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26-560: In addition to the PHQ, a nine-item version to assess symptoms of depression, a seven-item version to assess symptoms of anxiety (GAD-7), and a 15-item version to detect somatic symptoms (PHQ-15) have been developed and validated. The PHQ-9, GAD-7, and the PHQ-15 were combined to create the PHQ-somatic, anxiety, depressive symptoms (PHQ-SADS) and includes questions regarding panic attacks (after

52-458: A Likert scale with ranked options , true-false, or forced choice, although other formats such as sentence completion or visual analog scales are possible. True-false involves questions that the individual denotes as either being true or false about themselves. Forced-choice is a set of statements that require the individual to choose one as being most representative of themselves. If the inventory includes items from different factors or constructs,

78-517: A structured or semi-structured interview , the gold standard for diagnostic assessment. The time period assessed by each scale could also be a limitation; the PHQ-9 asks about the last four weeks, whereas the GAD-7 focuses on the past two weeks, and the PHQ asks about various time periods from the last two weeks to the last six months. Depending on the time period in question, this may or may not require

104-456: A revision (i.e., if you are interested in depression over the last six months, you might alter the instructions), which could impact the validity of the measure. The scoring thresholds recommended are influenced by the samples in which they were validated and correspond with different levels of sensitivity and specificity, which may or may not match well with the intended use of the scale. Self-report inventories A self-report inventory

130-412: A theory of personality or a prototype of a construct. Factor analysis uses statistical methods to organize groups of related items into subscales. Criterion-keyed inventories include questions that have been shown to statistically discriminate between a comparison group and a criterion group, such as people with clinical diagnoses of depression versus a control group. Items may use any of several formats:

156-580: Is a 7-item scale designed to assess symptoms of anxiety. Each item is scored on a 0-to-3 point scale ("not at all" to "nearly every day"). Cut points of 5, 10, and 15 correspond to mild, moderate, and severe anxiety. The PHQ-8 is an eight-item scale developed specifically to screen for depression in American epidemiological populations. The Patient Health Questionnaire - Somatic, Anxiety, and Depressive Symptoms (PHQ-SADS) screens for somatic, anxiety, and depressive symptoms using PHQ-9, GAD-7 , and PHQ-15, plus

182-546: Is a type of psychological test in which a person fills out a survey or questionnaire with or without the help of an investigator. Self-report inventories often ask direct questions about personal interests, values, symptoms , behaviors , and traits or personality types . Inventories are different from tests in that there is no objectively correct answer; responses are based on opinions and subjective perceptions. Most self-report inventories are brief and can be taken or administered within five to 15 minutes, although some, such as

208-432: Is advised for all self-report inventories. Items may differ in social desirability , which can cause different scores for people at the same level of a trait, but differing in their desire to appear to possess socially desirable behaviors. Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 The Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale ( GAD-7 ) is a widely used self-administered diagnostic tool designed to screen for and assess

234-514: Is available in over 20 languages, available on the PHQ website. Both the original Patient Health Questionnaire and later variants are public domain resources; no fees or permissions are required for using or copying the measures. Additionally, the measures have been validated in a number of different populations internationally. The original Patient Health Questionnaire contains five modules; these contain questions about depressive, anxiety, somatoform, alcohol, and eating disorders. Designed for use in

260-623: Is required. This version of the PHQ has been shown to have good diagnostic sensitivity but poor specificity. The Patient Health Questionnaire 4 item (PHQ-4) combines the PHQ-2 with the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 2 (GAD-2), an ultra-brief anxiety screener containing the first two questions from the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 (GAD-7). The Patient Health Questionnaire 15 item (PHQ-15) contains

286-672: Is valued for its simplicity, reliability, and validity in detecting anxiety symptoms in diverse populations. The GAD-7 is normally used in outpatient and primary care settings for referral to a psychiatrist pending outcome. A systematic review compared screening tools and concluded that the GAD-7 is the most efficient one for identifying GAD as well as panic disorders in primary care populations. The GAD-7 has seven items, which measure severity of various signs of GAD according to reported response categories with assigned points. The GAD-7 items include: Response options range from “not at all” (= 0 points), “several days” (= 1 point), “more than half

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312-504: The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), can take several hours to fully complete. They are popular because they can be inexpensive to give and to score, and their scores can often show good reliability . There are three major approaches to developing self-report inventories: theory-guided, factor analysis , and criterion-keyed. Theory-guided inventories are constructed around

338-603: The panic symptoms question from the original PHQ. The PHQ-A is a four module self-report to evaluate depression, anxiety, substance use and eating disorders in adolescent primary care patients. The PHQ-9 has been used in studies to effectively monitor change following cognitive behavioral treatment. A meta analysis stated that the PHQ-9 had good treatment sensitivity. All versions of the PHQ are self reports and, consequently, are subject to inherent biases, including social desirability and poor retrospective recall. The influence of these biases can mitigated by following up with

364-456: The primary care setting, it lacks coverage for disorders seen in psychiatric settings. Some modules are used independently, and variants have been developed based on the original items. The PHQ-9 (DEP-9 in some sources), a tool specific to depression, scores each of the 9 DSM-IV related criteria based on the mood module from the original PRIME-MD. The PHQ-9 is both sensitive and specific in its diagnoses, which has led to its prominence in

