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39-485: Consisting of 1800 members, PSA is involved in research, education, nutrition, and processing of poultry-based products, including chicken , quail , turkey , and duck . Its two journals are Poultry Science and Journal of Applied Poultry Research . Its youngest ever President was Prof Frederick Hutt of the University of Minnesota in 1932 (then aged 34). Official website This agriculture article

78-616: A delicacy and were particularly popular in the Middle Ages . Chicken meat contains about two to three times as much polyunsaturated fat as most types of red meat when measured as weight percentage . Chicken generally includes low fat in the meat itself ( castrated roosters excluded). The fat is highly concentrated on the skin. 100 grams (3.5 oz) of raw chicken breast contains 2 grams (0.071 oz) of fat and 22 grams (0.78 oz) of protein, compared to 9 grams (0.32 oz) of fat and 20 grams (0.71 oz) of protein for

117-447: A foodborne illness greatly increase. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA IGO 3.0 ( license statement/permission ). Text taken from World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2023​ , FAO, FAO. Cornish chicken The Indian Game is a British breed of game chicken , now reared either for meat or show . It originated in

156-592: A lower incidence at 84%. In random surveys of chicken products across the United States in 2012, the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine found 48% of samples to contain fecal matter. On most commercial chicken farms , the chickens spend their entire life standing in, lying on, and living in their own manure, which is somewhat mixed in with the bedding material (e.g., sawdust, wood shavings, chopped straw, etc.). During shipping from

195-414: A maximum storage time in the freezer of 12 months is recommended for uncooked whole chicken, 9 months for uncooked chicken parts, 3 to 4 months for uncooked chicken giblets, and 4 months for cooked chicken. Freezing does not usually cause color changes in poultry, but the bones and the meat near them can become dark. This bone darkening results when pigment seeps through the porous bones of young poultry into

234-408: A method of cooking based on the type of chicken. While these labels are only suggestions, ones labeled for stew often do not do well when cooked with other methods. Some chicken breast cuts and processed chicken breast products include the moniker "with rib meat". This is a misnomer, as it refers to the small piece of white meat that overlays the scapula, removed along with the breast meat. The breast

273-444: A portion of the back; a leg has the back portion removed. A breast quarter contains the breast, wing and portion of the back; a breast has the back portion and wing removed. Pieces may be sold in packages of all of the same pieces, or in combination packages. Whole chicken cut up refers to either the entire bird cut into 8 individual pieces. (8-piece cut); or sometimes without the back. A 9-piece cut (usually for fast food restaurants) has

312-437: A range of forms across different parts of the world. In developed countries , chickens are typically subject to intensive farming methods while less-developed areas raise chickens using more traditional farming techniques. The United Nations estimates there to be 19 billion chickens on Earth in 2011, making them outnumber humans more than two to one. The modern chicken is a descendant of red junglefowl hybrids along with

351-452: A shortage of beef and pork . In Europe, consumption of chicken overtook that of beef and veal in 1996, linked to consumer awareness of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease). 357 million tonnes of meat were produced in 2021, 53% more than in 2000, with chicken meat representing more than half the increase. Chicken meat was the most produced type of meat in 2021 just ahead of pig meat. Modern varieties of chicken such as

390-400: A vast range of ways, including baking , grilling , barbecuing , frying , and boiling . Since the latter half of the 20th century, prepared chicken has become a staple of fast food . Chicken is sometimes cited as being more healthful than red meat , with lower concentrations of cholesterol and saturated fat . The poultry farming industry that accounts for chicken production takes on

429-513: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about an organization in the United States is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Chicken (food) Chicken is the most common type of poultry in the world. Owing to the relative ease and low cost of raising chickens—in comparison to mammals such as cattle or hogs —chicken meat (commonly called just "chicken") and chicken eggs have become prevalent in numerous cuisines . Chicken can be prepared in

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468-505: Is cut from the chicken and sold as a solid cut, while the leftover breast and true rib meat is stripped from the bone through mechanical separation for use in chicken franks, for example. Breast meat is often sliced thinly and marketed as chicken slices, an easy filling for sandwiches . Often, the tenderloin (pectoralis minor) is marketed separately from the breast (pectoralis major). In the US, "tenders" can be either tenderloins or strips cut from

507-530: Is in the freezer, the food is still safe to use, but it is still recommended to overwrap or rewrap it. Chicken should be away from other foods, so if they begin to thaw, their juices will not drip onto other foods. If previously frozen chicken is purchased at a retail store, it can be refrozen if it has been handled properly. Bacteria survives but does not grow in freezing temperatures. However, if frozen cooked foods are not defrosted properly and are not reheated to temperatures that kill bacteria, chances of getting

