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80-480: Polaris operates the U.S. National Human Trafficking Hotline , which connects victims and survivors to supports and services around the country and takes tips and calls from people about suspected situations of human trafficking. From that work, the organization has built out one of the largest data sets on human trafficking in the United States . The data set is publicly available for use by researchers through

160-645: A University of New Hampshire professor who is director of the Crimes Against Children Research Center, said "I wouldn't put any stock in these figures as indicators of what is going on today". According to the United States Department of State an estimated 20,000 women and children are trafficked into the United States each year by crossing the Mexico–United States border . This is a resolution of

240-407: A candidate for any one or more of such Federal offices. (b) Any person who violates this section shall be fined under this title, imprisoned not more than one year, or both. (c) Subsection (a) does not apply to an alien if— (1) each natural parent of the alien (or, in the case of an adopted alien, each adoptive parent of the alien) is or was a citizen (whether by birth or naturalization); (2)

320-490: A case, they have no support to stay in the U.S. and will not be counted as victims of trafficking. Nevertheless, the number of identified victims (or convicted traffickers) is far less than the official estimate (by the U.S. State Department) that as many as 14,550–17,550 individuals are trafficked into the United States every year. A recent analysis by the Justice Department's Bureau of Justice Statistics showed

400-584: A central issue for human rights groups. According to the National Human Rights Center in Berkeley, California, there are currently about 10,000 forced laborers in the U.S., around one-third of whom are domestic servants and some portion of whom are children. In reality, this number could be far higher due to the difficulty in getting exact numbers of victims, due to the secretive nature of human trafficking. The U.S. government only keeps

480-465: A close relationship with migrant smuggling operations headed by Mexican, Eastern European, and Asian crime organizations. Domestic servitude claims 27% of people in slavery in the U.S., agriculture 10%, and other occupations 17%. In the early 1900s, the “White Slave Traffic” became prevalent. It involved the movement of young white girls who were kidnapped or tricked into being involved in some form of prostitution. The Mann Act , passed in 1910, made it

560-552: A count of survivors, defined as victims of severe instances of human trafficking, who have been assisted by the government in acquiring immigration benefits. Research at San Diego State University estimates that there are 2.4 million victims of human trafficking among illegal Mexican immigrants. Research by the Urban Institute says that law enforcement agencies do not prioritize labor trafficking cases, were reluctant to help victims obtain authorization to legally remain in

640-500: A felony to be involved in the transportation of any person across state or international lines for prostitution or other immoral purposes. Children who are considered runaways are at particular risk of prostitution or of being trafficked into the sex industry. Of the 1,682,900 children who were considered runaways for a period of time in 1999, 71% were considered at risk for prostitution. 1,700 of those reported actually engaging in sexual activity in exchange for money. David Finkelhor ,

720-424: A gap between the claimed number of victims and the number of confirmed cases of victimization. A gap between the alleged number of victims and the number of confirmed cases also characterizes the situation worldwide. The U.S. Department of State recently reported that 0.4 percent of the estimated victims of trafficking internationally had been officially identified. The State Department report provided no source for

800-467: A lack of legislation regarding the duties and protection of these workers facilitates their exploitation. Employers commonly use the workers' lack of knowledge of the language or legal system as a means of control and intimidation. This is also commonly paired with various forms of abuse and/or passport revocation. Many domestic workers are brought to the United States on a promise of a better life or an education. Traffickers are usually married couples from

880-504: A prevalence estimate for New York City alone and found that there were approximately 3800 children that were identified as commercial sexual exploitation victims. Researchers said this was an underestimate of the actual number as isolated sub-groups outside their sampling methodology exist and could not be estimated. An article by the Village Voice that reviewed arrest records in 37 large US cities over 10 years found only 827 cases

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960-618: A violation of their visas. A 2021 multi-agency federal investigation dubbed Operation Blooming Onion revealed that a years long human trafficking ring forced migrant workers from Mexico and Central America into "modern day slavery" on various agricultural sites in southern Georgia . The indictment alleges that in the fields the migrant workers were forced at gunpoint to dig for onions with their bare hands for 20 cents per bucket. They were held in work camps surrounded by electrified fences and subjected to squalid and crammed living conditions, with no access to safe food or water. Domestic servitude

