46-428: The common patas monkey ( Erythrocebus patas ), also known as the hussar monkey , is a ground-dwelling monkey distributed over semi-arid areas of West Africa , and into East Africa . There is some confusion surrounding if there are valid subspecies, with some listing four, others three, and others listing two: the western Erythrocebus patas patas (with a black nose) and the eastern E. patas pyrrhonotus (with
92-724: A guide dog ). In 2010, the U.S. federal government revised its definition of service animal under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). Non-human primates are no longer recognized as service animals under the ADA. The American Veterinary Medical Association does not support the use of non-human primates as assistance animals because of animal welfare concerns, the potential for serious injury to people, and risks that primates may transfer dangerous diseases to humans . Whistling thorn Vachellia drepanolobium , more commonly known as Acacia drepanolobium or whistling thorn ,
138-706: A mutualistic relationship with some species of acacia ants . In exchange for shelter in the bulbous spines ( domatia ) and nectar secretions, these ants appear to defend the tree against herbivores , such as elephants and giraffes, as well as herbivorous insects. At a site in Kenya, three Crematogaster and one Tetraponera ant species compete for exclusive possession of individual whistling thorn trees: Crematogaster mimosae , C. sjostedti , C. nigriceps , and Tetraponera penzigi . Ant species vary in their level of mutualism with whistling thorn trees. The most common ant symbiote (~ 50% of trees), C. mimosae , has
184-586: A facility in which monkeys and other primates are kept within enclosures for public entertainment. Commonly known as a monkey house ( primatarium ), sometimes styled Monkey House , notable examples include London Zoo's Monkey Valley ; Zoo Basel's Monkey house/exhibit ; the Monkey Tropic House at Krefeld Zoo; Bronx Zoo's Monkey House ; Monkey Jungle , Florida; Lahore Zoo's Monkey House ; Monkey World , Dorset, England; and Edinburgh Zoo's Monkey House . Former cinema, The Scala, Kings Cross spent
230-611: A group. The new resident male does not chase away subordinate invading males, but rather focuses on mating with females. At the end of the mating season, one-male, multi-female groups stabilize. One male remains as the resident male and chases other males away. In some instances, submissive males are tolerated by the resident male for short periods of time; however, they rarely remain in the group for more than several days. Young males have been observed to leave their natal groups anywhere from two to four years of age. However, one study showed that most juveniles left before they were three, which
276-448: A neighbouring tree occupied by a rival colony. Tetraponera penzigi , the only species which does not utilise the nectar produced by the trees, instead destroys the nectar glands to make a tree less appealing to other species. The symbiotic relationship between the trees and the ants appears to be maintained by the effects of browsing by large herbivores. At the site in Kenya, when large herbivores were experimentally excluded, trees reduced
322-583: A role in establishing a pecking order among males. Reaching speeds of 55 km/h (34 mph), it is the fastest runner among the primates . The life span in the wild can be up to about 20 years. It is found in many parts of central, western, and eastern Africa. It also has been introduced to Puerto Rico . The species avoids dense woodlands and lives in more open tropical savanna . The common patas monkey lives in multi-female groups of up to 60 individuals (although much larger aggregations have been reported). The group contains just one adult male for most of
368-463: A series, leading through "monkeys" and "apes" to humans. Monkeys thus constituted a " grade " on the path to humans and were distinguished from "apes". Scientific classifications are now more often based on monophyletic groups, that is groups consisting of all the descendants of a common ancestor. The New World monkeys and the Old World monkeys are each monophyletic groups, but their combination
414-631: A short time as a primatarium. Some organizations train capuchin monkeys as service animals to assist quadriplegics and other people with severe spinal cord injuries or mobility impairments . After being socialized in a human home as infants, the monkeys undergo extensive training before being placed with disabled people. Around the house, the monkeys assist with daily tasks such as feeding, fetching, manipulating objects, and personal care. Helper monkeys are usually trained in schools by private organizations, taking seven years to train, and are able to serve 25–30 years (two to three times longer than
460-474: A synonym for "monkey" or is used to mean a tailless humanlike primate. Colloquially, the terms "monkey" and "ape" are widely used interchangeably. Also, a few monkey species have the word "ape" in their common name, such as the Barbary ape . Later in the first half of the 20th century, the idea developed that there were trends in primate evolution and that the living members of the order could be arranged in
506-515: A tribe or a troop. Two separate groups of primates are referred to as "monkeys": New World monkeys (platyrrhines) from South and Central America and Old World monkeys ( catarrhines in the superfamily Cercopithecoidea) from Africa and Asia. Apes (hominoids)—consisting of gibbons , orangutans , gorillas , chimpanzees and bonobos , and humans —are also catarrhines but were classically distinguished from monkeys. Tailless monkeys may be called "apes", incorrectly according to modern usage; thus
