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73-402: Pride is a high sense of the worth of one's self and one's own, or a pleasure taken in the contemplation of these things Pride may also refer to: United States Pride Philosophers and social psychologists have noted that pride is a complex secondary emotion that requires the development of a sense of self and the mastery of relevant conceptual distinctions (e.g. that pride

146-613: A content sense of attachment toward one's own or another's choices and actions, or toward a whole group of people and is a product of praise , independent self-reflection and a fulfilled feeling of belonging . Other possible objects of pride are one's ethnicity and one's sex identity (for example, LGBT pride ). With a negative connotation , pride refers to a foolishly and irrationally corrupt sense of one's personal value, status , or accomplishments used synonymously with hubris . While some philosophers such as Aristotle (and George Bernard Shaw ) consider pride (but not hubris)

219-437: A feeling of accomplishment. It is related to "more positive behaviors and outcomes in the area where the individual is proud". Pride is associated with positive social behaviors such as helping others and outward promotion . Along with hope, it is an emotion that facilitates performance attainment, as it can help trigger and sustain focused and appetitive effort to prepare for upcoming evaluative events. It may also help enhance

292-447: A glass without further positive allegorical attributes. All is Vanity , by Charles Allan Gilbert (1873–1929), carries on this theme. An optical illusion , the painting depicts what appears to be a large grinning skull. Upon closer examination, it reveals itself to be a young woman gazing at her reflection in the mirror of her vanity table . Such artistic works served to warn viewers of the ephemeral nature of youthful beauty, as well as

365-555: A high-minded man we seem to mean one who claims much and deserves much: for he who claims much without deserving it is a fool; but the possessor of a virtue is never foolish or silly. The man we have described, then, is high-minded. He who deserves little and claims little is temperate [or modest], but not high-minded: for high-mindedness [or greatness of soul] implies greatness, just as beauty implies stature; small men may be neat and well proportioned, but cannot be called beautiful. He concludes then that, High-mindedness, then, seems to be

438-646: A person feels guilty when he harms another or fails to reciprocate kindness, he is more likely not to harm others or become too selfish. In this way, he reduces the chances of retaliation by members of his tribe, and thereby increases his survival prospects, and those of the tribe or group. As with any other emotion, guilt can be manipulated to control or influence others. As highly social animals living in large, relatively stable groups, humans need ways to deal with conflicts and events in which they inadvertently or purposefully harm others. If someone causes harm to another, and then feels guilt and demonstrates regret and sorrow,

511-414: A person when the event is appraised as having been caused by that person alone. Pride as a display of the strong self that promotes feelings of similarity to strong others, as well as differentiation from weak others. Seen in this light, pride can be conceptualized as a hierarchy-enhancing emotion, as its experience and display helps rid negotiations of conflict. Pride involves exhilarated pleasure and

584-789: A profound virtue , some world religions consider pride's fraudulent form a sin , seen in Proverbs 11:2 of the Hebrew Bible . In Judaism , pride is called the root of all evil. When viewed as a virtue, pride in one's abilities is known as virtuous pride, greatness of soul, or magnanimity , but when viewed as a vice, it is often known to be self- idolatry , sadistic contempt, vanity or vainglory. Proud comes from late Old English prut , probably from Old French prud "brave, valiant" (11th century) (which became preux in French), from Late Latin term prodis "useful", which

657-435: A spectrum ranging from "proper pride", associated with genuine achievements, and "false pride", which can be maladaptive or even pathological. Lea et al. examined the role of pride in various economic situations and claim that in all cases pride is involved because economic decisions are not taken in isolation from one another, but are linked together by the selfhood of the people who take them . Understood in this way, pride

730-423: A threat to the positivity of that identity". For an individual to experience collective guilt, he must identify himself as a part of the in-group. "This produces a perceptual shift from thinking of oneself in terms of 'I' and 'me' to 'us' or 'we'.” Guilt and shame are two closely related concepts, but they have key differences that should not be overlooked. Cultural Anthropologist Ruth Benedict describes shame as

