A gear train or gear set is a machine element of a mechanical system formed by mounting two or more gears on a frame such that the teeth of the gears engage.
100-516: The Porsche Taycan is a battery electric luxury sports sedan and shooting brake car produced by German automobile manufacturer Porsche . The concept version of the Taycan named the Porsche Mission E , debuted at the 2015 Frankfurt Motor Show . Four years later, the production Taycan was revealed at the 2019 Frankfurt Motor Show . As Porsche's first series production electric car, it
200-524: A series powertrain are also called range-extended electric vehicles (REEVs), such as the Chevrolet Volt and Fisker Karma . Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) are a subcategory of electric vehicles that includes battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEVs). The electric vehicle conversions of hybrid electric vehicles and conventional internal combustion engine vehicles (aka all-combustion vehicles) belong to one of
300-547: A solar PV system on Adelaide's central bus station . Rides are zero-fare as part of Adelaide's public transport system. Proterra 's EcoRide BE35 transit bus, called the Ecoliner by Foothill Transit in West Covina, California, is a heavy-duty, fast charge, battery-electric bus. Proterra's ProDrive drive-system uses a UQM motor and regenerative braking that captures 90 percent of the available energy and returns it to
400-487: A distance of 3,100,000 kilometres (1,900,000 mi). They were made locally by Advanced Vehicle Systems. Two of these buses were used for the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. Beginning in the summer of 2000, Hong Kong Airport began operating a 16-passenger Mitsubishi Rosa electric shuttle bus, and in the fall of 2000, New York City began testing a 66-passenger battery-powered school bus , an all-electric version of
500-451: A drag coefficient of C d =0.22, which the manufacturer claims is the lowest of any current Porsche model. The Turbo S model has a slightly higher drag coefficient of C d =0.25. The frontal area is 2.33 m, with a resulting drag area of 0.513 m and 0.583 m for the Turbo and Turbo S, respectively. Car and Driver completed 15 consecutive quarter-mile runs in both
600-400: A gear train has two gears. The input gear (also known as the drive gear or driver ) transmits power to the output gear (also known as the driven gear ). The input gear will typically be connected to a power source, such as a motor or engine. In such an example, the output of torque and rotational speed from the output (driven) gear depend on the ratio of the dimensions of the two gears or
700-670: A maximum loaded weight of 3,000 pounds (1,400 kg). The concept of battery electric vehicles is to use charged batteries on board vehicles for propulsion. Battery electric cars are becoming more and more attractive with the higher oil prices and the advancement of new battery technology ( lithium-ion ) that have higher power and energy density (i.e., greater possible acceleration and more range with fewer batteries). Compared to older battery types such as lead-acid batteries. Lithium-ion batteries for example now have an energy density of 0.9–2.63 MJ/L whereas lead-acid batteries had an energy density of 0.36 MJ/L (so 2.5 to 7.3x higher). There
800-426: A pair of meshing gears, the angular speed ratio , also known as the gear ratio , can be computed from the ratio of the pitch radii or the ratio of the number of teeth on each gear. Define the angular speed ratio R A B {\displaystyle R_{AB}} of two meshed gears A and B as the ratio of the magnitude of their respective angular velocities: Here, subscripts are used to designate
900-464: A pitch circle radius of 2 in (51 mm), the angular speed ratio R A B {\displaystyle R_{AB}} is 2, which is sometimes written as 2:1. Gear A turns at twice the speed of gear B . For every complete revolution of gear A (360°), gear B makes half a revolution (180°). In addition, consider that in order to mesh smoothly and turn without slipping, these two gears A and B must have compatible teeth. Given
1000-432: A powered variant of the cycle rickshaw . The large-scale adoption of electric two-wheelers can reduce traffic noise and road congestion but may necessitate adaptations of the existing urban infrastructure and safety regulations. Ather Energy from India has launched their BLDC motor powered Ather 450 electric scooter with Lithium Ion batteries in 2018. Also from India, AVERA – a new and renewable energy company
1100-478: A structural chassis component and keeps the center of gravity low. To increase rear-seat legroom, recesses called "foot garages" have been incorporated in the battery pack. The 723-volt pack (835 volt full, 610 volt empty) has 33 modules with 12 LG Chem pouch cells each, for 396 cells in total. This battery is branded "Performance Battery Plus" (PB+). Porsche also offers a battery with a smaller capacity of 79.2 kWh (gross), branded "Performance Battery" (PB), for
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#17327985571471200-573: Is 800 V DC . The batteries can be charged by an inductive plate or with a conventional charging system. Porsche claimed that with the Porsche Turbo Charging system, the battery could be charged at up to 350 kW (476 PS; 469 hp), to 80% in just 15 minutes. The Porsche Mission E Cross Turismo previewed the Taycan Cross Turismo, and was presented at the 2018 Geneva Motor Show . The design language of