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#1732775789374552-448: A whistling noise. Whistling thorn is the dominant tree in some areas of upland East Africa, sometimes forming a nearly monoculture woodland, especially on " black cotton " soils of impeded drainage with high clay content. It is browsed upon by giraffes and other large herbivores. It is apparently fire-adapted, coppicing readily after "top kill" by fire. Whistling thorn is used as fencing, tool handles, and other implements. The wood of
598-545: A white nose). However, it was later discovered that the nose colour used to separate these subspecies could change to white during pregnancy in females, as well as in general as animals aged, and E. patas pyrrhonotus in Kenya often did not have white noses, thus Mammal Species of the World has classified E. patas as a monotypic species. The genus status of the species has previously been in flux. Colin Groves first argued
644-400: Is a cladogram with some extinct monkey families. Generally, extinct non-hominoid simians, including early catarrhines are discussed as monkeys as well as simians or anthropoids, which cladistically means that Hominoidea are monkeys as well, restoring monkeys as a single grouping. It is indicated approximately how many million years ago (Mya) the clades diverged into newer clades. It
690-450: Is a swollen-thorn acacia native to East Africa. The whistling thorn grows up to 6 meters tall. It produces a pair of straight spines at each node, some of which have large bulbous bases. These swollen spines are naturally hollow and occupied by any one of several symbiotic ant species. The common name of the plant is derived from the observation that when wind blows over bulbous spines in which ants have made entry and exit holes, they produce
736-478: Is ambiguous and sometimes monkey includes non-human hominoids. In addition, frequent arguments are made for a monophyletic usage of the word "monkey" from the perspective that usage should reflect cladistics. Several science-fiction and fantasy stories have depicted non-human (fantastical or alien) antagonistic characters refer to humans as monkeys, usually in a derogatory manner, as a form of metacommentary . A group of monkeys may be commonly referred to as
782-433: Is before most males reach sexual maturity. This contrasts with an earlier study in which juveniles were observed to leave later, at sexual maturity, indicating that there may be variation between groups. The reason young males leave their natal group is also contested. Dominant males have been observed to act aggressively toward younger males in captivity. However, observations of wild patas monkeys has shown young males leaving
828-399: Is observed even between unrelated individuals, it is most common among matrilineal relatives. Dominance structure has relatively little effect on the probability of reconciliation occurring, except that the alpha-female is the least reconciliatory of the females. Affiliation toward matrilineal relatives is common in other primates as well, such as vervet monkeys. Mating in common patas monkeys
874-468: Is seasonal and occurs during the wet season. During periods when females are not receptive, relatively stable groups with one adult resident male and several females are the norm. This leaves an excess of males that either form all male groups or live on their own. During the mating season, resident males may be chased away by invading solitary males. This usually results in the formation of multi-male, multi-female groups shortly thereafter, as more males invade
920-1107: Is thought the New World monkeys started as a drifted "Old World monkey" group from the Old World (probably Africa) to the New World (South America). Tarsiiformes Eosimiidae s.s. (†37) Phileosimias (†46) Amphipithecidae (†35) Parapithecoidea (†30) Proteopithecidae (†34) Chilecebus (†20) Tremacebus (†20) Homunculus (†16) Dolichocebus (†20) Crown Platyrrhini (New World Monkeys) Oligopithecidae (†34) Propliopithecoidea (†30) Pliopithecoidea (†6) Micropithecus (†15) Proconsulidae (†18) Equatorius (†16) Morotopithecus (†20) Afropithecus (†16) Nyanzapithecinae (†7) Hominidae Hylobatidae Saadanioidea (†28) Victoriapithecinae (†19) Crown Cercopithecoidea (Old World Monkeys) The many species of monkey have varied relationships with humans. Some are kept as pets , others used as model organisms in laboratories or in space missions. They may be killed in monkey drives (when they threaten agriculture) or used as service animals for
966-629: Is thus now thought to be a distinct genus. Erythrocebus was previously thought to be a monotypic genus containing only E. patas . However, a 2017 study proposed splitting E. patas into three species ( E. patas sensu stricto , E. poliphaeus , and E. baumstarki ) based on morphological differences and heavy geographic separation between taxa, with the IUCN Red List and American Society of Mammalogists following through with this. The male common patas monkey grows to 60 cm (24 in) to 87 cm (34 in) in length, excluding
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#17327757893741012-634: The Online Etymology Dictionary , the word "monkey" may originate in a German version of the Reynard the Fox fable, published c. 1580 . In this version of the fable, a character named Moneke is the son of Martin the Ape. In English, no clear distinction was originally made between "ape" and "monkey"; thus the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica entry for "ape" notes that it is either
