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63-515: The brand was created in 1932, when the Polish government made an agreement with FIAT to produce licence cars in a state factory PZInż . (Państwowe Zakłady Inżynieryjne) in Warsaw . The cars were sold and serviced by the newly created Polish-Italian company Polski Fiat SA . First cars were assembled from Italian parts (a compact car PF 508/I ), other later models were also assembled from parts, such as

126-630: A head on 13 July 1944 as the Soviet offensive crossed the old Polish border . At this point the Poles had to make a decision: either initiate the uprising in the current difficult political situation and risk a lack of Soviet support, or fail to rebel and face Soviet propaganda describing the Home Army as impotent or worse, Nazi collaborators. They feared that if Poland was liberated by the Red Army, then

189-402: A licence for a mid-size car Polski Fiat 125p . The deal was signed in 1965, and the first cars were assembled from parts by the factory, FSO , in 1967, their production started from 1968 and ended in 1991, however the brand Polski Fiat was replaced with FSO (which had already been seen on other models such as the 125p-based FSO Polonez ) in 1983. Between 1973 and 2000 a second licensed model

252-613: A major German arsenal, the main post office and power station and the Prudential building. However, Castle Square, the police district, and the airport remained in German hands. The first days were crucial in establishing the battlefield for the rest of the fight. The resistance fighters were most successful in the City Centre , Old Town and Wola districts. However, several major German strongholds remained, and in some areas of Wola

315-469: A meeting on that day. Jan Nowak-Jeziorański , who had arrived from London, expressed the view that help from the Allies would be limited, but his views received no attention. In the early afternoon of 31 July the most important political and military leaders of the resistance had no intention of sending their troops into battle on 1 August. Even so, another late afternoon briefing of Bor-Komorowski's Staff

378-822: Is difficult to determine, taking into consideration the chaotic character of the Uprising causing their irregular registration. It is estimated that they numbered several hundred and represented at least 15 countries – Slovakia, Hungary, the United Kingdom, Australia, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Greece, Italy, the United States, the Soviet Union, South Africa, Romania, Germany, and even Nigeria . These people – emigrants who had settled in Warsaw before

441-650: The Bahnschutz (rail guard), Werkschutz (factory guard) and the Polish Volksdeutsche (ethnic Germans in Poland) and Soviet former POW of the Sonderdienst and Sonderabteilungen paramilitary units. During the uprising the German side received reinforcements on a daily basis. Stahel was replaced as overall commander by SS-General Erich von dem Bach in early August. As of 20 August 1944,

504-577: The Soviet-controlled forces . On 21 July, the High Command of the Home Army decided that the time to launch Operation Tempest in Warsaw was imminent. The plan was intended both as a political manifestation of Polish sovereignty and as a direct operation against the German occupiers. On 25 July, the Polish government-in-exile (without the knowledge and against the wishes of Polish Commander-in-Chief General Kazimierz Sosnkowski ) approved

567-910: The Sub-district VI of Praga (Area VI) in Praga; the Sub-district VII of Warsaw suburbs (Area VII) for the Warsaw West County ; and the Autonomous Region VIII of Okęcie (Area VIII) in Okęcie ; while the units of the Directorate of Sabotage and Diversion ( Kedyw ) remained attached to the Uprising Headquarters. On 20 September, the sub-districts were reorganized to align with the three areas of

630-491: The 'obcokrajowcy' showed outstanding bravery in fighting the enemy and were awarded the highest decorations of the AK and the Polish government in exile. During the fighting, the Poles obtained additional supplies through airdrops and by capture from the enemy, including several armored vehicles , notably two Panther tanks and two Sd.Kfz. 251 armored personnel carriers . Also, resistance workshops produced weapons throughout

693-557: The Allies would ignore the London-based Polish government in the aftermath of the war. The urgency for a final decision on strategy increased as it became clear that, after successful Polish-Soviet co-operation in the liberation of Polish territory (for example, in Operation Ostra Brama ), Soviet security forces behind the frontline shot or arrested Polish officers and forcibly conscripted lower ranks into

