50-809: See text Sympheromatoideae is a subfamily of flowering plants in the Lamiaceae . Lamiaceae The Lamiaceae ( / ˌ l eɪ m i ˈ eɪ s i . iː , - ˌ aɪ / LAY -mee- AY -see-ee, -eye ) or Labiatae are a family of flowering plants commonly known as the mint , deadnettle , or sage family. Many of the plants are aromatic in all parts and include widely used culinary herbs like basil , mint , rosemary , sage , savory , marjoram , oregano , hyssop , thyme , lavender , and perilla , as well as other medicinal herbs such as catnip , salvia , bee balm , wild dagga , and oriental motherwort . Some species are shrubs , trees (such as teak ), or, rarely, vines . Many members of
100-599: A cosmopolitan distribution . The enlarged Lamiaceae contain about 236 genera and have been stated to contain 6,900 to 7,200 species , but the World Checklist lists 7,534. The largest genera are Salvia (900), Scutellaria (360), Stachys (300), Plectranthus (300), Hyptis (280), Teucrium (250), Vitex (250), Thymus (220), and Nepeta (200). Clerodendrum was once a genus of over 400 species, but by 2010, it had been narrowed to about 150. The family has traditionally been considered closely related to
150-501: A display of economically important heat-loving plants. It closes during the winter months. It was built to house Victoria amazonica , the largest known species of the water lily family Nymphaeaceae at the time. This plant was originally transported to Kew in vials of clean water and arrived in February 1849, after several prior attempts to transport seeds and roots had failed. Although various other members of Nymphaeaceae grew well,
200-534: A formerly polyphyletic Clerodendrum . Rydingia has been separated from Leucas . The remaining Leucas is paraphyletic over four other genera. In 2004, the Lamiaceae were divided into seven subfamilies , plus 10 genera not placed in any of the subfamilies. The unplaced genera are: Tectona , Callicarpa , Hymenopyramis , Petraeovitex , Peronema , Garrettia , Cymaria , Acrymia , Holocheila , and Ombrocharis . The subfamilies are
250-416: A ginkgo ( Ginkgo biloba ), a pagoda tree, or scholar tree ( Styphnolobium japonicum ), an oriental plane ( Platanus orientalis ), a black locust, or false acacia ( Robinia pseudoacacia ), and a Caucasian elm or zelkova ( Zelkova carpinifolia ). A canopy walkway , which opened in 2008, takes visitors on a 200 metres (660 ft) walk 18 metres (59 ft) above the ground, in the tree canopy of
300-411: A labyrinth of pipes buried under the house at a depth where the temperature remains suitable all year round. The house is designed so that the maximum temperature should not exceed 20 °C (68 °F). Kew's collection of alpine plants (defined as those that grow above the tree line in their locale – ground level at the poles rising to over 2,000 metres (6,562 feet)), extends to over 7000. As
350-474: A manor house in neighbouring Richmond (then called Sheen). That manor house was later abandoned; however, Henry VII built Sheen Palace in 1501, which, under the name Richmond Palace , became a permanent royal residence for Henry VII . Around the start of the 16th century courtiers attending Richmond Palace settled in Kew and built large houses. Early royal residences at Kew included Mary Tudor 's house, which
400-859: A minus sign (-). The remaining genera in the list are mostly of historical interest only and are from a source that includes such genera without explanation. Few of these are recognized in modern treatments of the family. Kew Gardens provides a list of genera that includes additional information. A list at the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website is frequently updated. Plants of the World Online currently accepts 227 genera. The circumscription of several genera has changed since 2004. Tsoongia , Paravitex , and Viticipremna have been sunk into synonymy with Vitex . Huxleya has been sunk into Volkameria . Kalaharia , Volkameria , Ovieda , and Tetraclea have been segregated from
450-404: A nursery for the royal children. It is a plain brick structure now known as Kew Palace . The Epicure's Almanack reports an anecdote of the garden wall as of 1815: "In going up Dreary Lane that leads to Richmond you pass along the east boundary wall of Kew Gardens, extending more than a mile in length. This dead wall used to have a most teasing and tedious effect on the eye of a pedestrian; but