1058-490: The owl monkeys and greater galagos — monochromatic . Although both the New and Old World monkeys, like the apes, have forward-facing eyes, the faces of Old World and New World monkeys look very different, though again, each group shares some features such as the types of noses, cheeks and rumps. The following list shows where the various monkey families (bolded) are placed in the classification of living (extant) primates. Below
1104-421: The pygmy marmoset , which can be as small as 117 mm ( 4 + 5 ⁄ 8 in) with a 172 mm ( 6 + 3 ⁄ 4 in) tail and just over 100 g ( 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 oz) in weight, to the male mandrill , almost 1 m (3 ft 3 in) long and weighing up to 36 kg (79 lb). Some are arboreal (living in trees) while others live on the savanna ; diets differ among
1150-470: The ant’s mandibular gland secretion. Later analysis of the mandibular gland secretion of these ants and of C. sjostedti showed distinct differences in the 28 volatile compounds that were identified. Because the ants compete for exclusive usage of a given tree, some species employ tactics to reduce the chance of a hostile ant invasion. Crematogaster nigriceps ants trim the buds of trees to reduce their lateral growth, thereby reducing chances of contact with
1196-498: The availability of these resources has been associated with variation in dominance hierarchies among females. Conflict among females has also shown the presence of recognition among matrilineal relatives. It has been observed that, shortly after conflicts among two females, patas monkeys often act differently toward each other than if they had not been in conflict. Females often reconcile with each other by activities such as sitting together and grooming. While this reconciliatory behavior
1242-516: The disabled. In some areas, some species of monkey are considered agricultural pests , and can cause extensive damage to commercial and subsistence crops. This can have important implications for the conservation of endangered species, which may be subject to persecution. In some instances farmers' perceptions of the damage may exceed the actual damage. Monkeys that have become habituated to human presence in tourist locations may also be considered pests, attacking tourists. Many zoos have maintained
1288-449: The female social structure of patas monkeys has been observed across different populations. This variation may be dependent on food resources, as conflict between individuals is often a result of competition for limited resources. Higher rates of conflict over dense, but limited, food, such as fruit bushes, is associated with more stable, well defined dominance hierarchies than habitats with more diffuse resources, such as insects. Variation in
1334-462: The ground away from predators, individuals have been observed to attack predators such as jackals and wildcats. This behavior has been observed in both males and females. The relationship between the patas monkey and the whistling thorn acacia may have inspired The Lorax by Dr. Seuss . Monkey Monkey is a common name that may refer to most mammals of the infraorder Simiiformes , also known as simians. Traditionally, all animals in
1380-522: The group in which they were born without any aggressive behavior from the adult male. The juveniles, in the time shortly before they leave, spend increasingly less and less time with the adult females in the group. However, juvenile males do not change the amount of time they spend near the adult male. This may indicate weakening of matrilineal ties, rather than male aggression, as the main reason juveniles disperse from their natal group. Common patas monkeys have several distinct alarm calls that warn members in
1426-498: The group now known as simians are counted as monkeys except the apes . Thus monkeys, in that sense, constitute an incomplete paraphyletic grouping; however, in the broader sense based on cladistics , apes (Hominoidea) are also included, making the terms monkeys and simians synonyms in regard to their scope. In 1812, Étienne Geoffroy grouped the apes and the Cercopithecidae group of monkeys together and established
Common patas monkey - Misplaced Pages Continue
1472-408: The group of predators. Different alarm calls are given by different group members (i.e. adult females, adult males, juveniles, etc.) and certain alarm calls are distinctive of different types of predators. Unlike other primates, patas monkeys rarely take refuge from predators in trees. This is most likely due to the relatively sparse tree cover in patas monkey habitats. While patas monkeys usually run on
1518-792: The name Catarrhini , "Old World monkeys" (" singes de l'Ancien Monde " in French ). The extant sister of the Catarrhini in the monkey ("singes") group is the Platyrrhini (New World monkeys). Some nine million years before the divergence between the Cercopithecidae and the apes, the Platyrrhini emerged within "monkeys" by migration to South America from Afro-Arabia (the Old World), likely by ocean. Apes are thus deep in
1564-401: The number of nectar glands and swollen spines they provided to ants. In response, the usually dominant C. mimosae increased their tending of parasitic sap-sucking insects as a replacement food source. In addition, the number of C. mimosae -occupied trees declined while twice as many become occupied by C. sjostedti , a much less aggressive defender of trees. Because C. sjostedti benefits from
