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58-517: The Sweeney Mountains ( 75°06′S 069°15′W  /  75.100°S 69.250°W  / -75.100; -69.250  ( Sweeney Mountains ) ) are a group of mountains of moderate height and about 40 nautical miles (74 km; 46 mi) extent, located 30 nautical miles (56 km; 35 mi) north of the Hauberg Mountains in eastern Ellsworth Land , Antarctica. Download coordinates as: The Sweeney Mountains are in

116-674: A USGS field party. Named by US-ACAN in 1985 after Commander Dwight D. Fisher, United States Navy, command pilot on the first landing by LC-130 Hercules aircraft on English Coast in December 1984; Commanding Officer, United States Navy Antarctic Development Squadron Six (VXE-6), from May 1984 to May 1985; Commanding Officer, NSFA, 1987-89; Naval Officer on detail to NSF, 1989-92; Deputy Manager, Polar Operations Section, Office of Polar Programs, NSF, from 1992. 75°49′S 68°31′W  /  75.817°S 68.517°W  / -75.817; -68.517 . A mountain standing west of Spear Glacier in

174-624: A USGS geological party to this area, 1977-78; Commanding Officer, Antarctic Development Squadron Six (VXE-6), May 1978 to May 1979. 76°14′S 69°40′W  /  76.233°S 69.667°W  / -76.233; -69.667 . A steep rock cape on the west side of the Ronne Ice Shelf , marking the southwest end of the Orville Coast. The name "Zumberge Nunatak" was given by the US-IGY party from Ellsworth Station , 1957-58, to

232-582: A USGS geological party, led by P.D. Rowley, and named after Lieutenant Commander John R. Hutchins, United States Navy, command pilot of an LC-130 aircraft in support of the party. 75°29′S 69°22′W  /  75.483°S 69.367°W  / -75.483; -69.367 . Isolated nunataks about midway between the Sweeney Mountains and Hauberg Mountains. Mapped by USGS from ground surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1961-67. Named by US-ACAN for Paul F. Witte, construction mechanic with

290-688: A contractor or grantee; copyrighted material assigned to the U.S. Government; or copyrighted information from other sources. Further, the copyright status of works by subnational governments of the United States is governed by its own set of laws. The first Federal statute concerning copyright in government publications was the Printing Law enacted in 1895 . Section 52 of that Act provided that copies of "Government Publications" could not be copyrighted. Prior to 1895, no court decision had occasion to consider any claim of copyright on behalf of

348-748: A contributor to the expedition. 75°08′S 69°10′W  /  75.133°S 69.167°W  / -75.133; -69.167 . A mountain, 1,705 metres (5,594 ft) high, standing 7 nautical miles (13 km; 8.1 mi) northeast of Mount Edward in the Sweeney Mountains. Discovered and photographed by the RARE, 1947–48. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1961-67. Named by US-ACAN for W.H. Jenkins, hospital corpsman at South Pole Station, winter party 1963. 75°07′S 68°45′W  /  75.117°S 68.750°W  / -75.117; -68.750 . Peak standing 6 nautical miles (11 km; 6.9 mi) east of Mount Jenkins in

406-553: A government-published set of Presidential proclamations. Section 7 of the Copyright Act of 1909 (later codified as Section 8 of title 17 U.S.C.) provided that "No copyright shall subsist ... in any publication of the United States Government, or any reprint, in whole or in part, thereof ..." Section 7 also contained a "savings clause", which stated that "The publication or republication by

464-535: A rock feature reported to lie 30 nautical miles (56 km; 35 mi) north of the westernmost traverse station occupied by the party. The cape described, though somewhat farther north, is apparently the only rock feature lying in that direction. Named for James H. Zumberge, American glaciologist who has made studies of the Ross Ice Shelf. 75°55′S 68°15′W  /  75.917°S 68.250°W  / -75.917; -68.250 . A glacier between

522-506: A state or local government may be subject to copyright. Some states have placed much of their work into the public domain by waiving some or all of their rights under copyright law. For example, the constitution and laws of Florida have placed its government's works in the public domain. Unorganized territories (such as American Samoa and the former Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands ) are treated, for copyright purposes, as

580-408: Is not required to assert claim to copyright. Whenever the contractor asserts claim to copyright in works other than computer software, the government, and others acting on its behalf, are granted a license to reproduce, prepare derivative works , distribute, perform and display the copyrighted work. For computer software produced under FAR contract, the scope of the government's license does not include