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756-547: The August Uprising ( Polish : powstanie sierpniowe ), was a major World War II operation by the Polish underground resistance to liberate Warsaw from German occupation. It occurred in the summer of 1944, and it was led by the Polish resistance Home Army ( Polish : Armia Krajowa ). The uprising was timed to coincide with the retreat of the German forces from Poland ahead of the Soviet advance. While approaching

819-481: The Curzon Line as the basis for negotiations and categorically refused to change their position. 23 March 1944 Stalin said 'he could not depart from the Curzon Line; in spite of Churchill's post-Teheran reference to his Curzon Line policy as one 'of force', he still believed it to be the only legitimate settlement'. Thus, the Warsaw uprising was actively used to achieve political goals. The question of assistance to

882-511: The East (from 14 September) [REDACTED]   Germany [REDACTED] Home Army [REDACTED] Polish First Army [REDACTED] Warsaw Garrison 20,000 –49,000 2,500 equipped with guns (initially) 2 captured Panther tanks 1 captured Hetzer tank destroyer 2 captured armoured personnel carriers Improvised armored vehicles [REDACTED] US Army Air Force 13,000 –25,000 (initially) Throughout

945-739: The German units directly involved with fighting in Warsaw comprised 17,000 men arranged in two battle groups: The Nazi forces included about 5,000 regular troops; 4,000 Luftwaffe personnel (1,000 at Okęcie airport , 700 at Bielany, 1,000 in Boernerowo , 300 at Służewiec and 1,000 in anti-air artillery posts throughout the city); as well as about 2,000 men of the Sentry Regiment Warsaw ( Wachtregiment Warschau ), including four infantry battalions ( Patz , Baltz , No. 996 and No. 997), and an SS reconnaissance squadron with ca. 350 men. After days of hesitation, at 17:00 on 31 July,

1008-793: The Germans in Warsaw were weak and visibly demoralized. However, by the end of July, German forces in the area were reinforced. On 27 July, the Governor of the Warsaw District, Ludwig Fischer , called for 100,000 Polish men and women to report for work as part of a plan which envisaged the Poles constructing fortifications around the city. The inhabitants of Warsaw ignored his demand, and the Home Army command became worried about possible reprisals or mass round-ups, which would disable their ability to mobilize. The Soviet forces were approaching Warsaw, and Soviet-controlled radio stations called for

1071-698: The Germans out of Warsaw while helping the Allies defeat Germany . An additional, political goal of the Polish Underground State was to liberate Poland's capital and assert Polish sovereignty before the Soviet Union and Soviet-backed Polish Committee of National Liberation , which already controlled eastern Poland, could assume control. Other immediate causes included a threat of mass German round-ups of able-bodied Poles for "evacuation" ; calls by Radio Moscow 's Polish Service for uprising; and an emotional Polish desire for justice and revenge against

1134-580: The Germans revealed the Katyn massacre of Polish army officers, and Stalin refused to admit to ordering the killings and denounced the claims as German propaganda. Afterwards, Stalin created the Rudenko Commission, whose goal was to blame the Germans for the war crime at all costs. The Western alliance accepted Stalin's words as truth in order to keep the Anti-Nazi alliance intact. On 26 October,

1197-702: The Home Army enabled the pro-Soviet Polish administration, instead of the Polish government-in-exile based in London, to take control of Poland afterwards. Poland would remain as part of the Soviet-aligned Eastern Bloc throughout the Cold War until 1989. The Uprising began on 1 August 1944 as part of a nationwide Operation Tempest , launched at the time of the Soviet Lublin–Brest Offensive . The main Polish objectives were to drive

1260-736: The Home Army had shuttled weapons to the east of the country before the decision to include Warsaw in Operation Tempest. Other partisan groups subordinated themselves to Home Army command, and many volunteers joined during the fighting, including Jews freed from the Gęsiówka concentration camp in the ruins of the Warsaw Ghetto . Morale among Jewish fighters was hurt by displays of antisemitism, with several former Jewish prisoners in combat units even killed by antisemitic Poles. Colonel Antoni Chruściel (codename "Monter") who commanded