803-435: A wave of patriotism sweep the country in a manner not seen for many years. Although many were hesitant to show such blatant support as the hanging of the national flag from windows, as the team progressed through the tournament, so too did the level of support across the nation. The term " Asian pride " in modern usage refers mostly to those of East Asian descent, though it can include anyone of Asian descent. Asian pride

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876-523: A word for guilt that means "standing exposed to judgment for sin" (e. g., Romans 3 :19). In what Christians call the " Old Testament ", Christians believe the Bible teaches that, through sacrifice, one's sins can be forgiven (Judaism categorically rejects this idea, holding that forgiveness of sin is exclusively through repentance, and the role of sacrifices was for atonement of sins committed by accident or ignorance ). The New Testament says that forgiveness

949-526: Is a gift, and that sexual orientation and gender identity are inherent and cannot be intentionally altered. The word "pride" is used in this case as an antonym for " shame ". It is an affirmation of self and community. The modern gay pride movement began after the Stonewall riots of the late 1960s. In June 1970, the first pride parade in the United States commemorated the one-year anniversary of

1022-598: Is a main theme in John Steinbeck 's East of Eden , Fyodor Dostoyevsky 's Crime and Punishment , Tennessee Williams' A Streetcar Named Desire , William Shakespeare 's play Macbeth , Edgar Allan Poe 's " The Tell-Tale Heart " and " The Black Cat ", and many other works of literature. In Sartre's The Flies , the Furies (in the form of flies) represent the morbid, strangling forces of neurotic guilt which bind us to authoritarian and totalitarian power. Guilt

1095-548: Is a major theme in many works by Nathaniel Hawthorne , and is an almost universal concern of novelists who explore inner life and secrets . In his Kyriai Doxai ( Principal Doctrines ) 17 and 35, Epicurus teaches that we may identify and diagnose guilt by its signs and perturbations. Within his ethical system based on pleasure and pain, guilt manifests as constant fear of detection that emerges from "secretly doing something contrary to an agreement to not harm one another or be harmed". Since Epicurus rejects supernatural claims,

1168-426: Is a painful feeling of regret and responsibility for one's actions, shame is a painful feeling about oneself as a person". Shame can almost be described as looking at yourself unfavorably through the eyes of others. Psychiatrist Judith Lewis Herman portrays this idea by stating that "Shame is an acutely self-conscious state in which the self is 'split,' imagining the self in the eyes of the other; by contrast, in guilt

1241-458: Is a slogan used primarily in the United States to raise awareness for a black racial identity. The slogan has been used by African Americans of sub-Saharan African origin or ancestry to denote a feeling of self-confidence, self-respect, celebrating one's heritage, and being proud of one's worth. White pride is a slogan mainly (but not exclusively) used by white separatist , white nationalist , neo-Nazi , and white supremacist organizations in

1314-426: Is an affective state in which one experiences conflict at having done something that one believes one should not have done (or conversely, having not done something one believes one should have done). It gives rise to a feeling which does not go away easily, driven by ' conscience '. Sigmund Freud described this as the result of a struggle between the ego and the superego  – parental imprinting. Freud rejected

1387-442: Is an emotional state that works to ensure that people take financial decisions that are in their long-term interests, even when in the short term they would appear irrational. Inordinate self-esteem is called "pride". Classical Christian theology views pride as being the result of high self-esteem, and thus high self-esteem was viewed as the primary human problem, but beginning in the 20th century, " humanistic psychology " diagnosed

1460-640: Is an important factor in perpetuating obsessive–compulsive disorder symptoms. The etymology of the word is obscure, and developed its modern spelling from the Old English form gylt "crime, sin, fault, fine, debt", which is possibly derived from Old English gieldan "to pay for, debt". Because it was used in the Lord's Prayer as the translation for the Latin debitum and also in Matthew xviii. 27, and gyltiȝ

1533-495: Is an open jewelry box. A painting attributed to Nicolas Tournier , which hangs in the Ashmolean Museum , is An Allegory of Justice and Vanity . A young woman holds a balance , symbolizing justice ; she does not look at the mirror or the skull on the table before her. Vermeer's famous painting Girl with a Pearl Earring is sometimes believed to depict the sin of vanity, as the young girl has adorned herself before