638-472: Is printed", with the proviso "that no publication reprinted from such stereotype or electrotype plates and no other Government publication shall be copyrighted". The provision in the Printing Act concerning copyright of government works was probably the result of the "Richardson Affair" , which involved an effort in the late 1890s by Representative James D. Richardson (1843–1914) to privately copyright

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696-432: Is published or republished commercially, it has frequently been the practice to add some "new matter" in the form of an introduction, editing, illustrations, etc., and to include a general copyright notice in the name of the commercial publisher. This in no way suggests to the public that the bulk of the work is uncopyrightable and therefore free for use. "To make the notice meaningful rather than misleading", section 403 of

754-636: The Department of Commerce under the Standard Reference Data Act. National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA), FY2020, granted civilian members of the faculty at twelve federal government institutions the authority to retain and own copyright of works produced in the course of employment for publication by a scholarly press or journal. The lack of copyright protection for works of the United States government does not apply to works of U.S. subnational governments. Thus, works created by

812-512: The Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition (RARE), 1947–48, under Finn Ronne , who named these mountains after Mrs. Edward C. Sweeney, a contributor to the expedition. 75°22′S 70°35′W  /  75.367°S 70.583°W  / -75.367; -70.583 . A small group of nunataks located at the southwest extremity of the Sweeney Mountains. First observed from the air by the RARE, 1947–48. Mapped by

870-713: The United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1961-67. Named by the United States Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for John W. Janke, radioman with the Eights Station winter party in 1964. 76°00′S 69°00′W  /  76.000°S 69.000°W  / -76.000; -69.000 . A glacier over 20 nautical miles (37 km; 23 mi) long, flowing east and southeast from Janke Nunatak to

928-425: The United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1961-67. Named by the United States Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for William R. Morgan, cook at Eights Station in 1965. 75°16′S 70°14′W  /  75.267°S 70.233°W  / -75.267; -70.233 . A mountain 4 nautical miles (7.4 km; 4.6 mi) southwest of Mount Ballard, in

986-613: The United States Geological Survey . Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States A work of the United States government is defined by the United States copyright law , as "a work prepared by an officer or employee of the United States Government as part of that person's official duties". Under section 105 of the Copyright Act of 1976 , such works are not entitled to domestic copyright protection under U.S. law and are therefore in

1044-547: The United States Postal Service are typically subject to normal copyright. Most USPS materials, artwork, and design and all postage stamps as of January 1, 1978, or after are subject to copyright laws. Works of the former United States Post Office Department are in the public domain (due to its former position as a cabinet department). 15 U.S.C.   § 290e authorizes U.S. Secretary of Commerce to secure copyright for works produced by

1102-584: The military may differ significantly from civilian agency contracts. Civilian agencies and NASA are guided by the Federal Acquisition Regulations (FAR). There are a number of FAR provisions that can affect the ownership of the copyright. FAR Subpart 27.4—Rights in Data and Copyright provides copyright guidance for the civilian agencies and NASA. Additionally, some agencies may have their own FAR Supplements that they follow. Under

1160-401: The public domain . This act only applies to U.S. domestic copyright as that is the extent of U.S. federal law. The U.S. government asserts that it can still hold the copyright to those works in other countries. Publication of an otherwise protected work by the U.S. government does not put that work in the public domain. For example, government publications may include works copyrighted by

1218-454: The 1976 Act required that, when the copies consist " 'preponderantly of one or more works of the United States Government', the copyright notice (if any) identify those parts of the work in which copyright is claimed. A failure to meet this requirement would be treated as an omission of the notice", resulting, absent the application of some exception, in the loss of copyright protection. The Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988 amended

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1276-475: The Bean Peaks, located near the southeast end of this group. First observed from aircraft by the RARE, 1947-48. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1961-67. Named by US-ACAN for Norbert W. Novocin, meteorologist at Byrd Station, summer 1965-66. 75°58′S 68°39′W  /  75.967°S 68.650°W  / -75.967; -68.650 . Mountain in the southeast part of

1334-474: The Copyright Act that now govern U.S. Government work were enacted in 1976 as part of the Copyright Act of 1976 . The House Report to the enacted legislation stated that "the basic premise of section 105 of the bill is the same" as section 8 of the former title 17. Section 403 of the 1976 Act introduced a new provision concerning documents consisting preponderantly of one or more government works. In essence, such works would be denied copyright protection unless

1392-575: The Eights Station winter party in 1964. 75°43′S 70°35′W  /  75.717°S 70.583°W  / -75.717; -70.583 . Two isolated nunataks located 10 nautical miles (19 km; 12 mi) southeast of Thomas Mountains. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1961-67. Named by US-ACAN for Willard S. Shelton, electrician at Eights Station in 1964. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of

