15-446: Polypodiidae may refer to: Polypodiidae (cnidarians) , a zoological family that only includes Polypodium hydriforme , a cnidarian parasite of fish eggs Polypodiidae (plant) , a botanical subclass of Equisetopsida sensu lato that includes the leptosporangiate ferns Polypodiidae a botanical subclass that only includes the fern family Osmundaceae [REDACTED] Topics referred to by
30-421: A closer affinity to bilaterians than cnidarians. Due to the variable rates of 18S rDNA sequences, these results were however suggested to be an artifact of long branch attraction , and myxozoans have in the meantime, also been classified within cnidarians. Evans et al. (2008) performed phylogenetic analyses of metazoans with 18S and partial 28S rDNA sequences in a large dataset that includes Polypodium and
45-497: A comprehensive sampling of cnidarian taxa . This supports the placement of Polypodium within Cnidaria. This accords with its traditional classification, in particular with the fact that Polypodium possesses nematocysts and a cnidarian-like body plan. Myxozoans are currently classified as cnidarians as well. Polypodium was discovered in 1871 by Professor Owsiannikov within the eggs of sterlet ( Acipenser ruthenus ) from
60-401: Is an endocellular parasite with an unusual life cycle, a peculiar morphology , and high rates of DNA evolution. Polypodium spends most of its life inside the oocytes of acipenseriform fishes. In infected oocytes, Polypodium develops from a binucleate cell into an inside-out planuliform larva and then into an elongate inside-out stolon ; the epidermal cell layer is located internal to
75-611: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Polypodiidae (cnidarians) Polypodium is a genus of cnidarians that parasitizes in the eggs of sturgeon and similar fishes ( Acipenseridae and Polyodontidae ). It is one of few animals that lives inside the cells of other animals. Polypodium hydriforme is the only species of this monotypic genus. The parent family ( Polypodiidae) , order ( Polypodiidea ) and class ( Polypodiozoa ) are also monotypic. Unusual characteristics have led to much controversy regarding
90-508: The Volga river in Russia . In 1885 Ussov named Owsiannikov's "parasitic larva" Polypodium hydriforme and gave a morphological description of the parasite. Polypodium was long considered a unique intracellular parasite among cnidarians. Its hosts include 14 species of Acipenser , 2 species of Huso , Polyodon spathula and Scaphirhynchus platorynchus . Polypodium hydriforme
105-429: The phylogenetic position of Polypodium within metazoans. Polypodium has traditionally been considered a cnidarian because it possesses nematocysts , the stinging structures characteristic of this phylum . Molecular phylogenetic studies using 18S rDNA sequence data temporarily challenged this interpretation, by finding that Polypodium is a close relative to myxozoans and suggesting that together they share
120-423: The "male" ones ultimately produce binucleate cells and become gametophores which infect host fish. Polypodium hydriforme displays many peculiar characteristics, some of them shared with myxozoa. The habitat of Polypodium hydriforme is freshwater. Although freshwater is an unusual habitat for cnidarians, it is not unheard of, especially within hydrozoans . For instance, the model organism Hydra and
135-407: The body and the gastrodermis is located externally. The embryo, larva and stolon are surrounded by a protective polyploid cell, which also functions in digestion. Just prior to host spawning, Polypodium everts to the normal position of cell layers, revealing tentacles scattered along the stolon. During eversion, the yolk of the host oocyte fills the gastral cavities of the parasite, supplying
150-541: The fossils of two species ( A. praeparatorum and A. amnisinferos ) are known from mass mortality assemblages immediately following the Chicxulub impact , the beginning of the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event . There are 17 living species: There are 9 species known from fossil remains: [REDACTED] This order Acipenseriformes ( Sturgeon and Paddlefish ) related article
165-479: The future free-living stage with nutrients. The parasitic phase of its life cycle usually takes several years. Finally, upon emerging from the host egg in fresh water, the free-living stolon fragments into individual medusoid-like organisms that go on to multiply by means of longitudinal fission. In summer they form endodermal sexual organs : "female" ones showing ovaria and gonoducts, and "male" ones with simpler organization. "Female" gonads are supposedly abortive;
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#1732782935680180-446: The jellyfish Craspedacusta sowerbii are both exclusively freshwater hydrozoans. Hydra and Craspedacusta sowerbii are distantly related and are not closely related to Polypodium . Also, the obligate parasite Myxobolus cerebralis lives in freshwater. Thus, it appears that in the evolution of cnidarians, invasion of freshwater habitats has happened at least three separate times. This article incorporates CC-BY-2.0 text from
195-520: The other three genera than they are to other species of Acipenser . They are native to freshwater and estuarine systems of Eurasia and North America, and most species are threatened . Several species also known to enter near-shore marine environments in the Atlantic, Arctic and Pacific oceans. This is an ancient genus, with fossil species known as far back as the Late Cretaceous . In fact,
210-400: The reference. Acipenser 17, see text Acipenser is a genus of sturgeons . With 17 living species (others are only known from fossil remains), it is the largest genus in the order Acipenseriformes . The genus is paraphyletic , containing all sturgeons that do not belong to Huso , Scaphirhynchus , or Pseudoscaphirhynchus , with many species more closely related to
225-413: The same term This disambiguation page lists articles about taxa associated with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polypodiidae&oldid=1137642083 " Category : Taxonomy disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
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