, using terms such as " Keiretsu ", "Extended Enterprise", "virtual supply chain", " Global Production Network ", and "Next Generation Manufacturing System". In general, such

10611-493: The efficiency of different approaches to design and planning can be addressed in the following term. Engineering resilience has inspired other fields and influenced the way how they interpret resilience, e.g. supply chain resilience . According to the dictionary, resilience means "the ability to recover from difficulties or disturbance." The root of the term resilience is found in the Latin term 'resilio' which means to go back to

10742-580: The end user or final consumer , as well as the associated information flows. Mentzer et al. consider it worthy of note that the final consumer was included within these early definitions. Supply chain management was then further defined as the integration of supply chain activities through improved supply chain relationships to achieve a competitive advantage. In the late 1990s, "supply chain management" (SCM) rose to prominence, and operations managers began to use it in their titles with increasing regularity. A supply chain, as opposed to supply chain management,

10873-466: The evolution of processes, methods, and tools to manage them in a new era of globalization and specialization. One element of this is the growing popularity of supply chain collaboration platforms that connect multiple buyers and suppliers with financial institutions, enabling them to conduct automated supply chain finance transactions. Web 2.0 is a trend in the use of the World Wide Web that

11004-455: The evolution of supply chain management studies: creation, integration, globalization , specialization phases one and two, and SCM 2.0. The term "supply chain management" was first coined by Keith Oliver in 1982. However, the concept of a supply chain in management was of great importance long before, in the early 20th century, especially with the creation of the assembly line . The characteristics of this era of supply chain management include

11135-472: The existing 100 Resilient Cities organization concluded on July 31, 2019. RELi is a design criteria used to develop resilience in multiple scales of the built environment such as buildings, neighborhoods and infrastructure. It was developed by the Institute for Market Transformation to Sustainability (MTS) to help designers plan for hazards. RELi is very similar to LEED but with a focus on resilience. RELi

11266-418: The firm or the supplier-buyer relationship. Among the few exceptions is the relational view , which outlines a theory for considering dyads and networks of firms as a key unit of analysis for explaining superior individual firm performance (Dyer and Singh, 1998). The management of supply chains involve a number of specific challenges regarding the organization of relationships among the different partners along

11397-406: The first time the results of an implemented and so called "Supply Chain Management project", led by Wolfgang Partsch . In the mid-1990s, the term "supply chain management" gained popularity when a flurry of articles and books came out on the subject. Supply chains were originally defined as encompassing all activities associated with the flow and transformation of goods from raw materials through to

11528-527: The foundation layers of establishing and managing electronic communication between trading partners to more complex requirements such as the configuration of processes and workflows that are essential to the management of the network itself. Supply chain specialization enables companies to improve their overall competencies in the same way that outsourced manufacturing and distribution has done; it allows them to focus on their core competencies and assemble networks of specific, best-in-class partners to contribute to

11659-699: The functionality is 100% pre-event and will eventually be recovered to a full functionality of 100%. This may not be true in practice. A system may be partially functional when a hurricane strikes and may not be fully recovered due to uneconomic cost-benefit ratio. Resilience index is a normalized metric between 0 and 1, computed from the functionality recovery curve. R = ∫ t 0 t h Q ( t ) d t t h − t 0 {\displaystyle R={\frac {\int _{t_{0}}^{t_{h}}Q(t)dt}{t_{h}-t_{0}}}} where Q ( t ) {\displaystyle Q(t)}

11790-437: The functionality of a system in relation to hazard mitigation. Within this framework, resilience is calculated based on the time it takes a system to return to a single state equilibrium. Researchers at the MCEER (Multi-Hazard Earthquake Engineering research center) have identified four properties of resilience: Robustness, resourcefulness, redundancy and rapidity. Social-ecological resilience, also known as adaptive resilience,

11921-543: The future. The RELi Catalog considers multiple scales of intervention with requirements for a panoramic approach, risk adaptation & mitigation for acute events and a comprehensive adaptation & mitigation for the present and future. RELi's framework highly focuses on social issues for community resilience such as providing community spaces and organisations. RELi also combines specific hazard designs such as flood preparedness with general strategies for energy and water efficiency. The following categories are used to organize

12052-540: The inertial frame chosen is that in which the latter of the two mentioned objects is in rest. In Newtonian mechanics, the relative velocity is independent of the chosen inertial reference frame. This is not the case anymore with special relativity in which velocities depend on the choice of reference frame. In the one-dimensional case, the velocities are scalars and the equation is either: v rel = v − ( − w ) , {\displaystyle v_{\text{rel}}=v-(-w),} if

12183-424: The late 1990s and has taken root primarily in transportation and collaboration categories. This has progressed from the application service provider (ASP) model from roughly 1998 through 2003 to the on-demand model from approximately 2003 through 2006, to the software as a service (SaaS) model currently in focus today. The term SCM 2.0 has been coined to describe both changes within supply chains themselves as well as

