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48-809: The Swadeshi movement was a self-sufficiency movement that was part of the Indian independence movement and contributed to the development of Indian nationalism . Before the BML Government's decision for the partition of Bengal was made public in December 1903, there was a lot of growing discontentment among the Indians. In response the Swadeshi movement was formally started from Town Hall at Calcutta on 7 August 1905 to curb foreign goods by relying on domestic production. Mahatma Gandhi described it as

96-467: A composting toilet . Automatic leak detectors and tap closures can reduce amounts of wasted water. Greywater recycling can further save on water by reusing water from faucets, showers, dishwashers, and clothes washers. This is done through storing and treating the greywater, which can then be reused as a non-potable water source. If an off-grid home is not connected to a sewer system, a wastewater system must also be included. On-site wastewater management

144-646: A current to water that has a small salt solution added to disinfect biological contaminants. Combined with filtration, this is a means to provide safe drinking water. Some groundwater may have high salinity levels and can be non-potable, which is fixed through distillation. Coastal communities may benefit by getting water from the ocean through the use of desalination plants that remove salt. The presence of certain minerals in water creates hard water which can clog pipes over time, interfere with soap and detergents, and can leave scum on glasses and dishes. Water softening systems introduce sodium and potassium ions which make

192-429: A hand-spun Khadi tricolor Ashoka Chakra Indian flag was unfurled at Princess Park near India Gate , New Delhi by Jawaharlal Nehru . The government's decision to partition Bengal was made in December 1903. The official reason was that Bengal, with a population of 78 million, was too large to be administered; the real reason, however, was that it was the centre of the revolt, and British officials could not control

240-436: A stepping stool to eventual grid access can accumulate energy efficient knowledge, behavior, and products that confer added resiliency while grid networks increase in reliability and carbon neutrality . However, providing off-grid electricity to rural users without also including training and education about its use and applications can result in under-utilization. To counteract this possibility, off-grid systems should reflect

288-402: A sustainable off-grid community must take into consideration the basic needs of all who live in the community . To become truly self-sufficient , the community would need to provide all of its own electrical power , food, shelter and water . Using renewable energy , an on-site water source, sustainable agriculture and vertical farming techniques is paramount in taking a community off

336-691: A variety of scenarios. The technology of these portable batteries has evolved much through the years. Most of the portable power stations use 2 types of Lithium-Ion batteries: Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC) batteries and Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP or LiFePo4) batteries. In order to protect against intermittency issues and system failures, many off-grid communities create hybrid energy systems. These combine traditional renewables like solar PV, and wind, micro-hydro, batteries or even diesel generators. This can be cheaper and more effective than extending or maintaining grids to isolated communities. Historically remote applications such as lighthouses, weather stations and

384-548: Is direct current and is stored in batteries as direct current and DC buildings would eliminate the need for conversions from AC to DC . One third of electricity in the home is used as DC for electronics , LED lights , and other appliances already. The market for DC home appliances is maturing, which is necessary to have a 100% DC powered home. The electrical panel , circuit breakers , and fuses would need to be replaced with DC compatible components if retrofitting an AC house to DC. For net metering , to sell back to

432-442: Is a characteristic of buildings and a lifestyle designed in an independent manner without reliance on one or more public utilities . The term "off-the-grid" traditionally refers to not being connected to the electrical grid , but can also include other utilities like water, gas, and sewer systems, and can scale from residential homes to small communities. Off-the-grid living allows for buildings and people to be self-sufficient, which

480-545: Is a type of sustainable living in which nothing is consumed other than what is produced by the self-sufficient individuals. Examples of attempts at self-sufficiency in North America include simple living , food storage , homesteading , off-the-grid , survivalism , DIY ethic , and the back-to-the-land movement . Practices that enable or aid self-sustainability include autonomous building , permaculture , sustainable agriculture , and renewable energy . The term

