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40-512: In the 2023–24 Union Budget presented on 1 February 2023, the Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan allocated an amount of ₹37,453.47. Saakshar Bharat is a government of India initiative launched by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh to conduct teaching-learning programmes for the non-literate aged 15 and above. It was launched on 8 September 2009, as a centrally sponsored scheme. It aims to recast India's National Literacy Mission to focus on

80-587: A National Initiative for Proficiency in Reading with Understanding and Numeracy (NIPUN Bharat), with the stated goals that all Indians attain foundational literacy and numeracy (FLN) by the end of Grade 3 by 2026–27. These are called ‘Lakshyas’ and they are defined for each level from the Balvatika to Grade 3. The children who are in Classes 4 and 5 were provided individual teacher guidance. The estimated budget for

120-486: A full budget. While the law does not disqualify the Union government from introducing tax changes, normally during an election year, successive governments have avoided making any major changes in income tax laws during an interim budget. An interim budget differs from a union budget in that it serves as a temporary financial plan for the government when elections are approaching. This budget seeks parliamentary approval for

160-417: A non-payer cannot be excluded from (such as street lighting), services which benefit all of society rather than just the individual who uses the service. Public enterprises, or state-owned enterprises, are self-financing commercial enterprises that are under public ownership which provide various private goods and services for sale and usually operate on a commercial basis. Organizations that are not part of

200-647: Is a period of a number of days which exists to maintain the secrecy of the Budget. The Halwa ceremony begins the “lock-in” period of finance ministry staff in the Budget Press located in the ministry's headquarters in the North Block. They can emerge only once the Finance Minister completes their Budget speech on 1 February. Previously, this “lock-in” period – when officials cannot be in contact with

240-653: Is a study serving as the baseline for the implementation of the NIPUN Bharat Mission by the Ministry of Education in March 2022. The FLS 2022 is one of the largest ever studies to assess the foundational level of schoolchildren in India, with a sample size of 86,000 students across grades III, V, VIII and X across 10,000 schools. It is also the first-ever study to benchmark Oral Reading Fluency (ORF) and numeracy on

280-474: Is customary for the finance minister to address the Reserve Bank of India board after the budget. An interim budget is not the same as a 'Vote on Account'. While a 'Vote on Account' deals only with the expenditure side of the government's budget. An interim budget is a complete set of accounts, including both expenditure and receipts. An interim budget gives the complete financial statement, very similar to

320-635: The Bharatiya Janata Party forming the Central Government, Yashwant Sinha , the then Finance Minister in this government, presented the interim and final budgets for 1998–99. After general elections in 1999, Sinha again became the Finance Minister and presented four annual budgets from 1999–2000 to 2002–2003. Due to elections in May 2004, an interim budget was presented by Jaswant Singh . The Union Budget of India for 2012–2013

360-586: The Constitution of India . It is the annual budget of the Republic of India set by Ministry of Finance for the following financial year, with the revenues to be gathered by Department of Revenue to identify planned government spending and expected government revenue and the expenditures gathered by Department of Expenditure of the public sector , to forecast economic conditions in compliance with government policy. The Government presents it on

400-495: The Indian National Congress returned to political power and Manmohan Singh , the Finance Minister, presented the budget for 1991–92. Manmohan Singh under P. V. Narasimha Rao , in his next annual budgets from 1992 to 1993, opened the economy , encouraged foreign investments and reduced peak import duty from 300 plus percent to 50 percent. After elections in 1996, a non-Congress ministry assumed office. Hence

440-659: The Karimnagar district , in Telangana state. The National Literacy Mission (NLM) is a nationwide program started by the Government of India in 1988 with the approval of the Cabinet as an independent and autonomous wing of the Ministry of HRD (the then Department of Education). Its stated aim is to educate 80 million adults in the age group of 15–35 over an eighty-year period. The Ministry of Education has launched

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480-417: The state sector , is the part of the economy composed of both public services and public enterprises . Public sectors include the public goods and governmental services such as the military , law enforcement , infrastructure , public transit , public education , along with health care and those working for the government itself, such as elected officials . The public sector might provide services that

520-533: The Appropriation bill has to be passed by Lok Sabha before it can come into effect on 1 April, the start of India's financial year . In modern times, the budget has been broadcast live from Sansad Bhawan on the DD National , DD News and Sansad TV . It is hosted without interruption from 11:00 am to 1:00 pm, normally followed up with a report by a panel assessing the changes, benefits and flaws in

560-564: The Budget papers were prepared in Hindi as well for the first time. Morarji Desai presented eight annual and two interim budgets. The following table shows the Total Receipts, Fiscal Deficits, Total Defense Spending and Major Subsidies as listed in past Union Budgets, as per the "At a Glance" subsection of each budget. The following figures are not adjusted for inflation. Public sector The public sector , also called