12314-438: The literature on supply chain management studies at present. A few authors, such as Halldorsson et al., Ketchen and Hult (2006), and Lavassani et al. (2009), have tried to provide theoretical foundations for different areas related to supply chain by employing organizational theories, which may include the following: However, the unit of analysis of most of these theories is not the supply chain but rather another system, such as

12445-452: The movement of raw materials into an organization, certain aspects of the internal processing of materials into finished goods, and the movement of finished goods out of the organization and toward the end consumer. As organizations strive to focus on core competencies and become more flexible, they reduce ownership of raw materials sources and distribution channels. These functions are increasingly being outsourced to other firms that can perform

12576-1001: The need for collective, rather than sequential, risk management and facilitates collaboration on a new scale that is necessary for survival. It challenges companies to be "perpetually vigilant". Successful SCM requires a change from managing individual functions to integrating activities into key supply chain processes. In an example scenario, a purchasing department places orders as its requirements become known. The marketing department, responding to customer demand, communicates with several distributors and retailers as it attempts to determine ways to satisfy this demand. Information shared between supply chain partners can only be fully leveraged through business process integration , e.g., using electronic data interchange . Supply chain business process integration involves collaborative work between buyers and suppliers, joint product development, common systems, and shared information. According to Lambert and Cooper (2000), operating an integrated supply chain requires

12707-484: The need for large-scale changes, re-engineering, downsizing driven by cost reduction programs, and widespread attention to Japanese management practices. However, the term became widely adopted after the publication of the seminal book Introduction to Supply Chain Management in 1999 by Robert B. Handfield and Ernest L. Nichols, Jr., which published over 25,000 copies and was translated into Japanese, Korean, Chinese, and Russian. This era of supply chain management studies

12838-425: The notions of adaptation and transformation , respectively. A supply chain is thus interpreted as a social-ecological system that – similar to an ecosystem (e.g. forest) – is able to constantly adapt to external environmental conditions and – through the presence of social actors and their ability to foresight – also to transform itself into a fundamentally new system. This leads to a panarchical interpretation of

12969-477: The one-dimensional case it can be seen that the area under a velocity vs. time ( v vs. t graph) is the displacement, s . In calculus terms, the integral of the velocity function v ( t ) is the displacement function s ( t ) . In the figure, this corresponds to the yellow area under the curve. s = ∫ v   d t . {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {s}}=\int {\boldsymbol {v}}\ dt.} Although

13100-588: The other hand, sustainable design focuses on systems that are efficient and optimized. The first influential quantitative resilience metric based on the functionality recovery curve was proposed by Bruneau et al., where resilience is quantified as the resilience loss as follows. R L = ∫ t 0 t f [ 100 % − Q ( t ) ] d t {\displaystyle R_{L}=\int _{t_{0}}^{t_{f}}[100\%-Q(t)]dt} where Q ( t ) {\displaystyle Q(t)}

13231-402: The overall value chain itself, thereby increasing overall performance and efficiency. The ability to quickly obtain and deploy this domain-specific supply chain expertise without developing and maintaining an entirely unique and complex competency in house is a leading reason why supply chain specialization is gaining popularity. Outsourced technology hosting for supply chain solutions debuted in

13362-539: The pandemic period, governments in countries which had in place effective domestic supply chain management had enough medical supplies to support their needs and enough to donate their surplus to front-line health workers in other jurisdictions. The devastating COVID-19 crisis in US has turned many sectors of the local economy upside down, including the country's storied logistics industry. Some organizations were able to quickly develop foreign supply chains in order to import much needed medical supplies. Supply chain management

13493-419: The players. From a systems perspective, a complex network structure can be decomposed into individual component firms. Traditionally, companies in a supply network concentrate on the inputs and outputs of the processes, with little concern for the internal management working of other individual players. Therefore, the choice of an internal management control structure is known to impact local firm performance. In

13624-745: The pre-event, during-event, and post-event phases. Resilience is a multi-facet property, covering four dimensions: technical, organization, social and economic. Therefore, using one metric may not be representative to describe and quantify resilience. In engineering, resilience is characterized by four Rs: robustness, redundancy, resourcefulness, and rapidity. Current research studies have developed various ways to quantify resilience from multiple aspects, such as functionality- and socioeconomic- related aspects. The built environment need resilience to existing and emerging threats such as severe wind storms or earthquakes and creating robustness and redundancy in building design. New implications of changing conditions on

13755-416: The prevention of potential harm for people after an event. Damage describes the estimated repair required due to replacements and losses. Recovery is calculated based on the time it takes for the building to regain function after a shock. The following types of Rating certification can be achieved: Earthquake Building rating system can be obtained through hazard evaluation and seismic testing. In addition to