546-880: Is sliced raw chicken served in sashimi style. Another preparation is toriwasa which is lightly seared on the outsides while the inside remains raw. Chicken can be cooked in many ways. It can be made into sausages, skewered, put in salads, traditionally grilled or by using electric grill, breaded and deep-fried, or used in various curries. There is significant variation in cooking methods amongst cultures. Historically common methods include roasting , baking , broasting , and frying . Western cuisine frequently has chicken prepared by deep frying for fast foods such as fried chicken , chicken nuggets , chicken lollipops or Buffalo wings . They are also often grilled for salads or tacos. Eastern cuisine has chicken prepared by marination , especially chicken Philippine adobo . Chickens often come with labels such as "roaster", which suggest

585-666: The Entente Européenne in Europe. In the United States the name was changed in 1905 to "Cornish Indian Game", and then in 1910 to "Cornish". It was accepted by the American Poultry Association in 1893. The Indian Game is a large and stocky bird, short in the legs and unusually broad and deep in the breast. Some cock birds may be so short-legged and broad-breasted that they are incapable of reproducing . Three colour variants are recognised in

624-640: The Johns Hopkins School of Public Health of chicken meat from poultry producers that did not prohibit roxarsone , 70% of the samples in the US had levels which exceeded the safety limits as set by the FDA . The FDA has since revised its stance on safe limits to inorganic arsenic in animal feed by stating that "any new animal drug that contributes to the overall inorganic arsenic burden is of potential concern". The FDA approval for roxarsone and two other arsenic poultry drugs were voluntarily withdrawn by

663-598: The grey junglefowl first raised thousands of years ago in the northern parts of the Indian subcontinent . Chicken as a meat has been depicted in Babylonian carvings from around 600 BC. Chicken was one of the most common meats available in the Middle Ages . For thousands of years, a number of different kinds of chicken have been eaten across most of the Eastern hemisphere , including capons , pullets , and hens. It

702-633: The Cornish Cross, are bred specifically for meat production, with an emphasis placed on the ratio of feed to meat produced by the animal. The most common breeds of chicken consumed in the U.S. are Cornish and White Rock. Chickens raised specifically for food are called broilers . In the U.S., broilers are typically butchered at a young age. Modern Cornish Cross hybrids, for example, are butchered as early as 8 weeks for fryers and 12 weeks for roasting birds. Capons ( castrated cocks) produce more and fattier meat. For this reason, they are considered

741-634: The United Kingdom: the dark, the original colour; the Jubilee; and the double-laced blue, which is rare. The Entente Européenne d'Aviculture et de Cuniculture and some European countries recognise the white variant in addition to these three. In the United States, the Cornish is recognised in four colours: the original dark, added to the Standard of Perfection in 1893; the white, added in 1898;

780-478: The breast. In the UK the strips of pectoralis minor are called "chicken mini-fillets". Chicken bones are hazardous to health as they tend to break into sharp splinters when eaten, but they can be simmered with vegetables and herbs for hours or even days to make chicken stock . In Asian countries it is possible to buy bones alone as they are very popular for making chicken soups, which are said to be healthy. In Australia

819-441: The chickens and crates on the lower levels of the transport truck. By the time the truck gets to the abattoir, most chickens have had their skin and feathers contaminated with feces. There is also fecal matter in the intestines. While the slaughter process removes the feathers and intestines, only visible fecal matter is removed. The high speed automated processes at the abattoir are not designed to remove this fecal contamination on

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858-423: The concentrated animal feeding operation farm to the abattoir , the chickens are usually placed inside shipping crates that usually have slatted floors. Those crates are then piled 5 to 10 rows high on the transport truck to the abattoir. During shipment, the chickens tend to defecate, and that chicken manure tends to sit inside the crowded cages, contaminating the feathers and skin of the chickens, or rains down upon

897-492: The early nineteenth century in the counties of Cornwall and Devon in south-west England. It is a heavy, muscular bird with an unusually broad breast; the eggs are brown. In the United States the name was changed in the early twentieth century to Cornish . A white variant, the White Cornish , was developed there at about the same time, and is much used in modern industrial chicken meat production in many parts of

936-416: The feather and skin. The high speed processing equipment tend to spray the contamination around to the birds going down the processing line, and the equipment on the line itself. At one or more points on most abattoirs, chemical sprays and baths (e.g., bleach, acids, peroxides, etc.) are used to partially rinse off or kill this bacterial contamination. The fecal contamination, once it has occurred, especially in

975-630: The manufacturers in September 2013. The final remaining arsenic drug nitarsone was banned at the end of 2015. Information obtained by the Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance (CIPARS) "strongly indicates that cephalosporin resistance in humans is moving in lockstep with the use of the drug in poultry production". According to the Canadian Medical Association Journal ,

1014-426: The most appropriate cooking method for the surface area to volume ratio . As the size increases, the volume (which determines how much heat must enter the bird for it to be cooked) increases faster than the surface area (which determines how fast heat can enter the bird). For a fast method of cooking, such as frying, a small bird is appropriate: frying a large piece of chicken results in the inside being undercooked when