528-614: Is advantageous in isolated locations where normal utilities cannot reach and is attractive to those who want to reduce environmental impact and cost of living. Generally, an off-grid building must be able to supply energy and potable water for itself, as well as manage food, waste and wastewater. Energy for electrical power and heating can be derived from burning hydrocarbons (e.g., diesel generators, propane heating), or generated on-site with renewable energy sources such as solar (particularly with photovoltaics ), wind , or micro hydro . Additional forms of energy include biomass, commonly in

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576-420: Is also applied to limited forms of self-sustainability, for example growing one's own food or becoming economically independent of state subsidies . The self-sustainability of an electrical installation measures its degree of grid independence and is defined as the ratio between the amount of locally produced energy that is locally consumed, either directly or after storage, and the total consumption. A system

624-528: Is generally good for the environment with little negative impact. Hybrid energy systems also provide communities with a sustainable way to live without the dependence and cost of being connected to public infrastructure which can be unreliable in developing countries. Generally, isolated concerns of environmental impacts are the use diesel generators, which produce greenhouse gases, batteries, which use many resources to make and can be hazardous , and pollution in natural environments from solid waste and wastewater. It

672-466: Is not currently needed, the electrical energy is usually directed to charge a battery. This solves intermittency issues caused by the non-constant production of renewables and allows for variations in building loads. Common batteries include the lead-acid battery and lithium-ion battery. There are portable batteries and non-portable batteries. These portable power stations are often used in remote areas, since they don't require installation and can be used in

720-536: Is not necessarily economic. For example, a military autarky would be a state that could defend itself without help from another country. According to the Idaho Department of Labor , an employed adult shall be considered self-sufficient if the family income exceeds 200% of the Office of Management and Budget poverty income level guidelines. In peer-to-peer swarming systems, a swarm is self-sustaining if all

768-453: Is not self-sustainability that is essential for survivability, but on the contrary specialization and thus dependence. Consider the first two examples presented above. Among countries, commercial treats are as important as self-sustainability. An autarky is usually inefficient. Among people, social ties have been shown to be correlated to happiness and success as much as self-sustainability. Off-the-grid Off-the-grid or off-grid

816-447: Is present and abundant underground, usually to the water table or to an aquifer, and bringing it up for use, or collecting at springs where underground water comes to the surface. Systems for bringing underground water to buildings include wind and solar driven pumps or hand pumps. Well water should be tested on a regular basis and when changes in the water's taste, odor, or appearance occur to ensure its quality. This system relies on

864-495: Is prudent to note that, while the concerns below address negative environmental impacts, going off-grid as a whole is a viable option to help reduce impacts on the environment when replacing grid-connected buildings that contribute global warming and climate change. Canada has about 175 aboriginal and northern off-grid communities, defined as "a community that is neither connected to the North American electrical grid nor to

912-482: Is self-sustaining (or self-sufficient) if it can maintain itself by independent effort. The system self-sustainability is: Self-sustainability is considered one of the "ilities" and is closely related to sustainability and availability . In the economics literature, a system that has the quality of being self-sustaining is also referred to as an autarky . Autarky exists whenever an entity can survive or continue its activities without external assistance. Autarky

960-425: Is usually done through storage and leaching. This involves storing greywater and blackwater in a septic tank or aeration tank to be treated, which is connected to a leaching field that slowly allows the water to percolate out into the ground. While more and expensive waste water treatment options are also available, this is a common reliable means to dispose of waste water without polluting the environment. Going off

1008-403: The blocks of its files are available among peers (excluding seeds and publishers). Whereas self-sustainability is a quality of one's independence, survivability applies to the future maintainability of one's self-sustainability and indeed one's existence. Many believe that more self-sustainability guarantees a higher degree of survivability. However, just as many oppose this, arguing that it