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1606-603: Is compared with the Latin prodesse "be of use". The sense of "having a high opinion of oneself", not in French, may reflect the Anglo-Saxons' opinion of the Norman knights who called themselves "proud". Aristotle identified pride ( megalopsuchia , variously translated as proper pride, the greatness of soul and magnanimity) as the crown of the virtues, distinguishing it from vanity, temperance and humility, thus: By

1679-515: Is considered a form of self- idolatry , in which one rejects God for the sake of one's own image , and thereby becomes divorced from the graces of God . The stories of Lucifer and Narcissus (who gave us the term narcissism ), and others, attend to a pernicious aspect of vanity. In Western art, vanity was often symbolized by a peacock , and in Biblical terms, by the Whore of Babylon . During

1752-528: Is despised as well as valued in the individualist West , where it is experienced as pleasurable. In psychological terms, positive pride is "a pleasant, sometimes exhilarating, emotion that results from a positive self-evaluation". It was added to the University of California, Davis, "Set of Emotion Expressions", as one of three "self-conscious" emotions known to have recognizable expressions (along with embarrassment and shame ). The term " fiero "

1825-508: Is directly about the self , which is the focus of evaluation. In guilt, the self is not the central object of negative evaluation, but rather the thing done is the focus." An individual can still possess a positive perception of themselves while also feeling guilt for certain actions or thoughts they took part in. Contrary to guilt, Shame has a more inclusive focus on the individual as a whole. Fossum and Mason's ideas clearly outline this idea in their book Facing Shame. They state that "While guilt

1898-438: Is distinct from happiness and joy) through language-based interaction with others. Some social psychologists identify the nonverbal expression of pride as a means of sending a functional, automatically perceived signal of high social status. Pride may be considered the opposite of shame or of humility , sometimes as proper or as a virtue and sometimes as corrupt or as a vice . With a positive connotation, pride refers to

1971-723: Is given as written in 1 Corinthians 15:3–4: "3 For what I received I passed on to you as of first importance: that Christ died for our sins according to the Scriptures, for that he was buried, that he was raised on the third day according to the Scriptures." In both the Old Testament and the New Testament, salvation is granted based on God's grace and forgiveness (Gen 6:8; 19:19; Exo 33:12–17; 34:6–7). The New Testament says that, in Jesus Christ , God took upon Himself

2044-476: Is not the requital of past injuries; this is revenge. As for the pleasure in hubris, its cause is this: naive men think that by ill-treating others they make their own superiority the greater. Thus, although pride and hubris are often deemed the same thing, for Aristotle and many philosophers hubris is an entirely different thing from pride. Pride, when classified as an emotion or passion, is both cognitive and evaluative; its object, that it cognizes and evaluates,

2117-789: Is often associated with anxiety . In mania , according to Otto Fenichel , the patient succeeds in applying to guilt "the defense mechanism of denial by overcompensation...re-enacts being a person without guilt feelings." In psychological research, guilt can be measured by using questionnaires, such as the Differential Emotions Scale (Izard's DES), or the Dutch Guilt Measurement Instrument . According to psychoanalytic theory, defenses against feeling guilt can become an overriding aspect of one's personality. The methods that can be used to avoid guilt are multiple. They include: Guilt proneness

2190-414: Is reliably associated with moral character. Similarly, feelings of guilt can prompt subsequent virtuous behavior. People who feel guilty may be more likely to exercise restraint, avoid self-indulgence, and exhibit less prejudice. Guilt appears to prompt reparatory behaviors to alleviate the negative emotions that it engenders. People appear to engage in targeted and specific reparatory behaviors toward

2263-447: Is the self and its properties, or something the proud individual identifies with. The field of psychology classifies it with guilt and shame as a self-conscious emotion that results from the evaluations of oneself and one's behavior according to internal and external standards. Pride results from satisfying or conforming to a standard; guilt or shame from defying it. There is a lack of research that addresses pride, perhaps because it

