Paralytic shellfish poisoning ( PSP ) is one of the four recognized syndromes of shellfish poisoning , which share some common features and are primarily associated with bivalve mollusks (such as mussels , clams , oysters and scallops ). These shellfish are filter feeders and accumulate neurotoxins , chiefly saxitoxin , produced by microscopic algae , such as dinoflagellates , diatoms , and cyanobacteria . Dinoflagellates of the genus Alexandrium are the most numerous and widespread saxitoxin producers and are responsible for PSP blooms in subarctic, temperate, and tropical locations. The majority of toxic blooms have been caused by the morphospecies Alexandrium catenella , Alexandrium tamarense , Gonyaulax catenella and Alexandrium fundyense , which together comprise the A. tamarense species complex. In Asia, PSP is mostly associated with the occurrence of the species Pyrodinium bahamense .
15-2684: [REDACTED] Look up PSP in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. PSP may refer to: Organisations [ edit ] Political parties [ edit ] Former Pak Sarzameen Party , Pakistan Former Pacifist Socialist Party (Dutch: Pacifistisch Socialistische Partij ), Netherlands Partido Socialista Popular (Cuba) People's Services Party , Vanuatu Former Popular Socialist Party (Argentina) (Spanish: Partido Socialista Popular ) Post-WWII Popular Socialist Party , Chile Former Popular Socialist Party (Haiti) (French: Parti Socialiste Populaire ) Popular Socialist Party (Mexico) (Spanish: Partido Popular Socialista , PPS ) Former Popular Socialist Party (Spain) (Spanish: Partido Socialista Popular ), merged with Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) Former Praja Socialist Party , India Progress Singapore Party Progressive Socialist Party (Arabic: الحزب التقدمي الاشتراكي , al-hizb al-taqadummi al-ishtiraki ), Lebanon Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine (Ukrainian: Прогресивна соціалістична партія України , Prohresivna Sotsjalistychna Partiya Ukrayiny ) Former Progressive Sudanese Party (French: Parti soudanais progressiste ), French Sudan (now Mali) Former Puerto Rican Socialist Party (Spanish: Partido Socialista Puertorriqueño ) Government [ edit ] Państwowa Straż Pożarna , State Fire Service, Poland Pennsylvania State Police , US Polícia de Segurança Pública (Public Security Police), Portugal Public Sector Pension Investment Board or PSP Investments Computing [ edit ] PlayStation Portable , game console PlayStation Portal , handheld gaming accessory PaintShop Pro , graphics editor software Parallel slave port on some PIC microcontrollers Personal software process , development process Program Segment Prefix , DOS data structure Python Server Pages , for embedding Python in HTML AMD Platform Security Processor Engineering [ edit ] Pierced steel planking Pneumatic stabilized platform , for large floating structures Firearms [ edit ] Heckler & Koch P7 "Police Self-loading Pistol" Science and medicine [ edit ] Paralytic shellfish poisoning Parker Solar Probe Excoriation disorder , dermatillomania, or pathological skin picking Phenolsulfonphthalein (phenol red),
30-477: A harmful algal bloom passes, but some, such as butter clams , can store the toxin for up to two years. PSP has been implicated as a possible cause of sea otter mortality and morbidity in Alaska, as one of its primary prey items, the butter clam ( Saxidomus gigantea ) bioaccumulates saxitoxin as a chemical defense mechanism. In addition, ingestion of saxitoxin-containing mackerel has been implicated in
45-421: A level high enough to cause significant health risks to humans. PSP affects those who come into contact with the affected shellfish by ingestion. The toxins responsible for most shellfish poisonings—mainly saxitoxin , although several other toxins have been found, such as neosaxitoxin and gonyautoxins I to IV—are water-insoluble, and heat- and acid-stable. Therefore, ordinary cooking methods will not eliminate
60-883: A pH indicator Photostimulable phosphor plate , for recording X-rays Polydiethylstilbestrol phosphate , an estrogen Polysaccharide peptide Postsynaptic potential , nerve voltage Pressure-sensitive paint Primary spine practitioner Progressive supranuclear palsy of the brain Other [ edit ] Palm Springs International Airport , IATA airport code Payment service provider Personal Public Service Number (Irish: Uimhir Phearsanta Seirbhíse Poiblí), Ireland Philippine Sign Language , by ISO 639-3 language code Physical Security Professional Planning and Scheduling Professional, an AACE International certification President's Surveillance Program , US See also [ edit ] All pages with titles beginning with PSP Topics referred to by
75-835: A pH indicator Photostimulable phosphor plate , for recording X-rays Polydiethylstilbestrol phosphate , an estrogen Polysaccharide peptide Postsynaptic potential , nerve voltage Pressure-sensitive paint Primary spine practitioner Progressive supranuclear palsy of the brain Other [ edit ] Palm Springs International Airport , IATA airport code Payment service provider Personal Public Service Number (Irish: Uimhir Phearsanta Seirbhíse Poiblí), Ireland Philippine Sign Language , by ISO 639-3 language code Physical Security Professional Planning and Scheduling Professional, an AACE International certification President's Surveillance Program , US See also [ edit ] All pages with titles beginning with PSP Topics referred to by
90-404: Is a rare chemical reaction known as a Claisen condensation ), going through four intermediates before resulting in saxitoxin . The Australian freshwater mussel Alathyria condola is highly susceptible to neurotoxin accumulation. After two to three days of exposure to the cyanobacterium Anabaena circinalis it may contain upwards of 80 micrograms of neurotoxins per 100 grams of mussel,