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1056-593: The Swadeshi movement. The British reunited Bengal in 1911 and shifted their capital to New Delhi. The Swadeshi movement took on a new meaning after the reunification of Bengal. Swadeshi is a conjunction ( sandhi ) of two Sanskrit words: swa ("self" or "own") and desh ("country"). Swadeshi is an adjective that means "of one's own country". Swadeshi Movement has been characterized as cloth production in India. Indians started ditching British goods for Indian products, even though they were costlier. The impact

1104-454: The advantages of central power generation and distribution are receding in the face of climatic degradation due to fossil fuel powered generation, vulnerabilities to extreme weather events and electronic manipulation, and increasingly complex design and regulatory processes. Decentralized, off-grid energy systems can constitute a sustainable interim alternative to extending national grids to rural customers. Those using limited off-grid power as

1152-470: The bitter controversy that followed, did much to revitalize Congress. Curzon, typically, had dismissed the Congress in 1900 as ‘tottering to its fall’. But he left India with Congress more active and effective than at any time in its history." Bengal was divided by religion: the western half would be primarily Hindu , and the eastern half would be primarily Muslim . This divide-and-conquer strategy sparked

1200-646: The case of devices for water generation and permanent piped water supply networks . Furthermore, grids may often be substantially more efficient and effective or necessary – such as in the case of smart grids and super grids for sustainable energy – and hence may often only be useful on large scales for autonomous community development of alternatives, as fallback, for disaster response , for other humanitarian aid during temporary relocation, and for initial support of long-term infrastructure development. Land labs provide an outdoor classroom environment for students to learn about off-grid technology and methods. Within

1248-590: The cost of outside utilities is prohibitive, or such a distance away as to be impractical. In his book How to live off-grid Nick Rosen lists seven reasons for going off-grid. The top two are saving money, and reducing the carbon footprint. Others include survivalists , preparing for the collapse of the oil economy and bringing life back to the countryside. Reliable centralized electricity systems have provided supply constancy which has bolstered societies and their economies. Electricity provides opportunities for improved productivity, learning, and hygienic end-uses in

1296-1175: The cultural structures, values, and mores of host communities. Off-grid electrical systems can power individual residences or a community linked in a shared arrangement known as a micro-grid . In addition, they may be powered by renewable energy sources or by conventional fossil fuels. In Kenya, Mpeketoni township began a community-based, diesel-powered micro-grid project (the Mpeketoni Electricity Project [MEP]) in 1994 with an outlay of approximately US$ 40,000, and eventually grew to serve 105 residences and 116 commercial, educational, government, and healthcare buildings. The MEP demonstrated unanticipated supply and demand effects when artisans using tools powered by MEP electricity increased their productivity enough to cause depreciation of their wares, necessitating lowering of their prices; however, higher volumes of sales eventually offset these losses. MEP electricity facilitated cold storage of agricultural products, in addition to well pumping, which allowed students who previously spent several hours per day fetching water to spend that time studying in

1344-634: The evening by electric light. Electricity provided by the MEP also expanded teaching hours and sanitation at local schools through electric lighting and pumped water. The MEP off-grid project had numerous direct and indirect benefits for community members, and because the MEP emphasized promotion of the uses for electricity and the community had the ability to pay nominal rates for its use, the project achieved 94 percent cost recovery in its first ten years of operation. Off-the-grid generation may sometimes inhibit efforts to develop permanent infrastructure – such as in

1392-705: The form of wood, waste, and alcohol fuels and geothermal energy, which uses differences in the underground temperature to regular indoor air environments in buildings. It is possible to simply eliminate energy shortage (e.g., via solar and wind tech such as in Old Order Amish - while used and sanctioned, not all agree) and Old Order Mennonite communities, and many Amish people still use steam engines . Grid-connected buildings receive electricity from power plants, which mainly use natural resources such as coal and natural gas as energy to convert into electrical power. 2017's breakdown of world energy sources shows that