1053-406: The outside is ready. Chicken is also sold broken down into pieces. Such pieces usually come from smaller birds that would qualify as fryers if sold whole. Pieces may include quarters, or fourths of the chicken. A chicken is typically cut into two leg quarters and two breast quarters. Each quarter contains two of the commonly available pieces of chicken. A leg quarter contains the thigh, drumstick and

1092-545: The products on the menus in such eateries are fried or breaded and are served with french fries . Raw chicken may contain Salmonella . The safe minimum cooking temperature recommended by the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services is 165 °F (74 °C) to prevent foodborne illness because of bacteria and parasites. However, in Japan raw chicken is sometimes consumed in a dish called torisashi , which

1131-449: The rib cages and backs of chickens after the other cuts have been removed are frequently sold cheaply in supermarket delicatessen sections as either "chicken frames" or "chicken carcasses" and are purchased for soup or stock purposes. Raw chicken maintains its quality longer than fresh in the freezer, as moisture is lost during cooking. There is little change in nutrient value of chicken during freezer storage. For optimal quality, however,

1170-417: The same portion of raw beef flank steak. In factory farming , chickens are routinely administered with the feed additive roxarsone , an organoarsenic compound which partially decomposes into inorganic arsenic compounded in the flesh of chickens, and in their feces, which are often used as a fertilizer. The compound is used to control stomach pathogens and promote growth. In a 2013 sample conducted by

1209-418: The smallest size (2.5-4 lbs dressed for sale), and the most common, as chicken reach this size quickly (about 7 weeks). Broilers are larger than fryers. Roasters, or roasting hens, are the largest chickens commonly sold (3–5 months and 6-8 lbs) and are typically more expensive. Even larger and older chickens are called stewing chickens but these are no longer usually found commercially. The names reflect

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1248-422: The surrounding tissues when the poultry meat is frozen and thawed. It is safe to freeze chicken directly in its original packaging, but this type of wrap is permeable to air and quality may diminish over time. Therefore, for prolonged storage, it is recommended to overwrap these packages. It is recommended to freeze unopened vacuum packages as is. If a package has accidentally been torn or has opened while food

1287-754: The tip of the breast cut off before splitting. Pick of the chicken, or similar titles, refers to a package with only some of the chicken pieces, typically the breasts, thighs, and legs without wings or back. Thighs and breasts are sold boneless or skinless. Chicken livers and gizzards are commonly available packaged separately. Other parts of the chicken, such as the neck, feet, combs, etc. are not widely available except in countries where they are in demand, or in cities that cater to ethnic groups who favor these parts. Worldwide, there are many fast food restaurant chains that sell exclusively or primarily poultry products including KFC (global), Red Rooster ( Australia ), Hector Chicken ( Belgium ) and CFC ( Indonesia ). Most of

1326-568: The unapproved antibiotic ceftiofur is routinely injected into eggs in Quebec and Ontario to discourage infection of hatchlings. Although the data are contested by the industry, antibiotic resistance in humans appears to be directly related to the antibiotic's use in eggs. A study by the Translational Genomics Research Institute showed that nearly half (47%) of the meat and poultry in US grocery stores

1365-483: The various membranes between the skin and muscle, is impossible to completely remove. Chicken is sold both as whole birds and broken down into pieces. In the United Kingdom, juvenile chickens of less than 28 days of age at slaughter are marketed as poussin . Mature chicken is sold as small, medium or large. In the United States, whole mature chickens are marketed as fryers, broilers, and roasters. Fryers are

1404-420: The white-laced red, added in 1909; and the buff, added in 1938. It is resistant to most common diseases of poultry , but vulnerable to parasites . The feathers are thin and hard, without down; this may render the birds susceptible to cold, which may delay breeding in early Spring. The Indian Game was bred as a gamecock, but was not successful as a fighting bird. It was found to be a good meat breed, and

1443-574: The world, either for cross-breeding to produce hybrid broilers , or to produce fast-growing " game hens ". The breed was developed by Sir Walter Gilbert , of Bodmin in Cornwall , in about 1820. It was intended to be a gamecock , but had no aptitude for cockfighting. It is recognised as "Indian Game" in Australia, by the Poultry Club of Great Britain in the United Kingdom, and by

1482-426: Was contaminated with S. aureus , with more than half (52%) of those bacteria resistant to antibiotics. Furthermore, as per the FDA , more than 25% of retail chicken is resistant to 5 or more different classes of antibiotic treatment drugs in the United States. An estimated 90–100% of conventional chicken contains, at least, one form of antibiotic resistance microorganism, while organic chicken has been found to have

1521-403: Was one of the basic ingredients in blancmange , a stew usually consisting of chicken and fried onions cooked in milk and seasoned with spices and sugar . In the United States in the 1800s, chicken was more expensive than other meats and it was "sought by the rich because [it is] so costly as to be an uncommon dish." Chicken consumption in the U.S. increased during World War II due to

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