1450-480: The FAR general data rights clause (FAR 52.227-14), the government has unlimited rights in all data first produced in performance of or delivered under a contract, unless the contractor asserts a claim to copyright or the contract provides otherwise. Unless provided otherwise by an Agency FAR Supplement, a contractor may assert claim to copyright in scientific and technical articles based on or containing data first produced in

1508-597: The Federal Government had no right to claim copyright in a work prepared by him for the Government. Other decisions had held that individuals could not have copyright in books consisting of the text of Federal or State court decisions, statutes, rules of judicial procedures, etc., i.e., governmental edicts and rulings. Copyright was denied on the grounds of public policy: such material as the laws and governmental rules and decisions must be freely available to

1566-445: The Government itself. Courts had, however, considered whether copyright could be asserted as to the text of laws, court decisions, governmental rules, etc., and concluded that such material were not subject to copyright as a matter of public policy. But other material prepared for State Governments by their employees, notably the headnotes, syllabi, annotations, etc. prepared by court reporters, had been held copyrightable on behalf of

1624-460: The Government, either separately or in a public document, of any material in which copyright is subsisting shall not be taken to cause any abridgment or annulment of the copyright or to authorize any use or appropriation of such copyright material without the consent of the copyright proprietor." The committee report on the bill that became the Act of 1909 explains that the savings clause was inserted "for

1682-898: The Hauberg Mountains and Peterson Hills. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1961-67. Named by US-ACAN for Milton B. Spear, construction electrician at Eights Station in 1965. 75°50′S 67°55′W  /  75.833°S 67.917°W  / -75.833; -67.917 . A group of hills just east of Spear Glacier, between the Hauberg Mountains and Wilkins Mountains. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1961-67. Named by US-ACAN for D.G. Peterson, electronics technician at South Pole Station in 1963. 75°32′S 66°30′W  /  75.533°S 66.500°W  / -75.533; -66.500 . A group of low mountains of about 20 nautical miles (37 km; 23 mi) extent, located 25 nautical miles (46 km; 29 mi) southeast of

1740-542: The Hauberg Mountains. Mapped by USGS from ground surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1961-67. Named by US-ACAN for Michael B. Dewe, glaciologist at Byrd Station, summer 1965-66. 75°52′S 68°23′W  /  75.867°S 68.383°W  / -75.867; -68.383 . A peak rising to about 1,100 metres (3,600 ft) high, 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) southeast of Mount Leek. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy aerial photographs, 1961-67. Climbed in December 1977 by members of

1798-760: The Orville Coast, west of Spear Glacier. The feature was mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy aerial photographs, 1961-67, and was visited by a USGS geological party, 1977-78, led by Peter D. Rowley. Named by US-ACAN after Commander (later Captain) David A. Srite, United States Navy, chief navigator of an LC-130 aircraft in support of the geological party in this area, 1977-78; Commanding Officer, Antarctic Development Squadron Six, 1979 to 1980; Commanding Officer, Naval Support Force, Antarctica, 1985 to 1987. 75°58′S 70°00′W  /  75.967°S 70.000°W  / -75.967; -70.000 . A group of peaks including Carlson Peak and Novocin Peak, which form

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1856-475: The South Pole Station winter party in 1963. 75°12′S 69°33′W  /  75.200°S 69.550°W  / -75.200; -69.550 . A prominent rock mountain 1,635 metres (5,364 ft) high located centrally along the south margin of the Sweeney Mountains. Discovered by the RARE, 1947 48, under Ronne, who named this summit for Commander Edward C. Sweeney, United States Navy Reserve,

1914-497: The State. Such copyrights for the benefit of the State were sustained by the courts. Two cases before 1895 may also be noted with regard to the question of the rights of individual authors (or their successors) in material prepared for, or acquired by, the United States Government. In Heine v. Appleton , an artist was held to have no right to secure copyright in drawings prepared by him as a member of Commodore Perry's expedition, since

1972-529: The States. The Copyright Act of 1909 was the first copyright statute to address government publications. Section 7 of the Act (later codified as Section 8 of title 17 U.S.C.) provided that "No copyright shall subsist   ... in any publication of the United States Government, or any reprint, in whole or in part, thereof". Prior to the Printing Act of 1895, no statute governed copyright of U.S. government works. Court decisions had established that an employee of