500-592: A poor mendicant crippled seaman, some years ago, enlivened it by drawing on it, in chalk, every man of war in the British navy. He returns annually to the spot to refit his ships, and raises considerable supplies for his own victualling board from the gratuities of the charitable, who pass to and from Richmond." Some early plants came from the walled garden established by William Coys at Stubbers in North Ockendon . The collections grew somewhat haphazardly until
550-446: A woodland glade . Visitors can ascend and descend by stairs and by a lift . The walkway floor is perforated metal and flexes under foot; the entire structure sways in the wind. It was designed by David Marks . The accompanying photograph shows a section of the walkway, including the steel supports, which were designed to rust to a tree-like appearance to help the walkway fit in visually with its surroundings. A short video detailing
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#1732764881071600-463: Is a botanic garden in southwest London that houses the "largest and most diverse botanical and mycological collections in the world". Founded in 1840, from the exotic garden at Kew Park, its living collections include some of the 27,000 taxa curated by Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew , while the herbarium , one of the largest in the world, has over 8.5 million preserved plant and fungal specimens. The library contains more than 750,000 volumes, and
650-561: Is a non-departmental public body sponsored by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs . The Kew site, which has been dated as formally starting in 1759, although it can be traced back to the exotic garden at Kew Park, formed by Henry, Lord Capell of Tewkesbury , consists of 132 hectares (330 acres) of gardens and botanical glasshouses , four Grade I listed buildings , and 36 Grade II listed structures, all set in an internationally significant landscape. It
700-411: Is also now used to exhibit the winners of the photography competition. The Orangery was designed by Sir William Chambers , and was completed in 1761. It measures 28 by 10 metres (92 by 33 ft). It was found to be too dark for its intended purpose of growing citrus plants and they were moved out in 1841. After many changes of use, it is currently used as a restaurant. The Palm House (1844–1848)
750-514: Is considered "the world's most important surviving Victorian glass and iron structure". The structure's panes of glass are all hand-blown. The Temperate House , which is twice as large as the Palm House, followed later in the 19th century. It is now the largest Victorian glasshouse in existence. Kew was the location of the successful effort in the 19th century to propagate rubber trees for cultivation outside South America. In February 1913,
800-458: Is listed Grade I on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens . Kew Gardens has its own police force, Kew Constabulary , which has been in operation since 1845. Kew consists mostly of the gardens themselves and a small surrounding community. Royal residences in the area which would later influence the layout and construction of the gardens began in 1299 when Edward I moved his court to
850-419: Is not found in all members of the family, and is sometimes found in other plant families. The last revision of the entire family was published in 2004. It described and provided keys to 236 genera. These are marked with an asterisk (*) in the list below. A few genera have been established or resurrected since 2004. These are marked with a plus sign (+). Other genera have been synonymised. These are marked with
900-522: The Symphorematoideae , Viticoideae , Ajugoideae , Prostantheroideae , Nepetoideae , Scutellarioideae , and Lamioideae . The subfamily Viticoideae is probably not monophyletic . The Prostantheroideae and Nepetoideae are divided into tribes . These are shown in the phylogenetic tree below. Most of the genera of Lamiaceae have never been sampled for DNA for molecular phylogenetic studies. Most of those that have been are included in
950-615: The Verbenaceae ; in the 1990s, phylogenetic studies suggested that many genera classified in the Verbenaceae should be classified in the Lamiaceae or to other families in the order Lamiales . The alternative family name Labiatae refers to the flowers typically having petals fused into an upper lip and a lower lip ( labia in Latin). Although this is still considered an acceptable alternative name, most botanists now use