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2336-547: Is used to render debet in Matthew xxiii. 18, it has been inferred to have had the primary sense of ‘debt’, though there is no real evidence for this. Its development into a "sense of guilt" is first recorded in 1690 as a misuse of its original meaning. "Guilt by association" is first recorded in 1941. "Guilty" is similarly from Old English gyltig , itself from gylt . Guilt and its associated causes, advantages, and disadvantages are common themes in psychology and psychiatry . Both in specialized and in ordinary language, guilt

2409-479: The Renaissance , it was invariably represented as a naked woman , sometimes seated or reclining on a couch. She attends to her hair with a comb and mirror. The mirror is sometimes held by a demon or a putto . Other symbols include jewels, gold coins, a purse, and Death himself . Often depicted is an inscription on a scroll that reads Omnia Vanitas ("All is Vanity"), a quote from the Latin translation of

2482-843: The United States for a white race identity. White pride also consists of white ethnic/cultural pride. Mad pride is a worldwide movement and philosophy that mentally ill people should be proud of their madness. It advocates mutual support and rallies for their rights, and aims to popularize the word "mad" as a self-descriptor. LGBT pride is a worldwide movement and philosophy asserting that lesbian , gay , bisexual , transgender , and queer ( LGBTQ+ ) individuals should be proud of their sexual orientation and gender identity . LGBT pride includes advocacy for equal rights and benefits for LGBT people. The movement has three main premises: that people should be proud of their sexual orientation and gender identity , that sexual diversity

2555-400: The "tyranny of the should," the "pride system", and the nature of self-hate all point toward the intertwined relationship between neurotic pride and self-contempt. Understanding how a neurotic pride system underlies an appearance of self-contempt and low self-esteem. Thus, hubris , which is an exaggerated form of self-esteem, is sometimes actually a lie used to cover the lack of self-esteem

2628-586: The Book of Ecclesiastes . Although that phrase—itself depicted in a type of still life called vanitas —originally referred not to an obsession with one's appearance, but to the ultimate fruitlessness of man's efforts in this world, the phrase summarizes the complete preoccupation of the subject of the picture. "The artist invites us to pay lip-service to condemning her", writes Edwin Mullins , "while offering us full permission to drool over her. She admires herself in

2701-489: The Stonewall riots—the nearly week-long uprising between New York City youth and police officers following a raid of Stonewall Inn. In conventional parlance, vanity sometimes is used in a positive sense to refer to a rational concern for one's appearance, attractiveness, and dress, and is thus not the same as pride. It can also refer to an excessive or irrational belief in or concern with one's abilities or attractiveness in

2774-539: The University of Southern California, one of this study's implications is that society may have to rethink how it judges immoral people: "Psychopaths often feel no empathy or remorse. Without that awareness, people relying exclusively on reasoning seem to find it harder to sort their way through moral thickets. Does that mean they should be held to different standards of accountability?" Some evolutionary psychologists theorize that guilt and shame helped maintain beneficial relationships, such as reciprocal altruism . If

2847-658: The adult public and personal eyes. Research from the University of Sydney found that hubristic pride correlates with arrogance and self-aggrandizement and promotes prejudice and discrimination. But authentic pride is associated with self-confidence and accomplishment and promotes more positive attitudes toward outgroups and stigmatized individuals. Pride in ones own ethnicity or ones own culture seems to universally have positive connotations, though like earlier discussions on pride, when pride tips into hubris, people have been known to commit atrocities. Types of pride across

2920-441: The brevity of human life and the inevitability of death . Guilt (emotion) Guilt is a moral emotion that occurs when a person believes or realizes —accurately or not—that they have compromised their own standards of conduct or have violated universal moral standards and bear significant responsibility for that violation. Guilt is closely related to the concept of remorse , regret , as well as shame . Guilt

2993-457: The crowning grace, as it were, of the virtues; it makes them greater, and cannot exist without them. And on this account it is a hard thing to be truly high-minded; for it is impossible without the union of all the virtues. By contrast, Aristotle defined the vice of hubris as follows: to cause shame to the victim, not in order that anything may happen to you, nor because anything has happened to you, but merely for your own gratification. Hubris