1300-443: Is a lifted shooting brake /wagon version of the Taycan with additional body cladding, rugged black plastic trim, and other crossover -like features, including an off-road Design package and 'Gravel' drive mode. The luggage compartment holds up to 446 L (15.8 cu ft), compared to the 407 L (14.4 cu ft) capacity of the saloon. With the rear seats folded, up to 1,212 L (42.8 cu ft) of cargo space
1400-468: Is also backward compatible with existing 400-volt stations up to 150 kW (204 PS; 201 hp) using an onboard step-up converter that converts the 400-volt system to the car's 800-volt system. Charge times depend on weather conditions and infrastructure. When purchasing a Taycan, owners receive three years free access to the speed-charging infrastructure of IONITY in Europe or Electrify America in
1500-440: Is an integer determined by the pitch circle and circular pitch. The circular pitch p {\displaystyle p} of a gear can be defined as the circumference of the pitch circle using its pitch radius r {\displaystyle r} divided by the number of teeth N {\displaystyle N} : The thickness t {\displaystyle t} of each tooth, measured through
1600-601: Is available on the Sport/Cross Turismo. The Sport Turismo shares the estate/shooting brake profile with the Cross Turismo, but deletes the crossover-like styling elements. In addition, all Cross Turismo models are all-wheel-drive, while a RWD model is available for the Sport Turismo (as the base Taycan Sport Turismo). The luggage compartment holds up to 446 L (15.8 cu ft), compared to
1700-407: Is called an idler gear. Sometimes, a single idler gear is used to reverse the direction, in which case it may be referred to as a reverse idler . For instance, the typical automobile manual transmission engages reverse gear by means of inserting a reverse idler between two gears. Idler gears can also transmit rotation among distant shafts in situations where it would be impractical to simply make
1800-472: Is consumed. A country with a high share of renewable energy in its electricity mix will have a low C.I. In the European Union, in 2013, the carbon intensity had a strong geographic variability but in most of the member states, electric vehicles were "greener" than conventional ones. On average, electric cars saved 50–60% of CO 2 emissions compared to diesel and gasoline fuelled engines. Moreover,
1900-440: Is equivalently determined by the ratio of the number of teeth: In other words, the [angular] speed ratio is inversely proportional to the radius of the pitch circle and the number of teeth of gear A , and directly proportional to the same values for gear B . The gear ratio also determines the transmitted torque. The torque ratio T R A B {\displaystyle {\mathrm {TR} }_{AB}} of
2000-405: Is given by This shows that if the output gear B has more teeth than the input gear A , then the gear train amplifies the input torque. In this case, the gear train is called a speed reducer and since the output gear must have more teeth than the input gear, the speed reducer amplifies the input torque. When the input gear rotates faster than the output gear, then the gear train amplifies
2100-471: Is going to launch two models of electric scooters at the end of 2018, with Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery technology. India is the world’s biggest market for bicycles at 22 million units per year. By 2024, electric two-wheelers will be a $ 2 billion market with over 3 million units being sold in India. The Indian government is launching schemes and incentives to promote the adoption of electric vehicles in
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#17327985571472200-410: Is made from boron steel to improve safety. The shock absorber mounts, axle mounts and rear side members are forged aluminum; and all body panels, except the front and rear bumpers, are also made from aluminum to reduce weight. 37% of the car is made of aluminium. The Taycan uses a new battery-electric all-wheel-drive drivetrain with a permanent-magnet synchronous motor on each axle. At the front, power
2300-425: Is needed. This DC power is supplied by the battery pack, and the controller regulates the power to the motor, supplying either variable pulse width DC or variable frequency variable amplitude AC, depending on the motor type. The controller also handles regenerative braking , whereby electrical power is gathered as the vehicle slows down and this power recharges the battery. In addition to power and motor management,
2400-425: Is not connected directly to either the motor or the output shaft and only transmits power between the input and output gears. There is a third gear (Gear B ) partially shown in the upper-right corner of the photo. Assuming that gear is connected to the machine's output shaft, it is the output or driven gear. Considering only gears A and I , the gear ratio between the idler and the input gear can be calculated as if
2500-522: Is referred to as a battery pack , which is a group of multiple battery modules and cells. For example, the Tesla Model S battery pack has up to 7,104 cells, split into 16 modules with 6 groups of 74 cells in each. Each cell has a nominal voltage of 3–4 volts , depending on its chemical composition. Electric cars have traditionally used series wound DC motors, a form of brushed DC electric motor . Separately excited and permanent magnet are just two of