600-579: The Ministry of Finance to address the Media about announcements made during Budget speech and answer the queries Finance Minister addressed the Reserve Bank of India's central board of Directors and highlighted key points of the Union Budget, including the fiscal consolidation roadmap and high capital expenditure plan. The finance minister also discuss the announcements made during the budget speech. It

640-461: The Ministry of Finance to become the first woman to hold the post of the Finance Minister. Hirubhai M. Patel , presented the shortest budget speech for the interim budget of 1977, which was mere 800 words long. Pranab Mukherjee , the first Rajya Sabha member to hold the Finance portfolio , presented the annual budgets for the financial years 1982–83, 1983–84 and 1984–85. Rajiv Gandhi presented

680-640: The NDA government (led by Bharatiya Janata Party ) under Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee , who changed the ritual by announcing the 1999 Union Budget at 11 am. The tradition started from 2001. Also again in 2017, departing from the colonial-era tradition of presenting the Union Budget on the last working day of February the then Minister of Finance Arun Jaitley , in the NDA government (led by Bharatiya Janata Party ) of Narendra Modi announced that it will now be presented on 1 February. The printing of budget documents starts roughly one week ahead of presenting in

720-649: The NIPUN Bharat Mission is ₹2,688 for fiscal year 2021–22. States such as Uttar Pradesh , Madhya Pradesh , West Bengal , Bihar , Tamil Nadu , Assam , and Haryana have also launched their respective State Foundational Literacy and Numeracy Missions based on the framework of NIPUN Bharat. The NIPUN Bharat Mission categorizes the expected learning outcomes into three primary developmental goals, namely (i) Children to maintain good health and well-being, (ii) Children to become effective communicators, and (iii) Children to become evolved learners and connect with their environment. The Foundational Learning Study 2022 (FLS 2022)

760-527: The Parliament to present the Union Budget. A meeting of the Union Cabinet is held at 10a.m. on February 1 . After getting the nod from the cabinet, Finance Minister present the Union Budget in Parliament of India. The Union Minister for Finance and Corporate Affairs address a Post Budget Press Conference along with Ministers of State for Finance, Finance Secretary and all the other Secretaries of

800-489: The Parliament with a customary ' Halwa ceremony ' in which Halwa (a sweet dish) is prepared in large quantities and served to the officers and support staff involved. They remain isolated and stay in the North Block office until the Budget is presented. The halwa is served by the Finance Minister. This ceremony is performed as a part of the Indian tradition of having something sweet before starting an important work. ‘Lock-in’

840-530: The State civil service ( Fonction publique d'État , FPE) includes teachers and soldiers, and employs 44% of the workforce. The local civil service ( Fonction publique territoriale ; FPT) is made up of employees of town halls and regional councils: 25% of the workforce. The hospital civil service ( Fonction publique hospitalière , FPH) consists of doctors and nurses and is 21% of the workforce. Right-libertarian and Austrian School economists have criticized

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880-717: The basis of the UN Global Proficiency Framework . 'Foundational Literacy and Numeracy, especially in the context of blended learning' has been recognized by the Ministry of Education as one of the four 'pillars' of the Education Working Group for India's G20 Presidency in 2023. Union budget of India The Union Budget of India , also referred to as the Annual Financial Statement in Article 112 of

920-515: The budget for 1987–89, after V. P. Singh quit his government, and in the process became the third Prime Minister to present a budget after his mother and grandfather. N. D. Tiwari presented the budget for 1988–89, S. B. Chavan for 1989–90, while Madhu Dandawate presented the Union budget for 1990–91. Dr. Manmohan Singh became the Finance Minister and presented the interim budget for 1991-92 as elections were forced. Due to political developments, early elections were held in May 1991 following which

960-579: The budget in a Bahi-Khata . On 1 February 2021, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman presented the first paperless budget. She took a digital tablet wrapped in a tradition 'bahi-khata' style pouch. It is considered a move to strengthen Prime Minister Narendra Modi 's ambitious Digital India mission. As per established tradition, the Finance Minister meet the President at the Rashtrapati Bhavan to get assent from President before heading to

1000-401: The budget. Additional budget documents and materials are available on the government budget website and Union Budget Mobile app. Rail Budget , presented separately for 92 Years has been merged with union budget. Since 1947, there have been a total of 73 annual budgets, 14 interim budgets and four special budgets, or mini-budgets. Yashwant Sinha , the then Finance Minister of India in

1040-399: The financial budget for 1996-97 was presented by P. Chidambaram , who then belonged to Tamil Maanila Congress . Following a constitutional crisis when the I. K. Gujral Ministry was on its way out, a special session of Parliament was convened just to pass Chidambaram's 1997-98 budget. This 1997 dream budget was passed without a debate. After the general elections in March 1998 that led to

1080-648: The first day of February so that it can be materialised before the beginning of new financial year in April. Until 2016 it was presented on the last working day of February by the Finance Minister in Parliament . The budget division of the Department of economic affairs (DEA) in the finance ministry is the nodal body responsible for producing the budget. It is presented by means of the Finance bill and