1040-709: A year had been reported to police departments. Especially vulnerable are the homeless and runaways. The National Runaway Switchboard said in 2009 that one-third of runaway youths in America will be lured into prostitution within 48 hours on the streets. This view of adolescent prostitution in the United States as primarily driven by pimp-exploiters and other "sex traffickers" was challenged by SNRG-NYC in their 2008 New York City study which interviewed over 300 under-age prostitutes and found that only 10% reported having pimps. A 2012 study done in Atlantic City, New Jersey, by

1120-586: Is a crime to make people work by use of force, coercion, or fear. U.S. State Department's Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons placed the country in "Tier 1" in 2017. On April 11, 2018, U.S. President Donald Trump signed the Stop Enabling Sex Traffickers Act into law to close websites that enable crime and prosecute their owners and users. Beyond websites, tech companies have faced increasing challenges from

1200-541: Is available 24 hours a day, every day of the year. Victims, survivors and others can contact the Trafficking Hotline through phone text (233733), web form and online chat, in both English and Spanish. All contact with the Trafficking Hotline is confidential. The Trafficking Hotline also maintains a public referral directory organizations around participating countries that work on and may be able to assist victims, survivors and others wishing to get involved in

1280-572: Is in charge of juvenile justice issues for the Correctional Association of New York, questioned the reliability of the estimate. "We believe that number is really an undercount." This is confirmed by SNRG-NYC's New York City population estimate of 2008 which was 3,946. Some researchers have estimated that there may be up to three million victims of domestic minor sex trafficking in the United States. Law authorities have led sting operations in connection with Super Bowl games. During

1360-513: Is not synonymous with forced migration or smuggling. Human trafficking is defined by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime as “the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve

1440-436: Is officially defined as the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, or receipt of persons through coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, or abuse of power from a position of vulnerability for the purpose of exploitation. With an estimated 27.6 million victims worldwide at any given time, human traffickers prey on people of all ages, backgrounds, and nationalities, exploiting them for their own profit. Human trafficking

1520-669: Is the California Penal Code . Many U.S. state criminal codes, unlike the federal Title 18, are based on the Model Penal Code promulgated by the American Law Institute . Title 18 consists of five parts. Four of these, Parts I through IV, concern crimes, criminal procedure, prisons and prisoners, and juvenile delinquency, respectively, and were included in the original title when it was enacted in 1948. The fifth part, concerning witness immunity,

1600-556: Is the forced employment of someone as a maid or nanny, and victims are often migrant women who come from low-wage communities in their home countries. Domestic workers perform duties such as cleaning, cooking and childcare in their employers home. Domestic workers are commonly US citizens, undocumented workers or foreign nationals most commonly holding one of the following visa types: A-3 , G-5, NATO-7 or B-1 The most common victims of this type of trafficking are women. Similar means of control to Agricultural Work are common. Additionally,

1680-694: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 . Victims often incur debt from their traffickers, and enter into a form of debt slavery . Malinda's Traveling Sales Crew Protection Act is a Wisconsin law that gives traveling sales crew members similar employment rights as part-time workers in Wisconsin are currently guaranteed by state law. It also requires all crews to register with the Department of Agriculture, Trade, and Consumer Protection before going door to door in state communities. By registering members of

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1760-514: The Department of State , the U.S. was identified as a Tier 1 country with unspecified federal agencies charging 181 individuals with trafficking other humans and obtaining 141 convictions in 103 human trafficking prosecutions. Of the prosecutions reported by the Department of State, 32 were labor trafficking cases and 71 were sex trafficking cases. In 2009, ICE initiated 566 cases. These investigations led to 388 criminal arrests, more than double

1840-648: The Super Bowl XLVIII , authorities arrested 45 pimps and rescued 25 child victims of human trafficking. During Super Bowl XLIX , authorities led a sting operation called National Day of Johns and arrested almost 600 people and rescued 68 victims. Publicity surrounding the Super Bowl provides opportunities for public awareness of sex trafficking. Labor trafficking is defined by the Trafficking Victims Protection Act as