1610-581: The simians are a sister group to the tarsiers – the two members diverged some 70 million years ago. New World monkeys and catarrhine monkeys emerged within the simians roughly 35 million years ago. Old World monkeys and apes emerged within the catarrhine monkeys about 25 million years ago. Extinct basal simians such as Aegyptopithecus or Parapithecus (35–32 million years ago) are also considered monkeys by primatologists. Lemurs , lorises , and galagos are not monkeys, but strepsirrhine primates (suborder Strepsirrhini). The simians' sister group ,
1656-758: The species was closely related to Cercopithecus aethiops in 1989, based on anatomical morphology . Phylogenetic evidence from 2003 appeared to validate him, finding the patas monkey to form a clade within the vervet genus Cercopithecus together with C. aethiops and C. lhoesti , and based on this study Erythrocebus was proposed to be sunk into synonymy with Cercopithecus . However, more recent studies have found this interpretation of Cercopithecus to be paraphyletic, and thus many species in Cercopithecus have since been reclassified to numerous new genera and species, with C. aethiops moved to Chlorocebus and C. lhoesti to Allochrocebus . Erythrocebus
1702-419: The strongest mutualistic relationship, aggressively defending trees from herbivores while relying on swollen-spines for shelter and feeding from nectar produced by glands near the base of leaves. (See also: Crematogaster peringueyi .) 3-Octanone and 3-Octanol have been identified as the alarm pheromones of Crematogaster negriceps and C. mimosa used in defending their tree. These chemicals are components of
1748-463: The tail, which measures 75 cm (30 in). Adult males are considerably larger than adult females, which average 49 cm (19 in) in length. Adult males average 12.4 kg (27.3 lb) and adult females 6.5 kg (14.3 lb), showing a high degree of sexual dimorphism . Males have the longest canine teeth of all the African long-tailed monkeys and the size of their canines plays
1794-420: The tailless Barbary macaque is historically called the "Barbary ape". As apes have emerged in the monkey group as sister of the old world monkeys, characteristics that describe monkeys are generally shared by apes as well. Williams et al. outlined evolutionary features, including in stem groupings, contrasted against the other primates such as the tarsiers and the lemuriformes . Monkeys range in size from
1840-523: The tarsiers, are also haplorhine primates; however, they are also not monkeys. Apes emerged within monkeys as sister of the Cercopithecidae in the Catarrhini, so cladistically they are monkeys as well. However, there has been resistance to directly designate apes (and thus humans) as monkeys, so "Old World monkey" may be taken to mean either the Cercopithecoidea (not including apes) or the Catarrhini (including apes). That apes are monkeys
1886-452: The tree of extant and extinct monkeys, and any of the apes is distinctly closer related to the Cercopithecidae than the Platyrrhini are. Many monkey species are tree-dwelling ( arboreal ), although there are species that live primarily on the ground, such as baboons . Most species are mainly active during the day ( diurnal ). Monkeys are generally considered to be intelligent , especially the Old World monkeys. Within suborder Haplorhini ,
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1932-574: The various species but may contain any of the following: fruit, leaves, seeds, nuts, flowers, eggs and small animals (including insects and spiders). Some characteristics are shared among the groups; most New World monkeys have long tails, with those in the Atelidae family being prehensile , while Old World monkeys have non-prehensile tails or no visible tail at all. Old World monkeys have trichromatic color vision like that of humans, while New World monkeys may be trichromatic, dichromatic , or—as in
1978-673: The whistling thorn, although usually small in diameter, is hard and resistant to termites. The branches can also be used for kindling, and its gum is sometimes collected and used as glue. The ability to coppice after cutting make it a possibly sustainable source for fuel wood and charcoal. Conversely, whistling thorn also has been considered a weed of rangelands, and a woody plant encroachment species. Like other acacias, whistling thorns have leaves that contain tannins, which are thought to serve as deterrents to herbivory. Like all African acacias, they are defended by spines. In addition, whistling thorn acacias are myrmecophytes that have formed
2024-453: The year. During the breeding season, there are multi-male influxes into the group. Once juvenile males reach sexual maturity (around the age of four years) they leave the group, usually joining all-male groups. The adult females in the group initiate movement of the group with the male following their lead. The common patas monkey feeds on insects , gum, seeds , and tubers , a diet more characteristic of much smaller primates. Variation in
2070-479: Was already realized by Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon in the 18th century. Linnaeus placed this group in 1758 together with the tarsiers, in a single genus " Simia " (sans Homo ), an ensemble now recognised as the Haplorhini. Monkeys, including apes, can be distinguished from other primates by having only two pectoral nipples, a pendulous penis, and a lack of sensory whiskers . According to
2116-404: Was not, since it excluded hominoids (apes and humans). Thus, the term "monkey" no longer referred to a recognized scientific taxon . The smallest accepted taxon which contains all the monkeys is the infraorder Simiiformes , or simians. However this also contains the hominoids, so that monkeys are, in terms of currently recognized taxa, non-hominoid simians. Colloquially and pop-culturally, the term
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