1000-588: The Alpine House can only house around 200 at a time the ones on show are regularly rotated. Originally designed for Buckingham Palace , this was moved to Kew in 1836 by King William IV . The building was formerly known as the Aroid House No. 1 and was used to display species of Araceae , the building was listed Grade II* in 1950. With an abundance of natural light, the building is now used for various exhibitions, weddings, and private events. It
1050-652: The Minka House and the Bamboo Garden. The crossing won a special award from the Royal Institute of British Architects in 2008. The Hive opened in 2016 and is a multi-sensory experience designed to highlight the extraordinary life of bees. It stands 17 metres (56 ft) tall and is set in a wildflower meadow. The Hive was designed by English artist Wolfgang Buttress . The Hive has been created using thousands of aluminium pieces that are presented in
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#17327648810711100-527: The Palm House and is the world's largest surviving Victorian glass structure. It contains plants and trees from all the temperate regions of the world, some of which are extremely rare. It was commissioned in 1859 and designed by architect Decimus Burton and iron founder Richard Turner . Covering 4880 square metres, it rises to a height of 19 metres (62 ft). Intended to accommodate Kew's expanding collection of hardy and temperate plants, it took 40 years to construct, during which time costs soared. The building
1150-549: The Palm House. In 1950 the railway was electrified. The tunnel is now used to carry piped hot water to the Palm House, from oil-fired boilers located near the original chimney, which is extant, and is Grade II listed . Kew's third major conservatory, the Princess of Wales Conservatory, designed by architect Gordon Wilson, was opened in 1987 by Diana, Princess of Wales in commemoration of her predecessor Augusta 's associations with Kew. It replaced 26 smaller buildings. In 1989
1200-682: The Tea House was burned down by suffragettes Olive Wharry and Lilian Lenton during a series of arson attacks in London. Kew Gardens lost hundreds of trees in the Great Storm of 1987 . From 1959 to 2007, Kew Gardens had the tallest flagpole in Britain. Made from a single Douglas-fir from Canada, it was given to mark both the centenary of the Canadian province of British Columbia and
1250-430: The apex of the roof arch extends to a height of 10 metres (33 ft) in order to allow the natural airflow of a building of this shape to aid in the all-important ventilation required for the type of plants to be housed. The new house features a set of automatically operated blinds that prevent it from overheating when the sun is too hot for the plants together with a system that blows a continuous stream of cool air over
1300-516: The appointment of the first collector, Francis Masson , in 1771. Capability Brown , who became England's most renowned landscape architect , applied for the position of master gardener at Kew, and was rejected. In 1840, the gardens were adopted as a national botanical garden , in large part due to the efforts of the Royal Horticultural Society and its president William Cavendish . Under Kew's director, William Hooker ,
1350-533: The bicentenary of Kew Gardens. The flagpole was removed after damage by weather and woodpeckers made it a danger. In July 2003, UNESCO put the gardens on its list of World Heritage Sites . A five-year, £41 million revamp of the Temperate House was completed in May 2018. Five trees survive from the establishment of the botanical gardens in 1762. Together they are known as the 'Five Lions' and consist of:
1400-402: The conservatory a distinctive appearance and helping to maximize the use of the sun's energy. During the construction of the conservatory a time capsule was buried. It contains the seeds of basic crops and endangered plant species and key publications on conservation. The Temperate House, re-opened in May 2018 after being closed for restoration, is a greenhouse that has twice the floor area of
1450-472: The conservatory received the Europa Nostra award for conservation. The conservatory houses ten computer-controlled micro-climatic zones, with the bulk of the greenhouse volume composed of Dry Tropics and Wet Tropics plants. Significant numbers of orchids , water lilies , cacti , lithops , carnivorous plants and bromeliads are housed in the various zones. The cactus collection also extends outside
1500-409: The conservatory where some hardier species can be found. The conservatory has an area of 4,499 square metres (48,430 sq ft; 0.4499 ha; 1.112 acres). As it is designed to minimize the amount of energy taken to run it, the cooler zones are grouped around the outside and the more tropical zones are in the central area where heat is conserved. The glass roof extends down to the ground, giving