13886-523: The process of fishing. Stability, on the other hand, is the ability of a system to return to an equilibrium state after a temporary disturbance. Multiple state systems rather than objects should b studied as the world is a heterogeneous space with various biological, physical and chemical characteristics. Unlike material and engineering resilience, Ecological and social resilience focus on the redundancy and persistence of multi-equilibrium states to maintain existence of function. Engineering resilience refers to

14017-452: The processes and policy structures in the implementation. Both concepts share essential assumptions and goals such as passive survivability and persistence of a system operation over time and in response to disturbances. There is also a shared focus on climate change mitigation as they both appear in larger frameworks such as Building Code and building certification programs. Holling and Walker argue that “a resilient sociol-ecological system

14148-464: The program broadens the scope and improved the Resilience plan of Rotterdam by including access to water, data, clean air, cyber robustness, and safe water. The program addresses other social stresses that can weaken the resilience of cities such as violence and unemployment. Therefore, cities are able to reflect on their current situation and plan to adapt to new shocks and stresses. The findings of

14279-416: The program, only 100 cities were selected with challenges ranging from aging populations, cyber attacks, severe storms and drug abuse. There are many cities that are members of the program, but in the article, Building up resilience in cities worldwide, Spaans and Waterhot focus on the city of Rotterdam to compare the city's resilience before and after the participation in the program. The authors found that

14410-754: The radius (the magnitude of the position). v T = | r × v | | r | = v ⋅ t ^ = ω | r | {\displaystyle v_{T}={\frac {|{\boldsymbol {r}}\times {\boldsymbol {v}}|}{|{\boldsymbol {r}}|}}={\boldsymbol {v}}\cdot {\hat {\boldsymbol {t}}}=\omega |{\boldsymbol {r}}|} such that ω = | r × v | | r | 2 . {\displaystyle \omega ={\frac {|{\boldsymbol {r}}\times {\boldsymbol {v}}|}{|{\boldsymbol {r}}|^{2}}}.} Angular momentum in scalar form

14541-426: The rating that the building was awarded. In addition, changes in the uses of the building after certification might include the use of hazardous materials would not affect the rating certification of the building. The damage rating does not include damage caused by pipe breakage, building upgrades and damage to furnishings. The recovery rating does not include fully restoring all building function and all damages but only

14672-560: The resilience of communities and their buildings, as “Resilience in the built environment starts with strong, regularly adopted and properly administered building codes” Benefits occur due to the adoption of codes as the National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS) found that the adoption of the International Building Code provides an $ 11 benefit for every $ 1 invested. The International Code Council

14803-464: The safety of a structure is determined by material usage, frames, and structure requirements can provide a high level of protection for occupants. Specific requirements and strategies are provided for each shock or stress such as with tsunamis, fires and earthquakes. The U.S Resiliency Council (USRC), a non-profit organization, created the USRC Rating system which describes the expected impacts of

14934-710: The same inertial reference frame . Then, the velocity of object A relative to object B is defined as the difference of the two velocity vectors: v A  relative to  B = v − w {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {v}}_{A{\text{ relative to }}B}={\boldsymbol {v}}-{\boldsymbol {w}}} Similarly, the relative velocity of object B moving with velocity w , relative to object A moving with velocity v is: v B  relative to  A = w − v {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {v}}_{B{\text{ relative to }}A}={\boldsymbol {w}}-{\boldsymbol {v}}} Usually,

15065-417: The same relationships between state variables." Holling found that such a framework can be applied to other forms of resilience. The application to ecosystems was later used to draw into other manners of human, cultural and social applications. The random events described by Holling are not only climatic, but instability to neutral systems can occur through the impact of fires, the changes in forest community or

15196-432: The special case of constant acceleration, velocity can be studied using the suvat equations . By considering a as being equal to some arbitrary constant vector, this shows v = u + a t {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {v}}={\boldsymbol {u}}+{\boldsymbol {a}}t} with v as the velocity at time t and u as the velocity at time t = 0 . By combining this equation with

15327-409: The structural damage and collapse of buildings due to high stresses on building frames. It is difficult to discuss the concepts of resilience and sustainability in comparison due to the various scholarly definitions that have been used in the field over the years. Many policies and academic publications on both topics either provide their own definitions of both concepts or lack a clear definition of

15458-867: The supply chain extended beyond the company walls and management was distributed across specialized supply chain partnerships. This transition also refocused the fundamental perspectives of each organization. Original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) became brand owners that required visibility deep into their supply base. They had to control the entire supply chain from above, instead of from within. Contract manufacturers had to manage bills of material with different part-numbering schemes from multiple OEMs and support customer requests for work-in-process visibility and vendor-managed inventory (VMI). The specialization model creates manufacturing and distribution networks composed of several individual supply chains specific to producers, suppliers, and customers that work together to design, manufacture, distribute, market, sell, and service