1440-501: The globe, mainly dependent on grid power, uses a majority of non-renewables, while popular renewables such as solar PV and wind power are a small portion. When off the grid, such as in Africa where 55% people of do not have access to electricity, buildings and homes must take advantage of the renewable energy sources around them, because it is the most abundant and allows for self-sufficiency. Solar photovoltaics (PV), which use energy from

1488-445: The grid financially could be done by using cash , cash cards , cryptocurrencies , alternative community currencies , off grid peer-to-peer lending , and bullion coins . It could be useful to protect financial assets from bank failures , bank fraud , asset freezing , electromagnetic pulse , and from creditors or debt collectors . Because off-grid buildings and communities mainly rely on upon renewable energy, off-grid living

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1536-1082: The grid, an inverter would still be needed, and also to use the grid-as-a-backup, if still using a grid-tied electrical system . DC electricity doesn't transmit over power lines efficiently over long distances, but if it is generated and stored in batteries on site, it is more efficient by 10-20 percent to keep it as DC and run appliances that way without inverting . Types of solar-energy passive off-grid cooling systems could be used for cooling houses and/or refrigeration – including some that do not require electrical components and are allowing for chemically stored on-demand energy. Such may be useful for climate change mitigation and adaptation . Meshnets such as B.A.T.M.A.N. could be used to sustain or establish communications without conventional infrastructure. Moreover, off-grid communications technologies could be used for environmental, security and agricultural monitoring as well as for emergency communications and coordination – such as for work assignation. Drones have been used for off-grid healthcare, especially in

1584-503: The grid. A recent concept design by Eric Wichman shows a multi-family community, which combines all of these technologies into one self-sufficient neighborhood. To grow the community you simply add neighborhoods using the same model as the first. A self-sustained community reduces its impact on the environment by controlling its waste and carbon footprint . In situations where grid parity has been reached, it becomes cheaper to generate one's own electricity rather than purchasing it from

1632-469: The grid. This depends on equipment costs, the availability of renewable energy sources, and the cost of a grid connection. For example, in certain remote areas a grid connection would be prohibitively expensive, resulting in grid parity being reached immediately. It is often done to residential buildings only occasionally occupied, such as vacation cabins, to avoid high initial costs of traditional utility connections. Other people choose to live in houses where

1680-407: The hard minerals precipitate. For off-grid buildings, efficient use of water is needed to prevent water supplies from running out. While this is ultimately habit-dependent, measures involve low-flow fixtures for faucets, shower heads, and toilets which decreases the flow rate of faucets or the volume of water per flush to reduce total water used. Water can be eliminated in toilets through the uses of

1728-520: The home, such as cooking without the use of polluting biomass fuel sources, yet as of 2016, 20 percent of people worldwide lived without it. Bridging the gap from the current under-provision of grid electricity to universal access has been projected to require US$ 17 trillion and 30 years even on a rigorous timetable. Researchers have argued that a lack of centralized energy infrastructure can result in low resilience to damage to productivity and property from changing climates and severe weather. In addition,

1776-695: The likes which draw a small but continuous amount of power were powered by Radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) with the needed radioisotopes either extracted from spent nuclear fuel or produced in dedicated facilities. Both the Soviet Union and the United States employed numerous such devices on earth and every deep space probe reaching beyond the orbit of Mars (and even some in the inner solar system) has had an RTG to provide power where solar panels no longer deliver sufficient electricity per unit of mass. Electricity produced by photovoltaics

1824-480: The most remote regions of the world. With communications enabled, they deliver test samples, medicine, vaccines, food, water and anti-venoms. Small-scale waste management techniques in Western Europe, often for specific or standardized waste, were reported to mostly use one of two main strategies: aerobic (with plants) and anaerobic treatment (with biogas production). Water is a crucial consideration in

1872-428: The off-grid environment, which must be collected, used, and disposed of efficiently to make use of the environment. There are many ways to supply water for indoor domestic use, which vary based on local access and preference. Nearby streams, ponds, rivers, and lakes are easy access points for fresh water. Oceans can also be considered with proper desalination. This traditional method involves digging down to where water