390-450: The GAD-7 section). Though less commonly used, there are also brief versions of the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 that may be useful as screening tools in some settings. In recent years, the PHQ-9 has been validated for use in adolescents, and a version for adolescents was also developed and validated (PHQ-A). Although these tests were originally designed as self-report inventories they can also be administered by trained health care practitioners. The PHQ

416-421: The GAD-7 seem to be able to provide probable cases of GAD, it cannot be used as replacement for clinical assessment and additional evaluation should be used to confirm a diagnosis of GAD. The GAD-7 was originally validated in a primary care sample and a cutoff score of 10 (which the authors considered optimal) had a sensitivity value of 0.89 and a specificity value of 0.82 for identifying GAD. The authors of

442-512: The PHQ's somatic symptom scale. It is a well-validated measure, which asks whether symptoms are present and about their severity. A brief version, the Somatic Symptom Scale - 8 was derived from PHQ-15. The development of the PHQ-15 helped address three main problems in the assessment and diagnosis of somatoform disorders. Firstly, traditional methods of diagnosing somatoform disorders would only capture about 20% of true cases due to

468-447: The PHQ-9, suggesting that those who display depression symptoms on Facebook are experiencing them offline. The Patient Health Questionnaire 2 item (PHQ-2) is an ultra-brief screening instrument containing the first two questions from the PHQ-9. Two screening questions to assess the presence of a depressed mood and a loss of interest or pleasure in routine activities , and a positive response to either question indicates further testing

494-433: The days” (= 2 points), and “nearly every day” (= 3 points) with a score range from 0-21 points. The assessment is indicated by the total score, which is made up by adding together the scores for the scale of all seven items with responses getting 0 to 3 points: The normative data enable users of the GAD-7 to discern whether an individual's anxiety score is normal, or mildly, moderately, or severely elevated. However, while

520-596: The items can be mixed together or kept in groups. Sometimes the way people answer the item will change depending on the context offered by the neighboring items. Self-report personality inventories include questions dealing with behaviours, responses to situations, characteristic thoughts and beliefs, habits, symptoms, and feelings. Test-takers-are usually asked to indicate how well each item describes themselves or how much they agree with each item. Formats are varied, from adjectives such as "warm", to sentences such as "I like parties", or reports of behaviour "I have driven past

546-466: The number of symptoms required to meet a diagnosis. Secondly, in order to attain more reliable and valid data, assessments need to address more current rather than previous symptoms. Thirdly, continuing to adhere to the "medically unexplained" requirement for symptoms makes it very difficult to make a diagnosis because it is extremely hard to ascertain if a symptom is or is not part of a larger medical condition (ex: chronic fatigue and depression). The GAD-7

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572-470: The primary care setting. This tool is used in a variety of different contexts, including clinical settings across the United States as well as research studies. One study which used the PHQ-9, examined if college student displays of depression symptoms on Facebook were representative of offline symptoms. Results demonstrated that those who displayed depression symptoms on Facebook scored higher on

598-769: The questionnaire also found acceptable sensitivity and specificity values when the questionnaire was used as a general screen to identify other anxiety disorders ( Panic Disorder , Social Anxiety , and PTSD ) (GAD-7, score ≥ 8: sensitivity: 0.77, specificity: 0.82). The GAD-7 has further been studied and validated in numerous other samples and settings. It has been shown to correlate with other measures of anxiety and has been considered superior to other questionnaires. The GAD-7 has been evaluated in samples of both children and young individuals as well as older adults. It has been used in more than 2500 peer reviewed publications indexed in PubMed (current search here ). The consensus

624-414: The severity of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Comprising seven items, the GAD-7 measures the frequency of anxiety symptoms over the past two weeks, with respondents rating each item on a scale from "not at all" to "nearly every day." Developed by Dr. Robert L. Spitzer and colleagues, the GAD-7 is commonly used in both clinical settings and research to identify GAD and to monitor treatment outcomes. It

650-608: The severity or frequency of symptoms in order to minimize their problems. For this reason, self-report inventories are not used in isolation to diagnose a mental disorder, often used as screeners for verification by other assessment data. Many personality tests, such as the MMPI or the MBTI add questions that are designed to make it difficult for a person to exaggerate traits and symptoms. They are in common use for measuring levels of traits, or for symptom severity and change. Clinical discretion

676-935: The speed limit" and response formats from yes/no to Likert scales, to continuous "slider" responses. Some inventories are global, such as the NEO , others focus on particular domains, such as anger or aggression. Unlike IQ tests where there are correct answers that have to be worked out by test takers, for personality, attempts by test-takers to gain particular scores are an issue in applied testing. Test items are often transparent, and people may "figure out" how to respond to make themselves appear to possess whatever qualities they think an organization wants. In addition, people may falsify good responses, be biased towards their positive characteristics, or falsify bad, stressing negative characteristics, in order to obtain their preferred outcome. In clinical settings patients may exaggerate symptoms in order to make their situation seem worse, or under-report

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