2600-421: Is sent to the wheels through a single-speed gearbox (8.05:1 gear ratio ); and at the rear, through a two-speed transmission and a limited slip differential . The gearbox has a short planetary first gear (16:1) providing maximum acceleration, and a long-ratio second gear (8.05:1) delivering top speed and efficiency. Power comes from a 93 kWh 630 kg (1,389 lb) lithium-ion battery pack that doubles as
2700-539: Is sold in several variants at different performance levels, and may spawn further derivatives in future models. It is built on the J1 electric car platform shared with the similarly shaped Audi e-tron GT . The name "Taycan" (/taɪ-kan/) is a reference to the steed on the coat of Arms of the city of Stuttgart, found on the Porsche crest. In Turkish, tay means colt or young horse, and can means lively. The "Turbo" name used in
2800-517: Is still a long way to go if comparing it to petroleum-based fuels and biofuels, however (gasoline having an energy density of 34.2 MJ/L -38x to 12.92x higher- and ethanol having an energy of 24 MJ/L -26x to 9.12x higher-). This is partially offset by higher conversion efficiency of electric motors – BEVs travel roughly 3x further than similar-size internal combustion vehicles per MJ of stored energy. BEVs include automobiles , light trucks , and neighborhood electric vehicles . Battery electric trains in
2900-399: Is the gear ratio of the gear train, the input torque T A {\displaystyle T_{A}} applied to the input gear A and the output torque T B {\displaystyle T_{B}} on the output gear B are related by the same gear or speed ratio. The torque ratio of a gear train is also known as its mechanical advantage ; as demonstrated,
3000-459: Is the number of teeth on a gear divided by the pitch diameter; for SI countries, the module m {\displaystyle m} is the reciprocal of this value. For any gear, the relationship between the number of teeth, diametral pitch or module, and pitch diameter is given by: Since the pitch diameter is related to circular pitch as this means Rearranging, we obtain a relationship between diametral pitch and circular pitch: For
3100-627: Is used to power the Mountain View Community Shuttles. This technology was supported by the California Energy Commission, and the shuttle program is being supported by Google. Thunder Sky (based in Hong Kong) builds lithium-ion batteries used in submarines and has three models of electric buses, the 10/21 passenger EV-6700 with a range of 280 km (170 mi) under 20 mins quick-charge,
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3200-687: The Blue Bird TC/2000 . A similar bus was operated in Napa Valley, California , for 14 months ending in April 2004. The 2008 Beijing Olympics used a fleet of 50 electric buses, which have a range of 130 km (81 mi) with the air conditioning on. They use lithium-ion batteries , and consume about 1 kW⋅h/mi (0.62 kW⋅h/km; 2.2 MJ/km). The buses were designed by the Beijing Institute of Technology and built by
3300-605: The United States , the first battery-electric, fast-charge bus has been in operation in Pomona, California , since September 2010 at Foothill Transit . The Proterra EcoRide BE35 uses lithium-titanate batteries and is able to fast-charge in less than 10 minutes. In 2012, heavy-duty trucks and buses contributed 7% of global warming emissions in California. In 2014, the first production model all-electric school bus
3400-405: The brushless DC electric motor . Once electric power is supplied to the motor (from the controller), the magnetic field interaction inside the motor will turn the drive shaft and ultimately the vehicle's wheels. EV battery storage is a key element for the global energy transition which is dependent on more electricity storage right now. As energy availability is the most important factor for
3500-465: The involute tooth yielded a standard gear design that provides a constant speed ratio. The pitch circle of a given gear is determined by the tangent point contact between two meshing gears; for example, two spur gears mesh together when their pitch circles are tangent, as illustrated. The pitch diameter d {\displaystyle d} is the diameter of a gear's pitch circle, measured through that gear's rotational centerline, and
3600-602: The pitch circles of engaging gears roll on each other without slipping, providing a smooth transmission of rotation from one gear to the next. Features of gears and gear trains include: The transmission of rotation between contacting toothed wheels can be traced back to the Antikythera mechanism of Greece and the south-pointing chariot of China. Illustrations by the Renaissance scientist Georgius Agricola show gear trains with cylindrical teeth. The implementation of
3700-491: The pitch radius r {\displaystyle r} is the radius of the pitch circle. The distance between the rotational centerlines of two meshing gears is equal to the sum of their respective pitch radii. The circular pitch p {\displaystyle p} is the distance, measured along the pitch circle, between one tooth and the corresponding point on an adjacent tooth. The number of teeth N {\displaystyle N} per gear
3800-464: The 1890s. Battery vehicle milk floats expanded in 1931, and by 1967, gave Britain the largest electric vehicle fleet in the world. Hybrid electric vehicles use both electric motors and internal combustion engines, and are not considered pure or all-electric vehicles. Hybrid electric vehicles whose batteries can be charged externally are called plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) and run as BEVs during their charge-depleting mode. PHEVs with