1323-628: The National Engineering Works signed a license agreement with Italian automobile manufacturer Fiat . Soon afterwards, assembly and production of Fiat 508 began. Until September 1939, some 10,000 models were produced in Warsaw’s Factory of Passenger and Light Commercial Vehicles (Fabryka Samochodow Osobowych i Polciezarowych). In 1933, the PZInz was restructured, and divided into the following units: Among vehicles produced by

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1386-459: The National Engineering Works, are such models, as: As well as vehicles PZInż also produced aero-engines under licence to various foreign manufacturers, such as: The National Engineering Works also had several prototypes, which did not enter production due to invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. Shortly after the outbreak of World War II and the German occupation of Poland ,

1449-560: The PAST skyscraper overlooking the city centre and the Gdańsk railway station guarding the passage between the centre and the northern borough of Żoliborz. The leaders of the uprising counted only on the rapid entry of the Red Army in Warsaw ('on the second or third or, at the latest, by the seventh day of the fighting' ) and were more prepared for a confrontation with the Russians. At this time,

1512-759: The PZInż was confiscated by the German state, its factories dismantled and sent to Germany while a large part of the engineers were either killed or sent to Germany as slave workers. After the Warsaw Uprising the Warsaw headquarters of the PZInż was blown up, not to be rebuilt after the war. In 1946 the Ursus works started to be rebuilt and eventually became a large tractor factory. *An existing company, but not currently producing any vehicles Warsaw Uprising German victory [REDACTED]   Polish Underground State [REDACTED] Polish Army in

1575-458: The Poles had a common enemy – Germany – but were working towards different post-war goals: the Home Army desired a pro-Western, capitalist Poland, but the Soviet leader Stalin intended to establish a pro-Soviet, socialist Poland. It became obvious that the advancing Soviet Red Army might not come to Poland as an ally but rather only as "the ally of an ally". The Home Commander was, in his political thinking, pledged to

1638-526: The Poles sustained heavy losses that forced an early retreat. In other areas such as Mokotów, the attackers almost completely failed to secure any objectives and controlled only the residential areas. In Praga, on the east bank of the Vistula, the Poles were sent back into hiding by a high concentration of German forces. Most crucially, the fighters in different areas failed to link up with each other and with areas outside Warsaw, leaving each sector isolated from

1701-838: The Polish Home Army and to aid his political desires of turning Poland into a Soviet-aligned state. Scholars note the two month period of the Warsaw Uprising marked the start of the Cold War . Casualties during the Warsaw Uprising were catastrophic. Although the exact number of casualties is unknown, it is estimated that about 16,000 members of the Polish resistance were killed and about 6,000 badly wounded. In addition, between 150,000 and 200,000 Polish civilians died, mostly from mass executions. Jews being harboured by Poles were exposed by German house-to-house clearances and mass evictions of entire neighbourhoods. The defeat of

1764-422: The Polish government-in-exile issued instructions to the effect that, if diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union were not resumed before the Soviet entry into Poland, Home Army forces were to remain underground pending further decisions. However, the Home Army commander, Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski , took a different approach, and on 20 November, he outlined his own plan, which became known as Operation Tempest . On

1827-420: The Polish headquarters scheduled "W-hour" (from the Polish wybuch , "explosion"), the moment of the start of the uprising for 17:00 on the following day. The decision was a strategic miscalculation because the under-equipped resistance forces were prepared and trained for a series of coordinated surprise dawn attacks. In addition, although many units were already mobilized and waiting at assembly points throughout

1890-472: The Polish people to rise in arms. On 25 July, the Union of Polish Patriots , in a broadcast from Moscow, stated: The Polish Army of Polish Patriots ... calls on the thousands of brothers thirsting to fight, to smash the foe before he can recover from his defeat ... Every Polish homestead must become a stronghold in the struggle against the invaders ... Not a moment is to be lost. On 29 July,

1953-900: The Polish underground forces in Warsaw, divided his units into eight areas: the Sub-district I of Śródmieście (Area I) which included Warszawa-Śródmieście and the Old Town; the Sub-district II of Żoliborz (Area II) comprising Żoliborz , Marymont , and Bielany ; the Sub-district III of Wola (Area III) in Wola ; the Sub-district IV of Ochota (Area IV) in Ochota ; the Sub-district V of Mokotów (Area V) in Mokotów ;

