16-401: PMAT may refer to: Plasma membrane monoamine transporter (PMAT) Four phases of mitosis : prophase , metaphase , anaphase , and telophase : Prophase: Chromatin into chromosomes, the nuclear envelope break down, chromosomes attach to spindle fibers by their centromeres. Metaphase: Chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate (center of
32-470: A number of existing compounds have been found to act as weak inhibitors of this transporter, with the exception of decynium-22 , which is more potent. These compounds include: Lopinavir shows promising results as a newly discovered selective PMAT inhibitor that does not impact. This membrane protein –related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Dipyridamole Dipyridamole (trademarked as Persantine and others)
48-702: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor, dipyridamole is likely to potentiate the effects of adenosine . This occurs by blocking the nucleoside transporter (ENT1) through which adenosine enters erythrocyte and endothelial cells. According to Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland 2016 guidelines, dipyridamole is considered to not cause risk of bleeding when receiving neuroaxial anaesthesia and deep nerve blocks. It does not therefore require cessation prior to anaesthesia with these techniques, and can continue to be taken with nerve block catheters in place. Dipyridamole overdose can be treated with aminophylline or caffeine which reverses its dilating effect on
64-856: A potential glycosylation site, and its first 6 transmembrane domains are suspected to be important for substrate recognition. It is not homologous to other known monoamine transporters, such as the high-affinity SERT, DAT, and NET, or the low-affinity SLC22A OCT family. It was initially identified by a search of the draft human genome database through its sequence homology to ENTs (equilibrative nucleoside transporters). Common SSRIs have been shown to inhibit PMAT uptake but at far greater concentrations than SERT. Residual uptake due to incomplete inhibition of PMAT may contribute to SSRI treatment resistance. Mice models with specific constitutive genetic deficiencies in PMAT have demonstrated behavioral changes relative to WT, including upon anti-depressant administration. PMAT
80-574: Is pH -dependent and concomitant treatment with gastric acid suppressors (such as a proton pump inhibitor ) will inhibit the absorption of liquid and plain tablets. However, it is not licensed as monotherapy for stroke prophylaxis, although a Cochrane review suggested that dipyridamole may reduce the risk of further vascular events in patients presenting after cerebral ischemia . A triple therapy of aspirin , clopidogrel , and dipyridamole has been investigated, but this combination led to an increase in adverse bleeding events. Due to its action as
96-629: Is a low-affinity monoamine transporter protein which in humans is encoded by the SLC29A4 gene . It is known alternatively as the human equilibrative nucleoside transporter-4 (hENT4). It was discovered in 2004 and has been identified as a potential alternate target for treating various conditions. 222962 243328 ENSG00000164638 ENSMUSG00000050822 Q7RTT9 Q8R139 NM_001040661 NM_001300847 NM_153247 NM_146257 NP_001035751 NP_001287776 NP_694979 NP_666369 The plasma membrane monoamine transporter
112-459: Is an antiplatelet drug of the nucleoside transport inhibitor and PDE3 inhibitor class that inhibits blood clot formation when given chronically and causes blood vessel dilation when given at high doses over a short time. A combination of dipyridamole and aspirin ( acetylsalicylic acid/dipyridamole ) is FDA -approved for the secondary prevention of stroke and has a bleeding risk equal to that of aspirin use alone. Dipyridamole absorption
128-444: Is an integral membrane protein that transports the monoamine neurotransmitters ( serotonin , dopamine , norepinephrine ) as well as adenosine , from synaptic spaces into presynaptic neurons or neighboring glial cells . It is abundantly expressed in the human brain, heart tissue, and skeletal muscle, as well as in the kidneys, liver, and small intestine. It is relatively insensitive to the high affinity inhibitors (such as SSRIs) of
144-514: Is permeable to in a highly pH-dependent manner. In addition to transporting neurotransmitters at synapses, PMAT plays a key role in neurotoxin and drug removal from the cerebrospinal fluid . It is also likely to play a key role in histamine clearance from synapses, specifically through astrocytes. PMAT has 530 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular weight of 58kD, 11 transmembrane segments, an extracellular C-terminus, and an intracellular N-terminus. It has several phosphorylation sites and
160-494: Is possible that PMAT along with standard DAT inhibition could lead to better treatment outcomes with more complete blockage of uptake. PMAT is expressed within the apical membranes of enterocytes in the small intestine. Gene variants affecting the expression of PMAT have been demonstrated to increase the occurrence of GI disturbance side effects with metformin administration, the most common type II diabetes medication. No highly selective PMAT inhibitors are yet available, but
176-460: The SLC6A monoamine transporters (SERT, DAT, NET), as well being only weakly sensitive to the adenosine transport inhibitor, dipyridamole . PMAT is especially prevalent in dendrites with dense monoaminergic input, and has a significant impact on synaptic clearance of monoamines, especially under non-homeostatic conditions. PMAT transport is electrogenic, utilizing the naturally negative interior of
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#1732783239923192-402: The cell). Anaphase: Sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cell. Telophase: Two new nuclear envelopes form, chromosomes unfold into chromatin, cytokinesis can begin. Cytokinesis: The process that finally splits the parent cell into two identical daughter cells. Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with
208-417: The cells to attract the cationic monoamines, thereby increasing its V max (without changing affinity) with increasingly negative membrane potentials. PMAT preferentially transports 5-HT and DA, with a transport efficiency comparable to SERT and DAT, but a with a lower K m . PMAT and similar transporters like OCT3 are commonly referred to as uptake 2 transporters. Uptake 2 transport refers to
224-518: The title PMAT . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PMAT&oldid=1259545514 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Plasma membrane monoamine transporter The plasma membrane monoamine transporter ( PMAT )
240-485: The transport of biogenic amines through low affinity, high-capacity transporters. At low a pH, (5.5-6.5 range, as occurs under ischemic conditions) its transport efficiency increases for all substrates, whereas at high pH (>8) transport is blocked. Unlike other members of the ENT family, it is impermeable to most nucleosides , with the exception of the inhibitory neurotransmitter and ribonucleoside adenosine , which it
256-531: Was demonstrated to be differentially expressed in juvenile or adult mice. This differential expression coincided with decreased SSRI efficacy, and an anti-depressant-like effect of the PMAT inhibitor Decynium-22 , suggesting a tentative mechanism for treatment-resistant depression in human adolescents and children. Parkinson's disease states may be affected by PMAT activity at the synapse, due to its higher affinity for dopamine. In seeking to treat Parkinson's through increasing synaptic dopamine concentrations, it
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