3900-654: The 20th century, the majority of the world's battery electric road vehicles were British milk floats . The 21st century saw the massive development of BYD electric trucks. In March 2012, Smith Electric Vehicles announced the release of the Newton Step-Van, an all-electric, zero-emission vehicle built on the versatile Newton platform that features a walk-in body produced by Indiana-based Utilimaster . BYD supplies DHL with electric distribution fleet of commercial BYD T3 . Although electric cars often give good acceleration and have generally acceptable top speed,
4000-403: The 407 L (14.4 cu ft) capacity of the saloon. With the rear seats folded, up to 1,212 L (42.8 cu ft) of cargo space is available on the Sport/Cross Turismo. The Taycan's body is mainly steel and aluminium joined by different bonding techniques. The body's B pillars , side roof frame and seat cross member are made from hot-formed steel, while the bulkhead cross member
4100-457: The Cross Turismo as follows; "with the rear spoiler painted to match the body color and no cladding on the wheel arches. The Sport Turismo has the same silhouette as the Cross Turismo wagon and storage space. But it has the lower ride height of the Taycan sedan, giving it a racier, performance-minded look — and feel.", and as such is treated as a new body type. More than 20,000 Taycans were delivered in 2020, its debut sale year, representing 7.4% of
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4200-637: The EV-2009 city buses, and the 43 passenger EV-2008 highway bus, which has a range of 300 km (190 mi) under quick-charge (20 mins to 80 percent), and 350 km (220 mi) under full charge (25 mins). The buses will also be built in the United States and Finland. Tindo is an all-electric bus from Adelaide, Australia . The Tindo (aboriginal word for sun) is made by Designline International in New Zealand and gets its electricity from
4300-535: The Jinghua Coach. The batteries are replaced with fully charged ones at the recharging station to allow 24-hour operation of the buses. In France , the electric bus phenomenon is in development, but some buses are already operating in numerous cities. PVI, a medium-sized company located in the Paris region, is one of the leaders of the market with its brand Gepebus (offering Oreos 2X and Oreos 4X ). In
4400-648: The Mexico City ePrix takes place on a road course, a modified version of the Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez. Special-purpose vehicles come in a wide range of types, ranging from relatively common ones such as golf carts , things like electric golf trolleys , milk floats , all-terrain vehicles , neighborhood electric vehicles , and a wide range of other devices. Certain manufacturers specialize in electric-powered "in plant" work machines. Three-wheeled vehicles include electric rickshaws ,
4500-541: The Mission E Cross Turismo more closely resembles the Taycan than the Mission E. It combined the fully electric Mission E J1-platform with a 5-door estate body similar to the Panamera Sport Turismo , raised suspension, and off-road tyres and cladding to form a crossover utility vehicle . Porsche Chief designer Michael Mauer said the concept "shows possibilities of the future lineup." On October 18, 2018,
4600-513: The Porsche Torque Vectoring system. The motors were projected to be rated at more than 440 kW (598 PS; 590 hp); and the car had projected performance figures of 0–100 km/h (62 mph) in under 3.5 seconds, 0–200 km/h (124 mph) in under 12 seconds, and a top speed of over 250 km/h (155 mph). Porsche's range goal for the Mission E was over 500 km (311 mi). The car's system voltage
4700-578: The Taycan 4S was named Performance Car of the Year by What Car? magazine. What Car? awarded the Taycan five stars out of five in its review of the car. In April 2021, the Taycan Cross Turismo was awarded Best Estate in the 2021 Top Gear Electric Awards. The concept car which previewed the Taycan was the Porsche Mission E , unveiled at the 2015 Frankfurt Motor Show . It is powered by two PSM permanently excited synchronous electric motors , one on each axle, with all four wheels individually controlled by
4800-894: The Taycan Sport Turismo. Other planned variants include a two-door coupe and convertible models, which will enter production based on market demand. Models introduced at launch include the high-performance AWD Turbo and Turbo S. The Taycan 4S, a mid-range AWD model with two battery sizes, was added in October 2019. The base RWD model was first announced in July 2020 for China, and then for Europe and US in January 2021. The GTS variants were announced in November 2021. Notes: These power, torque and acceleration values were achieved with Overboost Power with Launch Control mode. Otherwise,
4900-523: The Taycan Turbo S and the 2020 Tesla Model S "Raven" Performance to evaluate Porsche's claim that their car's performance holds up even as the battery discharges. Porsche's results during the test did not deteriorate significantly, while the Tesla's were observed to be considerably worse. The Taycan is currently offered as a 4-door saloon model and two 4-door estate models, the Taycan Cross Turismo and
5000-470: The Taycan and Taycan 4S, which reduces total weight by approximately 76 kg (168 lb). PB uses 28 of the same 12-cell modules (336 cells total) as PB+, and operates with a voltage range of 520 to 720 V. At launch, the highest-output powertrains (Turbo and Turbo S) were available, distinguished by the larger inverter on the Turbo ;S. Later, the 4S powertrain was made available; output