1920-483: The UN General Assembly . The Preamble states: "Whereas prostitution and the accompanying evil of the traffic in persons for the purpose of prostitution are incompatible with the dignity and worth of the human person and endanger the welfare of the individual, the family and the community" In 2003, 1,400 minors were arrested for prostitution, 14% of whom were younger than 14 years old. A study conducted by

2000-727: The Attorney General § 847. Rules and regulations § 848. Effect on State law § 871. Threats against President and successors to the Presidency § 872. Extortion by officers or employees of the United States § 873. Blackmail § 874. Kickbacks from public works employees § 875. Interstate communications § 876. Mailing threatening communications § 877. Mailing threatening communications from foreign country § 878. Threats and extortion against foreign officials, official guests, or internationally protected persons § 879. Threats against former Presidents and certain other persons § 880. Receiving

2080-575: The Counter-Trafficking Data Collaborative, launched by Polaris and UN International Organization for Migration. Polaris also advocates for stronger state and federal anti-trafficking legislation, and engages community members in local and national grassroots efforts. Critics of Polaris state that the organization fails to distinguish between consensual sex work and coercion, and that the policies Polaris lobbies for harm sex workers. Polaris - originally Polaris Project -

2160-516: The International Labor Union indicated that boys are at a higher risk of being trafficked into agricultural work, the drug trade, and petty crime. Girls were at a higher risk of being forced into the sex industry and domestic work. In 2004, the Department of Labor found 1,087 minors employed in situations that violated hazardous occupation standards. In the same year, 5,480 children were employed violating child labor laws . Due to

2240-568: The U.S. Legally employed domestic workers are distinct from illegally employed domestic servants. While legally employed domestic house workers are fairly compensated for their work in accordance with national wage laws, domestic servants are typically forced to work extremely long hours for little to no monetary compensation, and psychological and physical means are employed to limit their mobility and freedom. In addition, deportation threats are often used to discourage internationally trafficked persons from seeking help. Traveling sales crews have

2320-413: The U.S. National Human Trafficking Hotline, which is funded by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Administration for Children and Families and through non-governmental sources. The Trafficking Hotline provides survivors of human trafficking with support and a variety of options to get help and stay safe, and shares actionable tips as appropriate. Assistance through the Trafficking Hotline

2400-494: The U.S. includes an extension of an illegal but common practice in Africa. Families in remote villages send their daughters to work in cities for extra money and the opportunity to escape a dead-end life. Some girls work for free on the understanding that they at least will be better fed in the home of their employer. This custom has led to the spread of trafficking, as well-to-do Africans accustomed to employing children immigrate into

2480-568: The United States every year with 80% of those being women and children. According to the Department of State 2011 Trafficking in Persons Report , the United States is a Tier 1 country for trafficking. Tier 1 means that the government is in compliance with the U.S. government's minimum standards of the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 to eliminate trafficking. The minimum standards as listed in section 108 of

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2560-575: The United States [§§ 833 to 835. Repealed. Pub. L. 96–129, title II, § 216(b), Nov. 30, 1979, 93 Stat. 1015] § 836. Transportation of fireworks into State prohibiting sale or use [§ 837. Repealed. Pub. L. 91–452, title XI, § 1106(b)(1), Oct. 15, 1970, 84 Stat. 960] This chapter, added in 1970 by 84  Stat.   952 deals with importing, manufacturing, distributing, and storage of explosive materials. § 841. Definitions § 842. Unlawful acts § 843. Licenses and user permits § 844. Penalties § 845. Exceptions; relief from disabilities § 846. Additional powers of

2640-558: The United States each year, although that figure may be overstated. The findings of the U.S. Department of Justice's 2011 report, "Characteristics of Suspected Human Trafficking Incidents, 2008–2010", include: While the findings represent the government's best estimate, the authors caution that "the data described in this report reflect the information that was available to, and entered by, these state and local law enforcement agencies", and such data systems are still being established and are likely not recording all incidents. According to