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2016-738: The Soviet Union, is now joined to the People's Army to form the Corps of the Polish Armed Forces, the armed arm of our nation in its struggle for independence. Its ranks will be joined tomorrow by the sons of Warsaw. They will all together, with the Allied Army pursue the enemy westwards, wipe out the Hitlerite vermin from Polish land and strike a mortal blow at the beast of Prussian Imperialism. Bór-Komorowski and several officers held

2079-509: The Warsaw District numbered between 20,000, and 49,000 soldiers. Other underground formations also contributed; estimates range from 2,000 in total, to about 3,500 men including those from the National Armed Forces and the communist People's Army . Most of them had trained for several years in partisan and urban guerrilla warfare , but lacked experience in prolonged daylight fighting. The forces lacked equipment, because

2142-415: The Warsaw Uprising also further decimated urban areas of Poland. In 1944, Poland had been occupied by Nazi Germany for almost five years. The Polish Home Army planned some form of rebellion against German forces. Germany was fighting a coalition of Allied powers , led by the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States. The initial plan of the Home Army was to link up with the invading forces of

2205-755: The Western Allies as they liberated Europe from the Nazis. However, when the Soviet Army began its offensive in 1943, it became clear that Poland would be liberated by it instead of the Western Allies. In this country, we have one point from which every evil emanates. That point is Warsaw. If we didn't have Warsaw in the General Government , we wouldn't have four-fifths of the difficulties with which we must contend. – German Governor-General Hans Frank , Kraków , 14 December 1943 The Soviets and

2268-574: The approach of the Eastern Front , local units of the Home Army were to harass the German Wehrmacht in the rear and co-operate with incoming Soviet units as much as possible. Although doubts existed about the military necessity of a major uprising, planning continued. General Bór-Komorowski and his civilian advisor were authorised by the government in exile to proclaim a general uprising whenever they saw fit. The situation came to

2331-504: The buildings and areas occupied by the Germans. Apart from the garrison itself, numerous army units were stationed on both banks of the Vistula river and in the city. The second category was composed of police and SS, under SS and Police Leader SS- Oberführer Paul Otto Geibel , numbering initially 5,710 men, including Schutzpolizei and Waffen-SS . The third category was formed by various auxiliary units, including detachments of

2394-470: The capital, the head, the intelligence of this former 16–17 million Polish people will be extinguished, this Volk that has blocked our way to the east for seven hundred years and has stood in our way ever since the First Battle of Tannenberg [in 1410]. After this the Polish problem will no longer be a great historical problem for the children who come after us, nor indeed will it be for us. The uprising

2457-409: The capital. The Soviet radio appeals calling upon the people of Warsaw to rise against the Germans, regardless of Moscow's intentions, had very little influence on the Polish authorities responsible for the insurrection. Believing that the time for action had arrived, on 31 July, the Polish commanders General Bór-Komorowski and Colonel Antoni Chruściel ordered full mobilization of the forces for 17:00

2520-713: The city and razed the city itself. In the end, as many as 15,000 insurgents and 250,000 civilians lost their lives, while the Germans lost around 16,000 men. Scholarship since the fall of the Soviet Union , combined with eyewitness accounts, has questioned Soviet motives and suggested their lack of support for the Warsaw Uprising represented their ambitions in Eastern Europe. The Red Army did not reinforce resistance fighters or provide air support. Declassified documents indicate that Joseph Stalin had tactically halted his forces from advancing on Warsaw in order to exhaust

2583-543: The city held by the Polish units. The entire force, renamed the Warsaw Home Army Corps (Polish: Warszawski Korpus Armii Krajowej ) and commanded by General Antoni Chruściel – who was promoted from Colonel on 14 September – formed three infantry divisions (Śródmieście, Żoliborz and Mokotów). The exact number of the foreign fighters ( obcokrajowcy in Polish), who fought in Warsaw for Poland's independence,

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2646-424: The city". In late July 1944 the German units stationed in and around Warsaw were divided into three categories. The first and the most numerous was the garrison of Warsaw. As of 31 July, it numbered some 11,000 troops under General Rainer Stahel . These well-equipped German forces prepared for the defence of the city's key positions for many months. Several hundred concrete bunkers and barbed wire lines protected