2030-462: The Sweeney Mountains, Ellsworth Land. First observed from aircraft by the RARE, 1947-48. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1961-67. Named by US-ACAN for Christopher J. Potter, glaciologist at Byrd Station, summer 1965-66. 75°06′S 68°18′W  /  75.100°S 68.300°W  / -75.100; -68.300 . A group of nunataks forming the northeast end of Sweeney Mountains. Discovered and photographed from

2088-1056: The Sweeney Mountains. Discovered by the RARE, 1947-48, under Ronne, who named these mountains for Sir Hubert Wilkins. 75°45′S 65°30′W  /  75.750°S 65.500°W  / -75.750; -65.500 . A glacier on the east side of the Wilkins Mountains, draining south to enter the Ronne Ice Shelf just west of Dodson Peninsula . Mapped by the USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1961-67. Named by US-ACAN for J.D. Matthews, engineman at South Pole Station in 1963. 75°39′S 68°10′W  /  75.650°S 68.167°W  / -75.650; -68.167 . A group of nunataks rising to about 1,200 metres (3,900 ft) high, 12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi) north-northeast of Mount Leek. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy aerial photographs, 1961-67. Visited in December 1977 by

2146-531: The U.S. government. Their works therefore fall under § 105 and lack copyright protection. Certain works, particularly logos and emblems of government agencies, while not copyrightable, are still protected by other laws that are similar in effect to trademark laws. Such laws are intended to protect indicators of source or quality. For example, some uses of the Central Intelligence Agency logo, name, and initialism are regulated under

2204-466: The air by the RARE, 1947-48. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1961-67. Named by US-ACAN for Richard E. Anderson, aviation electronics technician on R4D flights in 1961, including a November 4, 1961 reconnaissance flight from Byrd Station to the Eights Coast. 75°17′S 68°11′W  /  75.283°S 68.183°W  / -75.283; -68.183 . Peak in

2262-399: The copies or phonorecords embodying any work or works protected under this title". Unlike works of the U.S. government, works produced by contractors under government contracts are protected under U.S. copyright law . The holdership of the copyright depends on the terms of the contract and the type of work undertaken. Contract terms and conditions vary between agencies; contracts to NASA and

2320-467: The court decisions. These cases may be said to have established the principle that material prepared by a government employee outside of the scope of the public policy rule was copyrightable; and that the employee who prepared such material on his own could secure copyright therein. There appears to be no court decision before 1895 dealing directly with the question of whether the United States Government might obtain or hold copyright in material not within

2378-425: The drawings belonged to the Government. In Folsom v. Marsh , where a collection of letters and other private writings of George Washington had been published and copyrighted by his successors, the purchase of the manuscripts by the United States Government was held not to affect the copyright. The contention of the defendant that the Government's ownership of the manuscripts made them available for publication by anyone

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2436-444: The federal government purchased former U.S. President James Madison 's manuscripts from his widow, Dolley Madison , for $ 30,000. If this is construed as covering copyright as well as the physical papers, it would be an example of such a transfer. Works by certain independent agencies, corporations and federal subsidiaries may not be considered "government works" and may, therefore, be copyrightable. For instance, material produced by

2494-405: The law to make the use of a copyright notice optional on copies of works published on and after March 1, 1989 and also revised Section 403. After the adoption of this act, a copyright notice was no longer necessary to secure copyright protection. Including the notice, however, does continue to confer certain benefits, notably in the challenging a defendant's claim of innocent infringement, where

2552-469: The north. The Hauberg Mountains were discovered by the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition (RARE), 1947–48, led by Finn Ronne , and named by him for John Hauberg, of Rock Island, Illinois , a contributor to the expedition. 75°53′S 70°27′W  /  75.883°S 70.450°W  / -75.883; -70.450 . An isolated nunatak, 4 nautical miles (7.4 km; 4.6 mi) northeast of Carlson Peak in western Hauberg Mountains. Mapped by

2610-625: The northeast part of the Hauberg Mountains. First observed from the air by the RARE, 1947-48. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1961-67. Named by US-ACAN for Gouke M. Leek, glaciologist at Byrd Station, summer 1965-66. 75°47′S 68°24′W  /  75.783°S 68.400°W  / -75.783; -68.400 . A peak rising to about 1,100 metres (3,600 ft) high, located 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) northeast of Mount Leek. Named by US-ACAN in 1985 after Commander William A. Morgan, United States Navy, command pilot of an LC-130 aircraft in support of

2668-489: The performance of a contract and published in academic, technical or professional journals, symposia proceedings, or the like. The express written permission of the Contracting Officer is required before the contractor may assert or enforce the copyright in all other works first produced in the performance of a contract. However, if a contract includes Alternate IV of the clause, the Contracting Officer's approval