2720-435: The United States § 1115. Misconduct or neglect of ship officers § 1116. Murder or manslaughter of foreign officials, official guests, or internationally protected persons § 1117. Conspiracy to murder § 1118. Murder by a Federal prisoner § 1119. Foreign murder of United States nationals § 1120. Murder by escaped prisoners § 1121. Killing persons aiding Federal investigations or State correctional officers § 1122. Protection against

2800-537: The United States § 546. Smuggling goods into foreign countries § 547. Depositing goods in buildings on boundaries § 548. Removing or repacking goods in warehouses § 549. Removing goods from customs custody; breaking seals § 550. False claim for refund of duties § 551. Concealing or destroying invoices or other papers § 552. Officers aiding importation of obscene or treasonous books and articles § 553. Importation or exportation of stolen motor vehicles, off-highway mobile equipment, vessels, or aircraft § 554. Smuggling goods from

2880-573: The United States § 555. Border tunnels and passages §611. Voting by aliens (a) It shall be unlawful for any alien to vote in any election held solely or in part for the purpose of electing a candidate for the office of President, Vice President, Presidential elector, Member of the Senate, Member of the House of Representatives, Delegate from the District of Columbia, or Resident Commissioner, unless— (1)

2960-419: The United States § 912. Officer or employee of the United States § 913. Impersonator making arrest or search § 914. Creditors of the United States § 915. Foreign diplomats, consuls or officers § 916. 4–H Club members or agents § 917. Red Cross members or agents This chapter, added in 1968 by 82  Stat.   226 , deals with firearms. This chapter, added in 1986 by 100  Stat.   3207-35 , concerns

3040-702: The United States, and felt there was not enough evidence to corroborate victim statements. In 2014, the National Human Trafficking Resource Center reported 990 cases of forced labor trafficking in the US, including 172 which also involved sex trafficking. The most common types of labor trafficking included domestic work, traveling sales crews, agriculture/farms, restaurant/food service, health & beauty services, begging, retail, landscaping, hospitality, construction, carnivals, elder care, forestry, manufacturing, and housekeeping. In

3120-445: The United States, various industries have been known to take advantage of forced migrant labor. During the 2010 New York State Fair , 19 migrants who were in the country legally from Mexico to work in a food truck were essentially enslaved by their employer. The men were paid around ten percent of what they were promised, worked far longer days than they were contracted to, and would be deported if they had quit their job as this would be

3200-644: The United States, with some benefits contractors need to provide to them. Examples include, "farmers are required to these workers with housing and pay for transportation to the job, pay them at least three-quarters of the season at a higher rate, than the average paid rate of that work". Yet, the circumstances of the law states for free housing, "prevailing practice in the area and occupation of intended employment". Farmers who are working and have families are not guaranteed housing situations. Farm workers are being controlled greatly, their lives are vulnerable in fear that they may be deported back to their homeland. Due to

3280-1075: The alien permanently resided in the United States prior to attaining the age of 16; and (3) the alien reasonably believed at the time of voting in violation of such subsection that he or she was a citizen of the United States. (Added Pub. L. 104–208, div. C, title II, §216(a), Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–572; amended Pub. L. 106–395, title II, §201(d)(1), Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1635.) (TBD) § 705. Badge or medal of veterans' organizations § 706. Red Cross § 706a. Geneva distinctive emblems [§ 707. Repealed. Pub. L. 116–260, div. O, title X, § 1002(3), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2155] [§ 708. Repealed. Pub. L. 116–260, div. O, title X, § 1002(4), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2155] § 709. False advertising or misuse of names to indicate Federal agency § 710. Cremation urns for military use [§ 711. Repealed. Pub. L. 116–260, div. O, title X, § 1002(5), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2155] [§ 711a. Repealed. Pub. L. 116–260, div. O, title X, § 1002(6), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2155] § 712. Misuse of names, words, emblems, or insignia § 713. Use of likenesses of

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3360-416: The anti trafficking movement. Polaris Project has been criticized by journalists, sex workers and some public health advocates. Reason magazine editor Elizabeth Nolan Brown referred to Polaris as "one of the biggest purveyors of bad statistics dressed up as 'human trafficking awareness'". Sex worker advocates have stated the human trafficking hotline operated by Polaris is not confidential, and that calls to