5100-425: The Taycan combines the short-nosed front proportions of traditional Porsche models with the stretched proportions of modern front-engine models towards the rear, providing design links to other Porsche models. The front features four-point LED daytime running lamps . At the rear, the car has a short notchback -style boot lid, housing a full-width light band serving as taillights and turn signals and providing access to
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#17327985571475200-552: The TerraVolt energy storage system, which in turn increases the total distance the bus can drive by 31–35 percent. It can travel 30–40 miles (48–64 km) on a single charge, is up to 600 percent more fuel-efficient than a typical diesel or CNG bus, and produces 44 percent less carbon than CNG. Proterra buses have had several problems, most notably in Philadelphia where the entire fleet was removed from service. For most of
5300-560: The Turbo/S) for a maximum combined peak output of 760 kW (1,020 hp; 1,030 PS) using Launch Control, 580 kW (780 hp; 790 PS) continuous. The EPA lists the Taycan 4S' range at 203 mi (327 km) with a consumption of 69 mpg‑e (49 kWh/100 mi). However, the car's range depends on how it is driven and what driving mode is selected. There are five driving modes: Sport, Sport Plus, Normal, Range, and Individual. The Range mode maximizes range with
5400-570: The United States, Porsche's joint venture partners. Unlike other electric vehicles, the Taycan has charging ports on both the driver's and passenger's sides. They cannot both be used simultaneously. For the European, American and other markets which use CCS , AC sources can be connected to either side and DC sources can only be connected to the passenger's side. For the Japanese and Chinese markets which use completely different AC and DC connectors,
5500-437: The angular rotation of all the gears in the gear train are defined by the angle of the input gear. The input torque T A {\displaystyle T_{A}} acting on the input gear A is transformed by the gear train into the output torque T B {\displaystyle T_{B}} exerted by the output gear B . Let R A B {\displaystyle R_{AB}} be
5600-435: The car for home charging, utilize a 9.6-kW connector that charges the car in 11 hours. An energy manager, which can also be installed in a home's circuit panel, can manage the house's power flow; provide cost-optimising charging using solar power; and provide blackout protection by reducing the charge to the car if household appliances such as fridges or dryers turn on and exceed the panel's power threshold. The Taycan Turbo has
5700-490: The controller performs various safety checks such as anomaly detection, functional safety tests and failure diagnostics. Most electric vehicles today use an electric battery , consisting of electrochemical cells with external connections in order to provide power to the vehicle. Battery technology for EVs has developed from early lead-acid batteries used in the late 19th century to the 2010s, to lithium-ion batteries which are found in most EVs today. The overall battery
5800-554: The country, and is aiming to be a manufacturing hub for electric vehicles within the next five years. China has experienced an explosive growth of sales of non-assisted e-bikes including the scooter type, with annual sales jumping from 56,000 units in 1998 to over 21 million in 2008, and reaching an estimated 120 million e-bikes on the road in early 2010. China is the world's leading manufacturer of e-bikes, with 22.2 million units produced in 2009. An increasing variety of personal transporters are being manufactured, including
5900-419: The dashboard is the car's infotainment center. An optional dashboard screen above the glovebox allows the front passenger to customise the infotainment system. On the centre console, a 210 mm (8.4 in) portrait-oriented, touchpad-controlled screen shows the powertrain status. In contrast with the all-digital layout, the dashboard features the analog Porsche clock at its top. The Taycan Cross Turismo
6000-484: The de-carbonisation process is constantly reducing the GHG emissions due to the use of electric vehicles. In the European Union, on average, between 2009 and 2013 there was a reduction in the electricity carbon intensity of 17%. In a life-cycle assessment perspective, considering the GHG necessary to build the battery and its end-of-life, the GHG savings are 10–13% lower. Gear ratio Gear teeth are designed to ensure
6100-433: The distant gears larger to bring them together. Not only do larger gears occupy more space, the mass and rotational inertia ( moment of inertia ) of a gear is proportional to the square of its radius. Instead of idler gears, a toothed belt or chain can be used to transmit torque over distance. If a simple gear train has three gears, such that the input gear A meshes with an intermediate gear I which in turn meshes with
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#17327985571476200-419: The drive gear ( A ) must make 1.62 revolutions to turn the output gear ( I ) once. It also means that for every one revolution of the driver ( A ), the output gear ( I ) has made 13 ⁄ 21 = 1 ⁄ 1.62 , or 0.62, revolutions. The larger gear ( I ) turns slower. The third gear in the picture ( B ) has N B = 42 {\displaystyle N_{B}=42} teeth. Now consider
6300-403: The driver and driven gear. If the driver gear moves in the clockwise direction, then the driven gear also moves in the clockwise direction with the help of the idler gear. In the photo, assume the smallest gear (Gear A , in the lower right corner) is connected to the motor, which makes it the drive gear or input gear. The somewhat larger gear in the middle (Gear I ) is called an idler gear. It