1550-418: The construction of the walkway is available online. The Lake Crossing bridge, made of granite and bronze, opened in May 2006. Designed by Buro Happold and John Pawson , it crosses the lake and was previously named in honor of Dr Mortimer and Theresa Sackler . The minimalist-styled bridge is designed as a sweeping double curve of black granite. The sides of the bridge are formed of bronze posts that give
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1600-594: The family are widely cultivated, not only for their aromatic qualities, but also their ease of cultivation, since they are readily propagated by stem cuttings. Besides those grown for their edible leaves, some are grown for decorative foliage. Others are grown for seed, such as Salvia hispanica (chia), or for their edible tubers, such as Plectranthus edulis , P. esculentus , P. rotundifolius , and Stachys affinis (Chinese artichoke). Many are also grown ornamentally, notably coleus , Plectranthus , and many Salvia species and hybrids. The family has
1650-743: The following phylogenetic tree . The phylogeny depicted below is based on seven different sources. Callicarpa Tectona Gmelina Premna Vitex Congea Symphorema Rotheca Teucrium Ajuga Oxera Faradaya Kalaharia Clerodendrum Volkameria Ovieda Aegiphila Tetraclea Amasonia Chloanthes Prostanthera Westringia Lavandula Siphocranion Isodon Hanceola Hyptis Orthosiphon Ocimum Plectranthus Coleus Elsholtzia Perilla Lepechinia Salvia Rosmarinus Prunella Nepeta Dracocephalum Kew Gardens Kew Gardens
1700-592: The gardens is available on the Kew Gardens website. Kew has one of the largest compost heaps in Europe, made from green and woody waste from the gardens and the manure from the stables of the Household Cavalry . The compost is mainly used in the gardens, but on occasion has been auctioned as part of a fundraising event for the gardens. The compost heap is in an area of the gardens not accessible to
1750-412: The gardens were increased to 30 hectares (75 acres) and the pleasure grounds , or arboretum , extended to 109 hectares (270 acres), and later to its present size of 121 hectares (300 acres). The first curator was John Smith . The Palm House was built by architect Decimus Burton and iron-maker Richard Turner between 1844 and 1848, and was the first large-scale structural use of wrought iron . It
1800-532: The house did not suit the Victoria , purportedly because of a poor ventilation system, and this specimen was moved to another, smaller, house ( Victoria amazonica House No. 10 ). The ironwork for the Waterlily House project was provided by Richard Turner and the initial construction was completed in 1852. The heat for the house was initially obtained by running a flue from the nearby Palm House but it
1850-525: The illustrations collection contains more than 175,000 prints and drawings of plants. It is one of London's top tourist attractions and is a World Heritage Site . Kew Gardens, together with the botanic gardens at Wakehurst in Sussex , are managed by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, an internationally important botanical research and education institution that employs over 1,100 staff and
1900-469: The impression, from certain angles, of forming a solid wall while, from others, and to those on the bridge, they are clearly individual entities that allow a view of the water beyond. The bridge forms part of a path designed to encourage visitors to visit more of the gardens than had hitherto been popular and connects the two art galleries, via the Temperate and Evolution Houses and the woodland glade, to
1950-482: The merging of the royal estates of Richmond and Kew in 1772. William Chambers built several garden structures, including the lofty Great Pagoda built in 1761 which still remains. George III enriched the gardens, aided by William Aiton and Sir Joseph Banks . The old Kew Park (by then renamed the White House), was demolished in 1802. The "Dutch House" adjoining was purchased by George III in 1781 as
2000-452: The name Lamiaceae in referring to this family. The flowers are bilaterally symmetrical with five united petals and five united sepals . They are usually bisexual and verticillastrate (a flower cluster that looks like a whorl of flowers, but actually consists of two crowded clusters). The leaves emerge oppositely, each pair at right angles to the previous one (decussate) or whorled. The stems are frequently square in cross section, but this