15589-524: The supply chain, allowing to identify weak points in the system. The APICS Certified Supply Chain Professional (CSCP) program emphasizes the importance of managing risks and enhancing resilience. According to APICS, in order to manage global interruptions and preserve operational continuity, a robust supply chain is vital. More recently, the interpretations of resilience in the sense of ecological resilience and social–ecological resilience have led to

15720-415: The suvat equation x = u t + a t /2 , it is possible to relate the displacement and the average velocity by x = ( u + v ) 2 t = v ¯ t . {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {x}}={\frac {({\boldsymbol {u}}+{\boldsymbol {v}})}{2}}t={\boldsymbol {\bar {v}}}t.} It is also possible to derive an expression for

15851-403: The technical review provided by the USRC, A CRP seismic analysis applies for a USRC rating with the required documentation. The USRC is planning on creating similar standards for other natural hazards such as floods, storms and winds. Transaction rating system provides a building with a report for risk exposure, possibly investments and benefits. This rating remains confidential with the USRC and

15982-401: The two objects are moving in opposite directions, or: v rel = v − ( + w ) , {\displaystyle v_{\text{rel}}=v-(+w),} if the two objects are moving in the same direction. In multi-dimensional Cartesian coordinate systems , velocity is broken up into components that correspond with each dimensional axis of the coordinate system. In

16113-404: The type of resilience they seek. Even though sustainability is a well established term, there are generic interpretations of the concept and its focus. Sanchez et al. proposed a new characterization of the term ‘sustainable resilience’ which expands the social-ecological resilience to include more sustained and long-term approaches. Sustainable resilience focuses not only on the outcomes, but also on

16244-452: The value chain. Formal and informal governance mechanisms are central elements in the management of supply chain. Particular combinations of governance mechanisms may impact the relational dynamics within the supply chain. The need for interdisciplinarity in SCM research has been pointed out by academics in the field. In the study of supply chain management, the concept of centroids has become

16375-555: The value of t and the transformation rules for position create a situation in which all non-accelerating observers would describe the acceleration of an object with the same values. Neither is true for special relativity. In other words, only relative velocity can be calculated. In classical mechanics, Newton's second law defines momentum , p, as a vector that is the product of an object's mass and velocity, given mathematically as p = m v {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {p}}=m{\boldsymbol {v}}} where m

16506-654: The velocity independent of time, known as the Torricelli equation , as follows: v 2 = v ⋅ v = ( u + a t ) ⋅ ( u + a t ) = u 2 + 2 t ( a ⋅ u ) + a 2 t 2 {\displaystyle v^{2}={\boldsymbol {v}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {v}}=({\boldsymbol {u}}+{\boldsymbol {a}}t)\cdot ({\boldsymbol {u}}+{\boldsymbol {a}}t)=u^{2}+2t({\boldsymbol {a}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {u}})+a^{2}t^{2}} ( 2

16637-578: The way business is being conducted—may be the accelerated growth of relationships based not on ownership, but on partnership." This approach allows companies to leverage the strengths and capabilities of various partners to achieve greater efficiency and innovation, ultimately enhancing overall business performance. In recent decades, globalization, outsourcing, and information technology have enabled many organizations, such as Dell and Hewlett-Packard , to successfully operate collaborative supply networks in which each specialized business partner focuses on only

16768-410: Was concerned with a combination of risk experiences and their relative outcomes. In his paper Resilience and Stability of Ecological systems (1973), C.S. Holling first explored the topic of resilience through its application to the field of ecology. Ecological resilience was defined as a "measure of the persistence of systems and of their ability to absorb change and disturbance and still maintain

16899-474: Was highlighted with the development of electronic data interchange (EDI) systems in the 1960s and developed through the 1990s by the introduction of enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. This era has continued to develop into the 21st century with the expansion of Internet-based collaborative systems. This era of supply chain evolution is characterized by both increasing value-added and reducing costs through integration. A supply chain can be classified as

17030-583: Was not until the late 1980s that a considerable number of organizations started to integrate global sources into their core business. This era is characterized by the globalization of supply chain management in organizations with the goal of increasing their competitive advantage, adding value, and reducing costs through global sourcing. In the 1990s, companies began to focus on "core competencies" and specialization. They abandoned vertical integration, sold off non-core operations, and outsourced those functions to other companies. This changed management requirements, as

17161-437: Was used to describe a property in the strength of timber, as beams were bent and deformed to support heavy load. Tredgold found the timber durable and did not burn readily, despite being planted in bad soil conditions and exposed climates. Resilience was then refined by Mallett in 1856 in relation to the capacity of specific materials to withstand specific disturbances. These definitions can be used in engineering resilience due to

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