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3066-618: The discussion on pride so much so that perhaps the discussion on pride should not be about whether pride is necessarily good or bad, but about which form of it is the most useful. Pride has gained a lot of negative recognition in the western cultures largely due to its status as one of the Seven Deadly Sins. It was popularized by the Pope Gregory I of the Catholic Church in the late sixth century, but before that it

3139-417: The easiest way to avoid this perturbation is to avoid the antisocial behavior in order to continue enjoying ataraxia (the state of no-perturbation). However, once guilt is unavoidable, Epicurean Guides recommended confession of one's offenses as a practice that helps to purge the character from its evil tendencies and reform the character. According to Norman DeWitt, author of "St Paul and Epicurus", confession

3212-399: The empathic reactions more automatic. Neuroscientist Antonio R. Damasio and his colleagues showed that subjects with damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex lack the ability to empathically feel their way to moral answers, and that when confronted with moral dilemmas, these brain-damaged patients coldly came up with "end-justifies-the-means" answers, leading Damasio to conclude that

3285-426: The eyes of others and may, in that sense, be compared to pride. The term vanity originates from the Latin word vanitas meaning emptiness , untruthfulness , futility , foolishness , and empty pride . Here empty pride means a fake pride, in the sense of vainglory, unjustified by one's own achievements and actions, but sought by pretense and appeals to superficial characteristics. In many religions, vanity

3358-490: The few emotions with no clear positive or adaptive functions. A group that boasts, gloats, or denigrates others tends to become a group with low social status or to be vulnerable to threats from other groups. "[H]ubristic, pompous displays of group pride might be a sign of group insecurity as opposed to a sign of strength," while those who express pride by being filled with humility whilst focusing on members' efforts and hard work tend to achieve high social standing in both

3431-415: The glass, while we treat the picture that purports to incriminate her as another kind of glass—a window—through which we peer and secretly desire her." The theme of the recumbent woman often merged artistically with the non-allegorical one of a reclining Venus . In his table of the seven deadly sins , Hieronymus Bosch depicts a bourgeois woman admiring herself in a mirror held up by a devil. Behind her

3504-448: The hubristic person feels deep down. Hubris is associated with more intra-individual negative outcomes and is commonly related to expressions of aggression and hostility. Hubris is not necessarily associated with high self-esteem but with highly fluctuating or variable self-esteem. Excessive feelings of hubris have a tendency to create conflict and sometimes to terminate close relationships, which has led it to be understood as one of

3577-491: The human condition. He examines and compares the Augustinian - Niebuhrian conviction that pride is primary, the feminist concept of pride as being absent in the experience of women, the humanistic psychology position that pride does not adequately account for anyone's experience, and the humanistic psychology idea that if pride emerges, it is always a false front designed to protect an undervalued self. He considers that

3650-565: The intention of hurting another person. To a person high in psychopathy, their actions can always be rationalized to be the fault of another person. This is seen by psychologists as part of a lack of moral reasoning (in comparison with the majority of humans), an inability to evaluate situations in a moral framework, and an inability to develop emotional bonds with other people due to a lack of empathy . One study on psychopaths found that, under certain circumstances, they could willfully empathize with others, and that their empathic reaction initiated

3723-562: The nonverbal expression of pride conveys a message that is automatically perceived by others about a person's high social status in a group. Behaviorally, pride can also be expressed by adopting an expanded posture in which the head is tilted back and the arms extended out from the body. This postural display is innate as it is shown in congenitally blind individuals who have lacked the opportunity to see it in others. Pride results from self-directed satisfaction with meeting personal goals; for example positive performance outcomes elicit pride in

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3796-421: The person harmed is likely to forgive. Thus, guilt makes it possible to forgive, and helps hold the social group together. Collective guilt (or group guilt) is the unpleasant and often emotional reaction that results among a group of individuals when it is perceived that the group illegitimately harmed members of another group. It is often the result of "sharing a social identity with others whose actions represent