3440-970: The civil and criminal seizure of property and assets used in crimes. § 981. Civil forfeiture § 982. Criminal forfeiture § 983. General rules for civil forfeiture proceedings § 984. Civil forfeiture of fungible property § 985. Civil forfeiture of real property § 986. Subpoenas for bank records § 987. Anti-terrorist forfeiture protection § 1071. Concealing person from arrest § 1072. Concealing escaped prisoner § 1073. Flight to avoid prosecution or giving testimony § 1074. Flight to avoid prosecution for damaging or destroying any building or other real or personal property Added in 1949. § 1081. Definitions § 1082. Gambling ships § 1083. Transportation between shore and ship; penalties § 1084. Transmission of wagering information; penalties Added in 1988. § 1091. Genocide § 1092. Exclusive remedies § 1093. Definitions § 1111. Murder § 1112. Manslaughter § 1113. Attempt to commit murder or manslaughter § 1114. Protection of officers and employees of

3520-554: The consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation”. Human trafficking in the United States can be divided into the two major categories of labor and sex trafficking , with sex trafficking accounting for a majority of cases. Slavery is a system which requires workers to work against their will for little to no compensation. The practices of slavery and human trafficking are still prevalent in modern America with estimated 17,500 foreign nationals and 400,000 Americans being trafficked into and within

3600-596: The contractors sometimes keep their workers' passports, which restricts their freedom of movement. According to Polaris hotline statistics, people from Latin America make up almost one-third of the population of victims of human traffic in the United States. Most victims are from Mexico, Honduras, El Salvador, and the Dominican Republic. Nearly 29 percent of victims enter the US through the Mexico-United States border by human smuggling while

3680-442: The crew, alerts for members with outstanding warrants in other states can be identified and criminals detained. It is the only law in the United States that regulates traveling sales crews. Wisconsin governor James E. Doyle says the intent of the law is to "stop companies from putting workers in dangerous and unfair conditions". The bill was passed in a form that applies only to sales workers who travel in groups of two or more. It

3760-407: The election is held partly for some other purpose; (2) aliens are authorized to vote for such other purpose under a State constitution or statute or a local ordinance; and (3) voting for such other purpose is conducted independently of voting for a candidate for such Federal offices, in such a manner that an alien has the opportunity to vote for such other purpose, but not an opportunity to vote for

3840-467: The employment if they wish and have a better chance of not being exploited. In 2010, the company Global Horizons was indicted on charges of trafficking over 200 Thai workers. With the program, bonded labor , it was guaranteed that the workers were going to receive a visa that would allow them to live and work in the United States. Upon arrival, the company made a false statement to lure the workers and have higher recruitment. The fees that were imposed on

3920-617: The enactment of TVPRA 2008, the HSTC was also charged with the responsibility of compiling a comprehensive inter-agency database on persons identified as victims of human trafficking. According to the 2011 Department of State report, victims are largely from Thailand, India, Mexico, Philippines, Haiti, Honduras, El Salvador, and the Dominican Republic. Relevant to people being trafficked from other countries, "[v]ulnerabilities are increasingly found in visa programs for legally documented students and temporary workers who typically fill labor needs in

4000-624: The farm workers were so high that the debt was impossible to pay with the employment they were given. Many were living in poor housing conditions (up to a dozen living per home), threats, and physical assaults. Charges were ultimately dropped in 2012. The United States Armed Forces has been alleged to hire contractors to conduct work on its overseas military bases that are engaged in what some auditors describe as potentially "forced labor and human trafficking." These contractors' workers are often foreign laborers that conduct their work in poor and sometimes dangerous conditions for low pay. Additionally,

4080-1236: The great seal of the United States, the seals of the President and Vice President, the seal of the United States Senate, the seal of the United States House of Representatives, and the seal of the United States Congress [§ 714. Repealed. Pub. L. 97–258, § 2(d)(1)(B), Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 1058] [§ 715. Repealed. Pub. L. 116–260, div. O, title X, § 1002(7), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2155] § 716. Public employee insignia and uniform § 751. Prisoners in custody of institution or officer § 752. Instigating or assisting escape § 753. Rescue to prevent execution [§ 754. Repealed. Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, § 330004(5), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2141] § 755. Officer permitting escape § 756. Internee of belligerent nation § 757. Prisoners of war or enemy aliens § 758. High speed flight from immigration checkpoint § 831. Prohibited transactions involving nuclear materials § 832. Participation in nuclear and weapons of mass destruction threats to