6400-502: The driver's side contains the AC charging port and the passenger's side contains the DC charging port. To reduce charge times at both hot and cold temperatures, the battery can be thermally preconditioned using a charging planner. Owners set a departure time in the planner, and the car automatically warms or cools the battery for optimal charging times. A charging dock and mobile charger, supplied with
6500-419: The electricity is generated. Electric cars are having a major impact in the auto industry given advantages in city pollution , less dependence on oil and combustion, and scarcity and expected rise in gasoline prices. World governments are pledging billions to fund development of electric vehicles and their components. Formula E is a fully electric international single-seater championship. The series
6600-489: The electricity used to power them may do so in its generation. The two factors driving the emissions of battery electric vehicles are the carbon intensity of the electricity used to recharge the Electric Vehicle (commonly expressed in grams of CO 2 per kWh) and the consumption of the specific vehicle (in kilometers/kWh). The carbon intensity of electricity varies depending on the source of electricity where it
6700-674: The form of BEMUs (battery electric multiple units) are operated commercially in Japan . They are charged via pantographs , either when driving on electrified railway lines or during stops at specially equipped train stations. They use battery power for propulsion when driving on railway lines that are not electrified, and have successfully replaced diesel multiple units on some such lines. Other countries have also tested or ordered such vehicles. Chattanooga, Tennessee , operates nine zero-fare electric buses, which have been in operation since 1992 and have carried 11.3 million passengers and covered
6800-403: The gear ratio and speed ratio of a gear train also give its mechanical advantage. The mechanical advantage M A {\displaystyle \mathrm {MA} } of a pair of meshing gears for which the input gear A has N A {\displaystyle N_{A}} teeth and the output gear B has N B {\displaystyle N_{B}} teeth
6900-412: The gear ratio for the subset consisting of gears I and B , with the idler gear I serving as the input and third gear B serving as the output. The gear ratio between the idler ( I ) and third gear ( B ) R I B {\displaystyle R_{IB}} is thus or 2:1. The final gear ratio of the compound system is 1.62×2≈3.23. For every 3.23 revolutions of the smallest gear A ,
7000-415: The gear ratios of the two subsets are multiplied: Notice that this gear ratio is exactly the same as for the case when the gears A and B engage directly. The intermediate gear provides spacing but does not affect the gear ratio. For this reason it is called an idler gear. The same gear ratio is obtained for a sequence of idler gears and hence an idler gear is used to provide the same direction to rotate
7100-424: The gear train is defined as the ratio of its output torque to its input torque. Using the principle of virtual work , the gear train's torque ratio is equal to the gear ratio, or speed ratio, of the gear train. Again, assume we have two gears A and B , with subscripts designating each gear and gear A serving as the input gear. For this analysis, consider a gear train that has one degree of freedom, which means
7200-524: The gear train. The speed ratio R A B {\displaystyle R_{AB}} of the gear train can be rearranged to give the magnitude of angular velocity of the output gear in terms of the input gear velocity. Rewriting in terms of a common angular velocity, The principle of virtual work states the input force on gear A and the output force on gear B using applied torques will sum to zero: This can be rearranged to: Since R A B {\displaystyle R_{AB}}
7300-641: The gear, so gear A has a radius of r A {\displaystyle r_{A}} and angular velocity of ω A {\displaystyle \omega _{A}} with N A {\displaystyle N_{A}} teeth, which meshes with gear B which has corresponding values for radius r B {\displaystyle r_{B}} , angular velocity ω B {\displaystyle \omega _{B}} , and N B {\displaystyle N_{B}} teeth. When these two gears are meshed and turn without slipping,
7400-458: The gears will come into contact with every tooth on the other gear before encountering the same tooth again. This results in less wear and longer life of the mechanical parts. A non-hunting gear set is one where the teeth counts are insufficiently prime. In this case, some particular gear teeth will come into contact with particular opposing gear teeth more times than others, resulting in more wear on some teeth than others. The simplest example of
7500-493: The higher trims is purely for branding purposes as the vehicles, being electrically powered, do not actually have turbochargers . The exterior styling, by former Porsche Exterior Designer Mitja Borkert , is strongly influenced by the Mission E concept car, retaining most of its design elements except the suicide doors and the deleted B pillars . Design features of the Taycan include a retractable rear spoiler and retractable door handles. Taking advantage of its drivetrain layout,
7600-437: The idler gear was the output gear. The input gear A in this two-gear subset has 13 teeth ( N A {\displaystyle N_{A}} ) and the idler gear I has 21 teeth ( N I {\displaystyle N_{I}} ). Therefore, the gear ratio for this subset R A I {\displaystyle R_{AI}} is This is approximately 1.62 or 1.62:1. At this ratio, it means