3869-658: The persons they wronged or offended. Individuals high in psychopathy lack any true sense of guilt or remorse for harm they may have caused others. Instead, they rationalize their behavior, blame someone else, or deny it outright. People with psychopathy have a tendency to be harmful to themselves and to others. They have little ability to plan ahead for the future. An individual with psychopathy will never find themselves at fault because they will do whatever it takes to benefit themselves without reservation. A person that does not feel guilt or remorse would have no reason to find themselves at fault for something that they did with

3942-401: The point was not that they reached immoral conclusions, but that when they were confronted by a difficult issue – in this case as whether to shoot down a passenger plane hijacked by terrorists before it hits a major city – these patients appear to reach decisions without the anguish that afflicts those with normally functioning brains. According to Adrian Raine , a clinical neuroscientist also at

4015-572: The primary human problem as low self-esteem stemming from a lack of belief in one's "true worth". Carl Rogers observed that most people "regard themselves as worthless and unlovable." Thus, they lack self-esteem. In the King James Bible , people exhibiting excess pride are labeled with the term, "Haughty" . Pride goeth before destruction, and an haughty spirit before a fall. Terry Cooper describes excessive pride (along with low self-esteem) as an important framework in which to describe

4088-412: The quality and flexibility of the effort expended. Pride can enhance creativity, productivity, and altruism. Researchers have found that among African-American youth, pride is associated with a higher GPA in less socioeconomically advantaged neighborhoods, whereas in more advantaged neighborhoods, pride is associated with a lower GPA. In the field of economic psychology , pride is conceptualized on

4161-563: The reasons for this is because shame can indicate serious damage to social acceptance and a breakdown in a variety of social relationships. The evolutionary root of shame is in a self-focused, social threat system related to competitive behavior and the need to prove oneself acceptable/desirable to others" Guilt on the other hand evolved from a place of Care-Giving and avoidance of any act that harms others. Traditional Japanese society , Korean society and Chinese culture are sometimes said to be " shame -based" rather than "guilt-based", in that

4234-473: The result of a violation of cultural or social values, while guilt is conjured up internally when one's personal morals are violated. To put it more simply, the primary difference between shame and guilt is the source that creates the emotion. Shame arises from a real or imagined negative perception coming from others and guilt arises from a negative perception of one's own thoughts or actions. Psychoanalyst Helen Block Lewis stated that, "The experience of shame

4307-420: The role of God as punisher in times of illness or rewarder in time of wellness. While removing one source of guilt from patients, he described another. This was the unconscious force within the individual that contributed to illness, Freud in fact coming to consider "the obstacle of an unconscious sense of guilt...as the most powerful of all obstacles to recovery." For his later explicator, Jacques Lacan , guilt

4380-538: The root of false guilt is the idea that what you feel must be true." Therapists recognized similar feelings of guilt in individuals that survived traumatic events that involved a loved one perishing called survivor's guilt . The philosopher Martin Buber underlined the difference between the Freudian notion of guilt, based on internal conflicts, and existential guilt , based on actual harm done to others. Guilt

4453-560: The same way it does for controls. Psychopathic criminals were brain-scanned while watching videos of a person harming another individual. The psychopaths' empathic reaction initiated the same way it did for controls when they were instructed to empathize with the harmed individual, and the area of the brain relating to pain was activated when the psychopaths were asked to imagine how the harmed individual felt. The research suggests psychopaths can switch empathy on at will, which would enable them to be both callous and charming. The team who conducted

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4526-593: The self is unified". Both shame and guilt are directly related to self-perception, only shame causes the individual to account for the cultural and social beliefs of others.  Paul Gilbert talks about the powerful hold that shame can take over someone in his article Evolution, Social Roles, and the Differences in Shame and Guilt. He says that "The fear of shame and ridicule can be so strong that people will risk serious physical injury or even death to avoid it. One of