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4160-682: The highest rate of calls to human trafficking hotlines after domestic labor (counting from January 2008 to February 2015). The mobile nature makes it easier for traffickers to control their victims' sleeping arrangements and food and to alienate them from outside contact. Traffickers may withhold food or threaten to abandon their victims in unfamiliar locations without money if they do not comply. Unlike other professions, members of traveling sales crews are considered independent contractors even if they do not have any autonomy in their life outside of work. As independent contractors, they are not overseen by several laws meant to prevent abuse, such as Title VII of

4240-471: The hospitality, landscaping, construction, food service, and agricultural industries." Human trafficking occurred consistently in high-population areas that serve as hubs for international travel and that have large immigrant populations. In the study, higher numbers of reported cases were found in California, New York, Texas, and Florida. This is consistent with the U.S. Department of Justice report that

4320-495: The hotline are referred to police who then arrest adult sex workers . However, at least as of 2022, The National Human Trafficking Hotline is confidential, except in cases where an call is made about someone under 18 suspected of abuse, in which case reporting to law enforcement may be required by law. Others have criticized Polaris for providing no services to alleged victims. The accuracy of Polaris’ data on human trafficking has been questioned by multiple sources. In 2011, Polaris

4400-679: The human immunodeficiency virus § 1151. Indian country defined § 1152. Laws governing § 1153. Offenses committed within Indian country § 1154. Intoxicants dispensed in Indian country § 1155. Intoxicants dispensed on school site § 1156. Intoxicants possessed unlawfully [§ 1157. Repealed. Pub. L. 85–86, July 10, 1957, 71 Stat. 277] § 1158. Counterfeiting Indian Arts and Crafts Board trade mark § 1159. Misrepresentation of Indian produced goods and products § 1160. Property damaged in committing offense § 1161. Application of Indian liquor laws § 1162. State jurisdiction over offenses committed by or against Indians in

4480-482: The issue left only 1/3 of victims identifying their experience as commercial sexual exploitation. The New York State Office of Children and Family Services estimated in 2007 that New York City is home to more than 2,000 sexually exploited children under 18. At least 85 percent of these youths statewide have had some contact with the child welfare system, mostly through abuse or neglect proceedings. In New York City, 75 percent have been in foster care . Mishi Faruqee, who

4560-446: The largest concentrations of survivors of human trafficking were located in California, Oklahoma, New York, and Texas. According to a 2007 Washington Post expose entitled "Human Trafficking Evokes Outrage, Little Evidence", human trafficking in the United States is described as essentially non-existent. However, there are more victims than those who have applied for and been granted certification. First, certification requires that

4640-521: The legislation are The U.S. is working to eliminate human trafficking in the U.S. and worldwide. Each year, the Department of State releases data compiled on the state of human trafficking in many different countries, including the U.S., in accordance with the Trafficking Victim Protection Act of 2000's standards. It also releases data on trafficking cases under federal prosecution and estimates of those trafficked; however,

4720-611: The majority come with work visas. Title 18 of the United States Code Title 18 of the United States Code is the main criminal code of the federal government of the United States . The Title deals with federal crimes and criminal procedure . In its coverage, Title 18 is similar to most U.S. state criminal codes, which typically are referred to by names such as Penal Code, Criminal Code, or Crimes Code. Typical of state criminal codes

4800-480: The nature of agricultural work as being seasonal and transient, the ability of employers to exploit these workers is high. Such exploitation may take the form of threats of violence and playing on vulnerabilities (i.e. immigration status). In some cases, workers are held in a state of perpetual debt to the crew leaders who impose mandatory transportation, housing and communication fees upon the workers which are high in relation to pay received, therefore further indebting

4880-482: The nature of agricultural work as being seasonal and transient, the ability of employers to exploit these workers is high. Such exploitation may take the form of threats of violence and play on vulnerabilities (i.e. immigration status). In some cases, workers are held in a state of perpetual debt to the crew leaders who impose mandatory transportation, housing, and communication fees upon the workers which are high in relation to payments received, therefore further indebting