2709-408: The city, the mobilization of thousands of young men and women was hard to conceal. Fighting started in advance of "W-hour", notably in Żoliborz, and around Napoleon Square and Dąbrowski Square. The Germans had anticipated the possibility of an uprising, though they had not realized its size or strength. At 16:30 Governor Fischer put the garrison on full alert. That evening the resistance captured

2772-473: The contrary, twice expressed during the course of that day. Bor-Komorowski and Jankowski issued their final order for the insurrection when it was erroneously reported to them that the Soviet tanks were entering Praga. Hence they assumed that the Russo-German battle for Warsaw was approaching its climax and that this presented them with an excellent opportunity to capture Warsaw before the Red Army entered

2835-431: The course of uprising: ~50,000 Dozens of tanks Polish resistance : 15,200 killed and missing 5,000 wounded in action 15,000 POW (incl. capitulation agreement) Polish First Army : 5,660 casualties German forces : 2,000–17,000 killed and missing 9,000 wounded in action The Warsaw Uprising ( Polish : powstanie warszawskie ; German : Warschauer Aufstand ), sometimes referred to as

2898-541: The doctrine of two enemies, in accordance with which both Germany and Russia were seen as Poland's traditional enemies, and it was expected that support for Poland, if any, would come from the West. The Soviets and the Poles distrusted each other and Soviet partisans in Poland often clashed with a Polish resistance increasingly united under the Home Army's front. Stalin broke off Polish–Soviet relations on 25 April 1943 after

2961-454: The eastern suburbs of the city, the Red Army halted combat operations, enabling the Germans to regroup and defeat the Polish resistance and to destroy the city in retaliation . The Uprising was fought for 63 days with little outside support. It was the single largest military effort taken by any European resistance movement during World War II . The defeat of the uprising and suppression of

3024-421: The enemy after five years of German occupation. Despite the early gains by the Home Army, the Germans successfully counterattacked on August 25th, in an attack that killed as many as 40,000 civilians. The uprising was now in a siege phase which favored the better-equipped Germans and eventually the Home Army surrendered on October 2 when their supplies ran out. The Germans then deported the remaining civilians in

3087-446: The fighting, including submachine guns , K pattern flamethrowers , grenades, mortars , and even an armored car ( Kubuś ). As of 1 August, Polish military supplies consisted of 1,000 guns, 1,750 pistols, 300 submachine guns, 60 assault rifles, 7 heavy machine guns, 20 anti-tank guns, and 25,000 hand grenades. "Such collection of light weapons might have been sufficient to launch an urban terror campaign, but not to seize control of

3150-503: The first Soviet armoured units reached the outskirts of Warsaw, where they were counter-attacked by two German Panzer Corps: the 39th and 4th SS . On 29 July 1944 Radio Station Kosciuszko located in Moscow emitted a few times its "Appeal to Warsaw" and called to "Fight The Germans!": No doubt Warsaw already hears the guns of the battle which is soon to bring her liberation. ... The Polish Army now entering Polish territory, trained in

3213-494: The following day. Within the framework of the entire enemy intelligence operations directed against Germany, the intelligence service of the Polish resistance movement assumed major significance. The scope and importance of the operations of the Polish resistance movement, which was ramified down to the smallest splinter group and brilliantly organized, have been in (various sources) disclosed in connection with carrying out of major police security operations. The Home Army forces of

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3276-455: The head of the government in exile Mikolajczyk met with Stalin on 3 August 1944 in Moscow and raised the questions of his imminent arrival in Warsaw, the return to power of his government in Poland, as well as the Eastern borders of Poland, while categorically refusing to recognize the Curzon Line as the basis for negotiations. In saying this, Mikolajczyk was well aware that the USSR and Stalin had repeatedly stated their demand for recognition of

3339-400: The insurrection was not raised by Mikolajczyk, apparently for reasons that it might weaken the position in the negotiations. 'The substance of the two-and-a-half-hour discussion was a harsh disagreement about future of Poland, the Uprising – considered by the Poles as a bargaining chip – turned to be disadvantageous for Mikolajczyk's position since it made him seem like a supplicant (...) Nothing