2050-405: The plants. The main design aim of the house is to allow maximum light transmission. To this end the glass is of a special low iron type that allows 90 per cent of the ultraviolet light in sunlight to pass. It is attached by high tension steel cables so that no light is obstructed by traditional glazing bars. To conserve energy the cooling air is not refrigerated but is cooled by being passed through
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2100-537: The public, but a viewing platform, made of wood which had been illegally traded but seized by Customs officers in HMRC , has been erected to allow visitors to observe the heap as it goes through its cycle. Tours of the gardens are conducted daily by trained volunteers. In March 2006, the Davies Alpine House opened, the third version of an alpine house since 1887. Although only 16 metres (52 ft) long
2150-400: The shape of a honeycomb. It was initially installed as a temporary exhibition, but was given a permanent home at Kew Gardens due to its popularity. Kew Explorer is a service that takes a circular route around the gardens, provided by two 72-seater road trains that are fuelled by Calor Gas to minimize pollution. A commentary is provided by the driver and there are several stops. A map of
2200-477: The significant heating effect. The 19 metres (62 ft) high central nave is surrounded by a walkway at 9 metres (30 ft) height, allowing visitors a closer look upon the palm tree crowns. In front of the Palm House on the east side are the Queen's Beasts , ten statues of animals bearing shields. They are Portland stone replicas of originals done by James Woodford and were placed here in 1958. The Palm House
2250-414: Was closed for restoration 1980–82. The building was restored during 2014–15 by Donald Insall Associates , based on their conservation management plan. There is a viewing gallery in the central section from which visitors can look down on that part of the collection. The Waterlily House is the hottest and most humid of the houses at Kew and contains a large pond with varieties of water lily, surrounded by
2300-637: Was formerly known as the Alpine House No. 24 prior to the construction of the Davies Alpine House. Kew's bonsai collection has around sixty specimens, displayed seasonally in the House, including a 100 year-old Japanese maple and a 200 year-old temple maple . The following plant houses were in use in 1974. All have since been demolished, with many of the collections being moved into the Princess of Wales Conservatory. The extant Aroid House (now
2350-479: Was in existence by 1522 when a driveway was built to connect it to the palace at Richmond. Around 1600, the land that would become the gardens was known as Kew Field, a large field strip farmed by one of the new private estates. The exotic garden at Kew Park, formed by Henry Capell, 1st Baron Capell of Tewkesbury , was enlarged and extended by Augusta, Dowager Princess of Wales , the widow of Frederick, Prince of Wales . The origins of Kew Gardens can be traced to
2400-872: Was later equipped with its own boiler. Formerly known as the Australian House . The house was a gift from the Australian Government. It was designed by S L Rothwell (Ministry of Works) with consultant engineer J E Temple and was constructed by the Crittall Manufacturing Company Ltd. It opened in 1952. From 1995 it was known as the Evolution House. The building is listed under the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 for its special architectural or historic interest. The Bonsai House
2450-613: Was originally heated by two coal-fired boilers, with a 107 feet (33 m) chimney, the "Shaft of the Great Palm-Stove", now known as the Campanile, near the Victoria Gate. Coal was brought in by a light railway, running in a tunnel, using human-propelled wagons. The tunnel acted as a flue between the boilers and the chimney, but the distance proved too great for efficient working, and so two small chimneys were added to
2500-423: Was the result of cooperation between architect Decimus Burton and iron founder Richard Turner , and continues upon the glass house design principles developed by John Claudius Loudon and Joseph Paxton . A space frame of wrought iron arches, held together by horizontal tubular structures containing long prestressed cables, supports glass panes which were originally tinted green with copper oxide to reduce
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