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4960-629: The number of arrests from the previous fiscal year, resulting in 148 indictments and 165 convictions. The San Diego division of the FBI announced in August 2022 agents rescued at least 17 potential victims as part of a nationwide operation. The Human Smuggling and Trafficking Center is an inter-agency intelligence center that gathers information on illicit travel—including that of trafficking. The center coordinates with foreign agencies and diplomats to monitor and fight trafficking on an international basis. With

5040-807: The number of either estimated or identified victims. Some critics, like Markon in the Washington Post, note that all such estimates are deeply flawed. Research conducted by University of California at Berkeley on behalf of the anti-trafficking organization Free the Slaves found that about 46% of people in slavery in the United States are forced into prostitution. The U.S. Department of Justice prosecuted 360 defendants for human trafficking from 2001 to 2007 and gained 238 convictions. From January 2007 through September 2008, there were 1,229 alleged cases of human trafficking nationally; 1,018 of them, nearly 83 percent, were sex trafficking cases. Sex trafficking has

5120-470: The proceeds of extortion This chapter, added in 1968 by 82  Stat.   159 , deals with extortionate credit transactions. § 891. Definitions and rules of construction § 892. Making extortionate extensions of credit § 893. Financing extortionate extensions of credit § 894. Collection of extensions of credit by extortionate means [§ 895. Repealed. Pub. L. 91–452, title II, § 223(a), Oct. 15, 1970, 84 Stat. 929] § 896. Effect on State laws § 911. Citizen of

5200-443: The recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude , peonage , debt bondage or slavery and is most frequently reported in domestic work, restaurants, peddling rings, and sales crews. With the influx of foreign nationals into the US in the past decade, labor trafficking has become

5280-514: The report cautions that the data may not be representative of the number of individuals actually trafficked due to both the lack of cohesion between many states and agencies battling human trafficking and the inability to account for undiscovered victims. Below is a compilation of data from a variety of U.S. agencies and the United Nations. According to the Attorney General's 2005 report, an estimated 14,500–17,500 victims are trafficked into

5360-571: The same country of origin as the trafficked person, and are usually not involved in organized criminal networks, making it more difficult to identify instances of this type of trafficking. Perpetrators of domestic servitude are often well-respected members of their communities and lead otherwise normal lives. Areas with large middle-class and upper-middle-class populations are commonly the destinations of this type of trafficking. The Associated Press reports, based on interviews in California and Egypt, that trafficking of children for domestic labor in

5440-458: The same group incorporated an extended qualitative ethnographic component that looked specifically at the relationship between pimps and adolescents engaged in street-based sex markets. This study found the percentage of adolescents who had pimps to be only 14% and that those relationships were typically misidentified by youth as mutual, and non-exploitative. Various trauma responses, including trauma bonds , normalization and lack of information on

5520-804: The secretive nature of trafficking, it is difficult to piece together an accurate picture of how widespread the problem is. In 2001, the University of Pennsylvania School of Social Work released a study on CSEC conducted in 17 cities across the United States. While they did not interview any of the adolescent subjects of the inquiry, they estimated through a secondary response that as many as 300,000 American youths may be at risk of commercial sexual exploitation at any time. The Center for Court Innovation in New York City had used Respondent Driven Sampling (RDS), Social Network Analysis, capture/recapture, and Markov based probability estimates in 2008 to generate

5600-509: The use of their social media applications as "human hunting fields" to find victims for human trafficking. In 2023, the Organised Crime Index gave the country a score of 6 out of 10 for human trafficking, with most victims coming from Mexico, Honduras or within the U.S. Human trafficking is a form of slavery , involving the illegal smuggling and trading of people for forced labor or sexual exploitation. Trafficking

5680-411: The victim be willing to cooperate with a police investigation. Following a police raid, some victims just want to go home, some victims do not cooperate with police and are deported, and some victims are afraid to testify against vicious traffickers. The application for certification requires support from law enforcement. If the victim is not seen as useful for a case, or if the police do not want to pursue