4599-486: The sins of the world and died on the cross to pay mankind's debt (Rom 6:23). Those who repent and accept Christ's sacrifice for their sins, will be redeemed by God and thus not guilty before Him. They will be granted eternal life which will take effect after the Second Coming of Christ (1 Thess 4:13–18). The Bible agrees with pagan cultures that guilt creates a cost that someone must pay (Heb 9:22). (This assumption

4672-601: The social consequences of "getting caught" are seen as more important than the individual feelings or experiences of the agent (see the work of Ruth Benedict ). The same has been said of Ancient Greek society , a culture where, in Bruno Snell 's words, if "honour is destroyed the moral existence of the loser collapses." This may lead to more of a focus on etiquette than on ethics as understood in Western civilization, leading some in Western civilizations to question why

4745-444: The study say they do not know how to transform this willful empathy into the spontaneous empathy most people have, though they propose it might be possible to rehabilitate psychopaths by helping them to activate their "empathy switch". Others suggested that it remains unclear whether psychopaths' experience of empathy was the same as that of controls, and also questioned the possibility of devising therapeutic interventions that would make

4818-435: The word ethos was adapted from Ancient Greek with such vast differences in cultural norms. Christianity and Islam inherit most notions of guilt from Judaism , Persian , and Roman ideas, mostly as interpreted through Augustine , who adapted Plato 's ideas to Christianity. The Latin word for guilt is culpa , a word sometimes seen in law literature, for instance in mea culpa meaning "my fault (guilt)". Guilt

4891-427: The work of certain neo-Freudian psychoanalysts, namely Karen Horney , and offers promise in addressing what he describes as a "deadlock between the overvalued and undervalued self". Cooper refers to their work in describing the connection between religious and psychological pride as well as sin to describe how a neurotic pride system underlies an appearance of self-contempt and low self-esteem: The "idealized self,"

4964-485: The world seem to have a broad variety. The difference of type may have no greater contrast than that between the U.S. and China. In the U.S., individual pride tends and seems to be held more often in thought. The people in China seem to hold greater views for the nation as a whole. The value of pride in the individual or the society as a whole seems to be a running theme and debate among cultures. This debate shadows

5037-473: Was coined by Italian psychologist Isabella Poggi to describe the pride experienced and expressed in the moments following a personal triumph over adversity. Facial expressions and gestures that demonstrate pride can involve a lifting of the chin, smiles, or arms on hips to demonstrate victory. Individuals may implicitly grant status to others based solely on their expressions of pride, even in cases in which they wish to avoid doing so. Indeed, some studies show that

5110-539: Was one of the Epicurean practices that was later appropriated by the early Christian communities. Guilt in the Christian Bible is not merely an emotional state; it is also a legal state of deserving punishment. The Hebrew Bible does not have a unique word for guilt, but uses a single word to signify: "sin, the guilt of it, the punishment due unto it, and a sacrifice for it." The Greek New Testament uses

5183-558: Was originally fragmented, as Asian nations have long had conflicts with each other; examples are the old Japanese and Chinese religious beliefs about their superiority. Asian pride emerged prominently during European colonialism . At one time, Europeans controlled 85% of the world's land through colonialism, resulting in anti-Western feelings among Asian nations. Today, some Asians still look upon European involvement in their affairs with suspicion. In contrast, Asian empires are proudly remembered by adherents of Asian Pride. Black pride

5256-494: Was recognized by a Christian Monk named Evagrius Ponticus in the fourth century as one of the evils human beings should resist. In Germany , "national pride" (" Nationalstolz ") is often associated with Nazism . Strong displays of national pride are therefore considered to be in poor taste by many Germans. There is an ongoing public debate about the issue of German patriotism . The World Cup in 2006, held in Germany, saw

5329-580: Was the inevitable companion of the signifying subject who acknowledged normality in the form of the Symbolic order. Alice Miller claims that "many people suffer all their lives from this oppressive feeling of guilt, the sense of not having lived up to their parents' expectations....no argument can overcome these guilt feelings, for they have their beginnings in life's earliest period, and from that they derive their intensity." This may be linked to what Les Parrott has called "the disease of false guilt....At

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