7700-468: The input torque. Conversely, if the output gear has fewer teeth than the input gear, then the gear train reduces the input torque; in other words, when the input gear rotates slower than the output gear, the gear train reduces the input torque. A hunting gear set is a set of gears where the gear teeth counts are relatively prime on each gear in an interfacing pair. Since the number of teeth on each gear have no common factors , then any tooth on one of
7800-604: The lower specific energy of production batteries available in 2015 compared with carbon-based fuels means that electric cars need batteries that are a fairly large fraction of the vehicle mass but still often give a relatively low range between charges. Recharging can also take significant lengths of time. For journeys within a single battery charge, rather than long journeys, electric cars are practical forms of transportation and can be recharged overnight. Electric cars can significantly reduce city pollution by having zero emissions . Vehicle greenhouse gas savings depend on how
7900-493: The lowest power consumption; and Individual lets the driver customise various settings. Regenerative braking provides up to 265 kW, yielding an acceleration of 0.39 G/-3.83 m/s^2. Porsche has developed an 800-volt charging system specifically for the Taycan. According to manufacturer estimates, the battery pack can be charged from 5% to 80% in 22.5 minutes in ideal situations, using an 800-volt DC fast charger with 270 kW (367 PS; 362 hp) of power. The Taycan
8000-413: The maximum power is 240 kW (326 PS; 322 hp) for the base model, 280 kW (381 PS; 375 hp) for the base with 93 kWh Performance Battery Plus, 320 kW (435 PS; 429 hp) for the 4S, 360 kW (489 PS; 483 hp) for the 4S 93 kWh Performance Battery Plus, and 460 kW (625 PS; 617 hp) for the Turbo and Turbo S models. The Sport Turismo differs from
8100-561: The one million unit milestone in September 2016. As of October 2020 , the world's top selling all-electric car in history is the Tesla Model 3 , with an estimated 645,000 sales, followed by the Nissan Leaf with over 500,000 sales as of September 2020 . During the 1880s, Gustave Trouvé , Thomas Parker and Andreas Flocken built experimental electric cars, but the first practical battery electric vehicles appeared during
8200-419: The one-wheeled self-balancing unicycles , self-balancing scooters , electric kick scooters , and electric skateboards . Several battery electric ships operate throughout the world, some for business. Electric ferries are being operated and constructed. The motor controller receives a signal from potentiometers linked to the accelerator pedal, and it uses this signal to determine how much electric power
8300-494: The output gear B , then the pitch circle of the intermediate gear rolls without slipping on both the pitch circles of the input and output gears. This yields the two relations The speed ratio of the overall gear train is obtained by multiplying these two equations for each pair ( A / I and I / B ) to obtain This is because the number of idler gear teeth N I {\displaystyle N_{I}} cancels out when
8400-411: The pitch circle, is equal to the gap between neighboring teeth (also measured through the pitch circle) to ensure the teeth on adjacent gears, cut to the same tooth profile, can mesh without interference. This means the circular pitch p {\displaystyle p} is equal to twice the thickness of a tooth, In the United States, the diametral pitch P {\displaystyle P}
8500-407: The prior unit. The maximum regenerative braking power has been increased from 290 to 400 kW, and the maximum charging rate using a DC charger has increased from 270 to 320 kW. In March 2024, the Turbo GT powertrain was introduced, which uses the same front motor as the Turbo and Turbo S, with an upgraded rear motor which has a maximum current of 900 A (compared to 600 A for
8600-421: The ratio of the tooth counts. In a sequence of gears chained together, the ratio depends only on the number of teeth on the first and last gear. The intermediate gears, regardless of their size, do not alter the overall gear ratio of the chain. However, the addition of each intermediate gear reverses the direction of rotation of the final gear. An intermediate gear which does not drive a shaft to perform any work
8700-450: The rear boot. Another compartment is located under the bonnet , with a claimed capacity of nearly 100 litres. The Taycan Turbo and Turbo S models include carbon fibre trim and 20-inch wheels. The Taycan's interior features Porsche's first fully digital instrumentation, with up to four digital displays, including a curved, free-standing 430 mm (16.8 in) configurable driver's display . A 280 mm (10.9 in) screen central to
8800-456: The rear-motor Taycan. As an option, the regular Taycan was fitted with the larger 93 kW-hr PB+ in fall 2021 and a single-motor variant of the 4 Cross Turismo powertrain. The GTS powertrain was announced alongside the Sport Turismo body in November 2021; the GTS uses the larger battery and a more powerful set of motors to fill the gap between the 4S and the Turbo. The 4S Sport Turismo is fitted with
8900-428: The same tooth and gap widths, they also must have the same circular pitch p {\displaystyle p} , which means This equation can be rearranged to show the ratio of the pitch circle radii of two meshing gears is equal to the ratio of their number of teeth: Since the angular speed ratio R A B {\displaystyle R_{AB}} depends on the ratio of pitch circle radii, it