105-2630: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages PSP [REDACTED] Look up PSP in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. PSP may refer to: Organisations [ edit ] Political parties [ edit ] Former Pak Sarzameen Party , Pakistan Former Pacifist Socialist Party (Dutch: Pacifistisch Socialistische Partij ), Netherlands Partido Socialista Popular (Cuba) People's Services Party , Vanuatu Former Popular Socialist Party (Argentina) (Spanish: Partido Socialista Popular ) Post-WWII Popular Socialist Party , Chile Former Popular Socialist Party (Haiti) (French: Parti Socialiste Populaire ) Popular Socialist Party (Mexico) (Spanish: Partido Popular Socialista , PPS ) Former Popular Socialist Party (Spain) (Spanish: Partido Socialista Popular ), merged with Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) Former Praja Socialist Party , India Progress Singapore Party Progressive Socialist Party (Arabic: الحزب التقدمي الاشتراكي , al-hizb al-taqadummi al-ishtiraki ), Lebanon Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine (Ukrainian: Прогресивна соціалістична партія України , Prohresivna Sotsjalistychna Partiya Ukrayiny ) Former Progressive Sudanese Party (French: Parti soudanais progressiste ), French Sudan (now Mali) Former Puerto Rican Socialist Party (Spanish: Partido Socialista Puertorriqueño ) Government [ edit ] Państwowa Straż Pożarna , State Fire Service, Poland Pennsylvania State Police , US Polícia de Segurança Pública (Public Security Police), Portugal Public Sector Pension Investment Board or PSP Investments Computing [ edit ] PlayStation Portable , game console PlayStation Portal , handheld gaming accessory PaintShop Pro , graphics editor software Parallel slave port on some PIC microcontrollers Personal software process , development process Program Segment Prefix , DOS data structure Python Server Pages , for embedding Python in HTML AMD Platform Security Processor Engineering [ edit ] Pierced steel planking Pneumatic stabilized platform , for large floating structures Firearms [ edit ] Heckler & Koch P7 "Police Self-loading Pistol" Science and medicine [ edit ] Paralytic shellfish poisoning Parker Solar Probe Excoriation disorder , dermatillomania, or pathological skin picking Phenolsulfonphthalein (phenol red),
120-437: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Paralytic shellfish poisoning Some pufferfish, including the chamaeleon puffer , also contain saxitoxin, making their consumption hazardous. PSP toxins (of which saxitoxin is the most ubiquitous) are produced in eukaryotic dinoflagellates and prokaryotic cyanobacteria (usually referred to as blue-green algae). Within
135-494: Is the mouse bioassay, which provides quantitative and qualitative data in case of a (suspected) PSP neurotoxin exposure; in vitro receptor binding assays provide equivalent data, while being animal-friendly. PSP neurotoxins can also be detected by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), amongst other forms of chromatography. Shellfish containing 80 or more micrograms of saxitoxin per 100g of edible shellfish tissue are deemed to be unsafe for human consumption. Currently, there
150-613: The death of humpback whales . Additional cases where PSP was suspected as the cause of death in Mediterranean monk seals ( Monachus monachus ) in the Mediterranean Sea have been questioned due to lack of additional testing to rule out other causes of mortality. Several detection methods can be used in order to determine the concentration of saxitoxin within an organism (be it shellfish or human), both in vivo and in vitro . The most commonly used in vivo method
165-530: The freshwater marine ecosystem, the largest contribution in the accumulation of PSP toxins derives from saxitoxin produced by cyanobacteria. The biosynthesis of saxitoxin is well-defined in cyanobacteria, while within dinoflagellates it remains mostly unknown. Cyanobacterial saxitoxin biosynthesis has been studied in radioisotope tracing experiments, and turns out to be highly complex, involving many steps, enzymes and chemical reactions. The starting reagent, L-arginine, goes through several chemical reactions (among which
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#1732769773918180-591: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title PSP . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PSP&oldid=1252909400 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Articles containing Spanish-language text Articles containing French-language text Articles containing Arabic-language text Articles containing Ukrainian-language text Short description
195-591: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title PSP . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PSP&oldid=1252909400 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Articles containing Spanish-language text Articles containing French-language text Articles containing Arabic-language text Articles containing Ukrainian-language text Short description
210-416: The sodium ion channel, blocking passage of potassium and/or sodium into (and out of) the cell. This restricts (or outright prevents) transmission of signals between neurons. This can result in (partial or complete) paralysis. PSP can be fatal in extreme cases, particularly in immunocompromised individuals; children are known to be more susceptible. Most shellfish can store saxitoxin for several weeks after
225-415: The toxins. Symptoms typically appear within ten to 30 minutes after ingestion, and may include nausea , vomiting , diarrhea , abdominal pain , and tingling or burning lips, gums, tongue, face, neck, arms, legs, and toes. Shortness of breath , dry mouth , a choking feeling, confused or slurred speech , and loss of coordination are also possible. PSP toxins, such as saxitoxin, are able to bind near
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