1120-485: The government to cover expenses for the remaining months in its term. Unlike a Union budget, which outlines the entire year, an interim budget focuses on the transition period until the new government takes charge. While estimates are provided for the entire year, the incoming government can modify them when formulating a new budget. The interim budget also holds the power to make changes in the tax regime, but historically, major tax adjustments or new schemes are avoided due to

1160-528: The idea of public sector provision of goods and services as inherently inefficient. In 1961, Murray Rothbard wrote: "Any reduction of the public sector, any shift of activities from the public to the private sphere, is a net moral and economic gain." American libertarians and anarcho-capitalists have also argued that the system by which the public sector is funded, namely taxation, is itself coercive and unjust . However, even notable small-government proponents have pushed back on this point of view, citing

1200-472: The limited time in office. It essentially mirrors the first part of a union budget, detailing the previous year's income and expenses, with only essential expenses documented until the elections. Moreover, regulations from the Election Commission prevent any significant policy changes that could unfairly influence voters during this critical period. The first union budget of independent India

1240-738: The literacy of women. It is a scheme from the Department of School Education, Ministry of Education , Government of India . The National Literacy Mission covered 597 districts under the Total Literacy Campaign , 485 districts under the Post Literacy Programme and 328 districts under the Continuing Education Programme . The Saakshar Bharat Mission has chosen six villages for 'Model Adult Education Centers' under Lok Shiksha Samiti in

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1280-483: The only finance minister to present the Union budget on his birthday. Desai presented budgets that included five annual budgets and an interim budget during his first term and three final budgets and one interim budget in his second tenure when he was both the Finance Minister and the Deputy Prime Minister of India . After Desai's resignation, Indira Gandhi , the then Prime Minister of India , took over

1320-427: The outside world – would be longer. Since 2021, however, the Budget has been presented in a purely digital format, and the lock-in period has gotten shorter. The basement of North Block houses a printing press that was traditionally used to print budget documents for 40 years from 1980 to 2020. Thereafter, the budget went digital with bare minimum documents printed and the bulk distribution happening via mobile app or on

1360-586: The public infrastructure. Rates of pay for public sector staff may be negotiated by employers and their staff or staff representatives such as trade unions . In some cases, for example in the United Kingdom, a pay review body is charged with making independent recommendations on rates of pay for groups of public sector staff. As of 2017, France had 5.6 million civil servants , amounting to 20% of all jobs in France. They are subdivided into three types:

1400-488: The public sector are either part of the private sector or voluntary sector . The private sector is composed of the economic sectors that are intended to earn a profit for the owners of the enterprise. The voluntary, civic, or social sector concerns a diverse array of non-profit organizations emphasizing civil society . In the United Kingdom, the term "wider public sector" is often used, referring to public sector organizations outside central government. The organization of

1440-491: The public sector can take several forms, including: A borderline form is as follows: Infrastructure includes areas that support both the public's members and the public sector itself. Streets and highways are used both by those who work for the public sector and also by the citizenry. The former, who are public employees, are also part of the citizenry. Public roads , bridges , tunnels , water supply , sewers , electrical grids and telecommunication networks are among

1480-423: The website. Going digital also meant that the lock-in period has gotten shorter to just five days from the previous one that lasted up to two weeks. Until 2018, as a part of tradition, Finance ministers carried the budget in a leather briefcase. The tradition was established by the first Finance minister of India, R. K. Shanmukham Chetty . On 5 July 2019, Nirmala Sitharaman, broke the above tradition by carrying

1520-512: Was presented by Arun Jaitley . The Interim Union Budget for 2019–2020 was presented by Piyush Goyal . The Union Budget for 2019–2023 was presented by Nirmala Sitharaman . Morarji Desai has presented 10 budgets which is the highest count followed by P. Chidambaram 's 9, Pranab Mukherjee 's 8. Nirmala Sitharaman and C. D. Deshmukh have presented 7 budgets each while Manmohan Singh and T. T. Krishnamachari have presented 6 budgets each. Notes: During Deshmukh's tenure

1560-418: Was presented by Pranab Mukherjee , on 16 March 2012, which was the 7th budget of his career. These budgetary proposals would be applicable for financial year 1 April 2012 to 31 March 2013. The Union Budget of India for 2013–2014 was presented by P. Chidambaram on 28 February 2013. The Interim Union Budget for 2014–2015 was presented on 17 February 2014. The Union Budget of India for 2014–2019

1600-426: Was presented by R. K. Shanmukham Chetty on 26 November 1947. Total revenues stood at ₹171.15 crore , and the fiscal deficit was ₹24.59 crore. The total expenditure was estimated at ₹197.29 crore with Defence expenditure at ₹92.74 crore. The union budgets for the fiscal years 1959–61 to 1963–64, inclusive of the interim budget for 1962–63, were presented by Morarji Desai . On 29 February in 1964 and 1968, he became

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