9000-524: The smaller battery as standard, but the larger battery is an option. A mid-cycle refresh was unveiled in February 2024, for the 2025 model year. Porsche introduced an improved battery chemistry, increasing power density and overall capacity to 89 kW-hr (PB) and 105 kW-hr (PB+). In addition, the rear traction motor from the Macan BEV was fitted, which is more powerful, more efficient, and weighs less than
9100-401: The speed ratio, then by definition Assuming the gears are rigid and there are no losses in the engagement of the gear teeth, then the principle of virtual work can be used to analyze the static equilibrium of the gear train. Because there is a single degree of freedom, the angle θ of the input gear completely determines the angle of the output gear and serves as the generalized coordinate of
9200-978: The supervisory board of Porsche AG approved series production of the production-ready Porsche Taycan Cross Turismo. Battery electric vehicle A battery electric vehicle ( BEV ), pure electric vehicle , only-electric vehicle , fully electric vehicle or all-electric vehicle is a type of electric vehicle (EV) that uses energy exclusively from an on-board battery . This definition excludes hybrid electric vehicles . BEVs use electric motors and motor controllers instead of internal combustion engines (ICEs) for propulsion. They derive all power from battery packs and thus have no internal combustion engine, fuel cell , or fuel tank . BEVs include – but are not limited to – motorcycles, bicycles, scooters, skateboards, railcars, watercraft, forklifts, buses, trucks, and cars. In 2016, there were 210 million electric bikes worldwide used daily. Cumulative global sales of highway-capable light-duty pure electric car vehicles passed
9300-533: The total Porsche volume. A modified Taycan Turbo S is the current Formula E Safety car . In December 2022, Bloomberg named the Taycan as a great other option to the Model X from Tesla for those frustrated by Elon Musk . The Taycan's global sales in 2022 totaled 34,801 and in 2023 totaled 40,629 units for a combined total of more than 136,000 Taycans sold globally. Through the first half of 2024, Taycan deliveries were down to 8,838 units. In January 2021,
9400-432: The two categories. In China, plug-in electric vehicles, together with hybrid electric vehicles are called new energy vehicles (NEVs). However, in the United States, neighborhood electric vehicles (NEVs) are battery electric vehicles that are legally limited to roads with posted speed limits no higher than 45 miles per hour (72 km/h), are usually built to have a top speed of 30 miles per hour (48 km/h), and have
9500-401: The types of DC motors available. More recent electric vehicles have made use of a variety of AC motor types, as these are simpler to build and have no brushes that can wear out. These are usually induction motors or brushless AC electric motors which use permanent magnets. There are several variations of the permanent magnet motor which offer simpler drive schemes and/or lower cost including
9600-462: The velocity v {\displaystyle v} of the tangent point where the two pitch circles come in contact is the same on both gears, and is given by: Rearranging, the ratio of angular velocity magnitudes is the inverse of the ratio of pitch circle radii: Therefore, the angular speed ratio can be determined from the respective pitch radii: For example, if gear A has a pitch circle radius of 1 in (25 mm) and gear B has
9700-418: The vitality of an economy the mobile storage infrastructure of EV batteries can be seen as one of the most meaningful infrastructure projects facilitating the energy transition to a fully sustainable economy based on renewables. A meta-study graphically showing the importance of electricity storage depicts the technology in context. Electric vehicles produce no greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in operation, but
9800-618: Was conceived in 2012, and the inaugural championship started in Beijing on 13 September 2014. The series is sanctioned by the FIA. Alejandro Agag is the current CEO of Formula E. The Formula E championship is currently contested by ten teams with two drivers each (after the withdrawal of Team Trulli, there are temporarily only nine teams competing). Racing generally takes place on temporary city-center street circuits which are approximately 2 to 3.4 kilometres (1.2 to 2.1 mi) long. Currently, only
9900-593: Was delivered to the Kings Canyon Unified School District in California's San Joaquin Valley . The bus was one of four the district ordered. This battery-electric school bus, which has four sodium nickel batteries, is the first modern electric school bus approved for student transportation by any state. In 2016, including the light heavy-duty vehicles, there were roughly 1.5 million heavy-duty vehicles in California. The same technology
10000-493: Was reduced by switching to a less powerful rear motor, but the front motor was the same on all three (4S, Turbo, and Turbo S). A base model, which dropped the front motor and was fitted with the smaller 79.2 kW-hr PB, was introduced in early 2021. When the Cross Turismo body was introduced in March 2021, the base model was designated 4, which used the larger battery and two-motor all-wheel drive, but with outputs comparable to
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