5760-497: The worker. Crew leaders may also provide workers with H-2A visas and transportation to the place of work from a home country. H-2A visa is a certification program, in which employers contract people from other countries, but first, the employers must try to recruit U.S. workers, before looking abroad. In attempts towards seeking employees, once they are hired they may encounter some difficulties such as: H-2A visas are temporary visas that allow people from other countries to work in

5840-476: The worker. Crew leaders may also provide workers with H-2A visas and transportation to the place of work from a home country. Part of the H-2A visa is that it does not provide an adequate choice of their employment, how much would they be paid for their work, or even the hours, are not negotiable. Undocumented people who come without any visas have a greater chance to choose of where they wish to work and decide to leave

5920-712: Was accused of using unreferenced and uncorroborated data to exaggerate the income and number of clients seen by street based and massage parlor based sex workers and the prevalence of "pimps". Human trafficking in the United States In the United States, human trafficking tends to occur around international travel hubs with large immigrant populations , notably in California , Texas , and Georgia . Those trafficked include young children, teenagers, men, and women; victims can be domestic citizens or foreign nationals. Under federal law ( 18 USC § 1589), it

6000-1145: Was added to Title 18 in July 1956 with the enactment of law 70  Stat.   538 . Chapter 10 was added to Title 18 in May 1990 with the enactment of law 104  Stat.   201 . This chapter deals with offenses using or against aircraft and motor vehicles. This chapter deals with offenses against wildlife. This chapter deals with arson . It has only one section, which was last amended in 2001. This chapter deals with assault . This chapter deals with bankruptcy offenses committed by debtors. This chapter deals with biological weapons. This chapter deals with bribery, graft, and conflicts of interest. This chapter, added in 1994 by 102  Stat.   521 deals with child support . It has only one section. This chapter, added in 1998 by 112  Stat.   2681-866 , related to offenses involving chemical weapons . This chapter, added in 1968 by 82  Stat.   90 , related to offenses involving civil disorder. This chapter deals with offenses involving civil rights . Chapter 14

6080-482: Was authored by Jon Erpenbach. Southwestern Advantage lobbied against the bill, arguing that their independent contractor business model nurtured the entrepreneurial spirit . During the hearings, former Southwestern student dealers testified on both sides of the issue. In the agriculture sector, the most common victims of trafficking are U.S. citizens and legal permanent residents, undocumented immigrants, and foreign nationals with temporary H-2A visas . Due to

6160-401: Was criticized for knowingly using false and misleading data to exaggerate the number of trafficked sex workers and understate their age of entry into sex work. Polaris later partnered with data analysis firm Palantir Technologies to improve the organization of data reported to the National Human Trafficking Resource Center and the accuracy of statistics released to the public. In 2015, Polaris

6240-525: Was founded in 2002, by Derek Ellerman and Katherine Chon , who were seniors at Brown University . The organization was named after the North Star , an historical symbol of freedom. Polaris is one of the few organizations working on all forms of trafficking, including supporting survivors who are male, female, transgender people and children, US citizens and foreign nationals and survivors of both labor and sex trafficking. Since 2007, Polaris has operated

6320-414: Was not included in the original title but was added in 1970. The odd-numbered chapters (i.e. chapters 1 through 117) were all included in the original Title 18. The other chapters were added at various times - see below for the complete date and citations for each chapter. Chapters 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 were all included in the original title as it was enacted by statute 62  Stat.   683 . Chapter 2

6400-780: Was repealed in 2002. It related to the former (Panama) Canal Zone . This chapter deals with offenses involving coins and currency. This chapter, added in 1986 by 100  Stat.   3207-59 , deals with operating a "common carrier" under the influence of alcohol or drugs. This chapter, added in 1971 by 84  Stat.   1891 , deals with Congressional, Cabinet, and Supreme Court assassination, kidnapping, and assault. It has only one section. This chapter, added in 1994 by 108  Stat.   2034 , deals with criminal street gangs. It has only one section. § 541. Entry of goods falsely classified § 542. Entry of goods by means of false statements § 543. Entry of goods for less than legal duty § 544. Relanding of goods § 545. Smuggling goods into

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