3402-445: The others. After the first hours of fighting, many units adopted a more defensive strategy, while civilians began erecting barricades. Despite all the problems, by 4 August the majority of the city was in Polish hands, although some key strategic points remained untaken. My Führer, the timing is unfortunate, but from a historical perspective what the Poles are doing is a blessing. After five, six weeks we shall leave. But by then Warsaw,

3465-413: The plan for an uprising in Warsaw with the timing to be decided locally. In the early summer of 1944, German plans required Warsaw to serve as the defensive centre of the area and to be held at all costs. The Germans had fortifications constructed and built up their forces in the area. This process slowed after the failed 20 July plot to assassinate the Nazi leader Adolf Hitler , and around that time,

3528-452: The plant employed 2,200 people and built over 1,000 cars each day. At that time, it was manufacturing Fiat 500 (2007) and Lancia Ypsilon vehicles. *An existing company, but not currently producing any vehicles PZIn%C5%BC The Państwowe Zakłady Inżynierii ( National Engineering Works , PZInż ) was a Polish pre- World War II arms industry holding and the main Polish manufacturer of vehicles, both military and civilian. It

3591-438: The small car Fiat Topolino . From the mid-1930s, the factory started to produce whole cars. The main produced models were (PF stands for Polski Fiat): Special military models, developed in Poland: The brand ceased to exist after the outbreak of World War II , when the factory was seized by the Germans in 1939. The brand Polski Fiat re-appeared in the 1960s, when the Polish government renewed connections with Fiat and bought

3654-420: The war, escapees from numerous POW, concentration and labor camps, and deserters from the German auxiliary forces – were absorbed in different fighting and supportive formations of the Polish underground. They wore the underground's red-white armband (the colors of the Polish national flag) and adopted the Polish traditional independence fighters' slogan 'Za naszą i waszą wolność' (For our and your freedom). Some of

3717-433: Was arranged for five o'clock(...) At about 5.30 p.m. Col 'Monter' arrived at the briefing, reporting that the Russian tanks were already entering Praga and insisting on the immediate launching of the Home Army operations inside the city as otherwise it 'might be too late'. Prompted by 'Monter`s report, Bor-Komorowski decided that the time was ripe for the commencement of 'Burza' in Warsaw, in spite of his earlier conviction to

3780-634: Was created by the Polish minister of industry Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski on 19 March 1928 from several previously-existing state-owned factories and scientific institutes, among them the Centralne Warsztaty Samochodowe and the Ursus factory . It was Kwiatkowski's plan of reorganization and modernization of Polish arms industry that eventually led to the creation of PZInż, but also the Państwowe Wytwórnie Uzbrojenia ( National Arms Works ), Państwowe Zakłady Lotnicze (modern PZL ), Państwowe Zakłady Optyczne ( National Optical Works ) and National Factory of Gunpowder and Explosives in Pionki . On 21 September 1932

3843-414: Was intended to last a few days until Soviet forces arrived; however, this never happened, and the Polish forces had to fight with little outside assistance. The results of the first two days of fighting in different parts of the city were as follows: An additional area within the Polish command structure was formed by the units of the Directorate of Sabotage and Diversion or Kedyw , an elite formation that

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3906-465: Was produced by the FSM: the small Polski Fiat 126p , based on the Fiat 126 . The separate brand Polski Fiat disappeared in 1994, when Fiat bought the Polish factory, and Fiat models have since been produced in Poland under the Fiat brand, which was used before 1992 in export markets only. In 2013, the one millionth Fiat was built at the FCA Poland plant in Tychy. By November 2019, the plant had manufactured 12 million vehicles. A report in 2020 stated that

3969-434: Was to guard the headquarters and was to be used as an "armed ambulance", thrown into the battle in the most endangered areas. These units secured parts of Śródmieście and Wola; along with the units of Area I , they were the most successful during the first few hours. Among the most notable primary targets that were not taken during the opening stages of the uprising were the airfields of Okęcie and Mokotów Field , as well as

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