1920-741: The off-grid site. Atmospheric water generators have a large potential for off-the-grid water generation. Wherever the water does come from, it must be safe to drink and use indoors. For various issues with water quality, different water treatment strategies are available. A physical barrier allows water to pass through and blocks impurities in the water and, if the filter is fine enough, can filter out biological contaminants. In order to disinfect water, such as chlorine, chlorine dioxide, and ozone are introduced which kill microorganisms. A UV system uses bulbs that emit ultraviolet light into filtered water to kill all types of viruses, bacteria, and protozoa. A less typical approach, this involves applying

1968-581: The piped natural gas network; it is permanent or long-term (5 years or more), and the settlements have at least 10 permanent buildings." Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada lists the following environmental concerns for these off-grid communities: The environmental impacts of the systems used in off-grid buildings must also be considered due to embodied energy , embodied carbon , choice and source of materials, which can contribute to world issues such as climate change, air, water, and soil pollution , resource depletion and more. The concept of

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2016-428: The previous quarter and publish a list of Tier 1 Solar Module (panel) Manufacturers. Wind energy can be harnessed by wind turbines. Wind turbines components consist of blades that get pushed by wind, gearboxes, controllers, generators, brakes, and a tower. The amount of mechanical power captured from a wind turbine is a factor of the wind speed, air density, blade rotational area, and the aerodynamic power coefficient of

2064-641: The protests, which they thought would spread throughout India. Reappointed George Curzon , 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston Viceroy of India (1899–1905), in August 1904, he presided over the 1905 partition of Bengal . In 'Lion and the Tiger ;: The Rise and Fall of the British Raj, 1600–1947', Denis Judd wrote: "Curzon had hoped... to bind India permanently to the Raj. Ironically, his partition of Bengal, and

2112-433: The soul of swaraj (self-rule). The movement took its vast size and shape after rich Indians donated money and land dedicated to Khadi and Gramodyog societies which started cloth production in every household. It also included other village industries so as to make village self-sufficient and self-reliant. The Indian National Congress used this movement as arsenal for its freedom struggle and ultimately on 15 August 1947,

2160-530: The sun, are one of the most popular energy solutions for off-grid buildings. PV arrays (solar panels) allow for energy from the sun to be converted into electrical energy. PV is dependent upon solar radiation and ambient temperature. Other components needed in a PV system include charge controllers, inverters, and rapid shutdown controls. These systems give off-grid sites the ability to generate energy without grid connection. Every quarter, Bloomberg New Energy Finance evaluates manufacturers on their actual projects over

2208-496: The turbine. Where water is abundant, hydropower is a promising energy solution. Large scale hydropower involves a dam and reservoir, and small scale micro-hydro can use turbines in rivers with constant levels of water. The amount of mechanical power generated is a factor of the flow of the stream, turbine size, water density, and power coefficient, similar to wind turbines. The energy from waves and tides can also provide power to coastal areas. When renewables produce energy that

2256-455: The weather to provide water. Catchment systems are designed based on the water demand of the users and local rainfall characteristics. Rain water is typically funneled from the roof of a building to water tanks where the water is stored until needed. Another, less self-sufficient method involves bringing large amounts of clean water to the site where it is stored. This system relies on access to clean drinking water elsewhere and transportation to

2304-657: Was strong with British seeing 20% fall in its product sales. The trio of Lal-Bal-Pal organized several samitis, Bal Gangadhar Tilak led Ganesh Utsav as a means to popularize use and consumption of indigenous products from soil to sweets. Another notable figure in Swadeshi movement is V. O. Chidambaram Pillai in Tuticorin , who took over British India Steam Navigation Company and converted it into Indian-owned shipping company and named it Swadeshi Shipping Company in October 1906. Self sufficiency Self-sustainability

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