2726-408: The public and made known as widely as possible; hence there must be no restriction on the reproduction and dissemination of such documents. While copyright was denied in the text of court decisions, material added by a court reporter on his own – such as leadnotes, syllabi, annotations, indexes, etc. – was deemed copyrightable by him, although he was employed by the government to take down and compile

2784-592: The public policy rule. But the question did arise with respect to State Governments. In the nineteenth century much of the public printing for the States was done under contract by private publishers. The publisher would not bear the expense of printing and publishing, however, unless he could be given exclusive rights. To enable the State to give exclusive rights to a publisher, a number of States enacted statutes providing that court reporters or other State officials who prepared copyrightable material in their official capacity should secure copyright in trust for or on behalf of

2842-442: The question of proper notice may be a factor in assessing damages in infringement actions. Under the revised Section 403, these benefits are denied to a work consisting predominantly U.S. Government works "unless the notice of copyright appearing on the published copies or phonorecords to which a defendant in the copyright infringement suit had access includes a statement identifying, either affirmatively or negatively, those portions of

2900-426: The reason that the Government often desires to make use in its publications of copyrighted material, with the consent of the owner of the copyright, and it has been regarded heretofore as necessary to pass a special act every time this was done, providing that such use by the Government should not be taken to give to anyone the right to use the copyrighted material found in the Government publication". The Sections of

2958-467: The required copyright notice included a statement specifically identifying those parts of the work that were not U.S. Government work, and therefore subject to copyright protection. According to the House Report, this provision was aimed at a publishing practice that, while technically justified under the present law, has been the object of considerable criticism. In cases where a Government work

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3016-401: The right to distribute to the public, but for " commercial off the shelf software", the government typically obtains no better license than would any other customer. The federal government can hold copyrights that are transferred to it. Copyright law's definition of work of the United States government does not include work that the government owns but did not create. For example, in 1837,

3074-531: The southeast extremity of the Sweeney Mountains. Mapped by USGS from ground surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1961-67. Named by US-ACAN for Cornelius J. Hagerty, photographer with the McMurdo Station winter party in 1960. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Geological Survey . Hauberg Mountains Download coordinates as: The Hauberg Mountains are in

3132-772: The southeast of Ellsworth Land just north of the Orville Coast . They are southeast of the Behrendt Mountains and south of the Sweeney Mountains . Eastern features, from north to south, include Shelton Nunataks, Janke Nunatak, Bean Peaks, Carlson Peak, Novocin Peak and Cape Zumberge. Western features include Mount Leek and Mount Dewe, separated by the Spear Glacier from the Peterson Hills and Wilkins Mountains. The Witte Nunataks are to

3190-790: The southeast of Ellsworth Land . They are east of the Merrick Mountains , northeast of the Behrendt Mountains , north of the Hauberg Mountains , northwest of the Wilkins Mountains and west of the Scaife Mountains . The region to the north, extending to the English Coast , is largely featureless. Features and nearby features, from west to east, include Morgan Nunataks, Mount Smart, Mount Ballard, Mount Edward, Mount Jenkins, Potter Peak, Anderson Nunataks and Hagerty Peak. The Sweeney Mountains were discovered by

3248-682: The southwest part of the Hauberg Mountains. First sighted from the air by the RARE, 1947-48. Mapped by USGS from ground surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1961-67. Named by US-ACAN for Lawrence D. Bean, electrician with the South Pole Station winter party in 1967. 75°57′S 70°33′W  /  75.950°S 70.550°W  / -75.950; -70.550 . One of the Bean Peaks. Mapped by USGS from ground surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1961-67. Named by US-ACAN for Paul R. Carlson, meteorologist at Byrd Station, summer 1965-66. 76°01′S 69°33′W  /  76.017°S 69.550°W  / -76.017; -69.550 . One of

3306-485: The southwest part of the Sweeney Mountains. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1961-67. Named by US-ACAN for Robert G. Smart, cook at Eights Station in 1965. 75°12′S 70°05′W  /  75.200°S 70.083°W  / -75.200; -70.083 . Mountain in the west part of the Sweeney Mountains. Mapped by USGS from ground surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1961-67. Named by US-ACAN for G.E. Ballard, equipment operator with

3364-553: Was denied. The Printing Law of 1895, which was designed to centralize in the Government Printing Office, the printing, binding, and distribution of Government documents, contained the first statutory prohibition of copyright in Government publications. Section 52 of that Law provides for the sale by the Public Printer of "duplicate stereotype or electrotype plates from which any Government publication

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