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87-657: It origin as an educational institution dates to the 1976 inauguration of a nine-month para-professional Counseling Skills Certificate program offered by the Human Relations Center. The institute's original name was the Human Relations Institute. The M.A. in Counseling Psychology was initiated in 1982. In 1984 the institute announced a new M.A. Counseling Psychology program with an emphasis in depth psychology . The program

174-441: A profound influence on his thinking about Asian religion and myth , and also on the necessity for teaching comparative mythology to a larger, non- academic audience. In 1972, Campbell retired from Sarah Lawrence College, after having taught there for 38 years. Campbell attended a Grateful Dead concert in 1986, and marveled that "Everyone has just lost themselves in everybody else here!" With Grateful Dead, Campbell put on

261-607: A 1932 journey to Juneau , Alaska on the Grampus . Campbell began writing a novel centered on Ricketts as a hero but, unlike Steinbeck, did not complete his book. Bruce Robison writes that Campbell would refer to those days as a time when everything in his life was taking shape. ... Campbell, the great chronicler of the "hero's journey" in mythology , recognized patterns that paralleled his own thinking in one of Ricketts's unpublished philosophical essays. Echoes of Carl Jung , Robinson Jeffers and James Joyce can be found in

348-557: A PhD in the liberal arts , the discipline covering his work. With the arrival of the Great Depression , Campbell spent the next five years (1929–1934) living in a rented shack in Woodstock, New York . There, he contemplated the next course of his life while engaged in intensive and rigorous independent study. He later said that he "would divide the day into four three-hour periods, of which I would be reading in three of

435-413: A Thousand Faces as chapter epigrams. Dan Brown mentioned in a New York Times interview that Joseph Campbell's works, particularly The Power of Myth and The Hero with a Thousand Faces , inspired him to create the character of Robert Langdon . One of Campbell's most identifiable, most quoted and arguably most misunderstood sayings was his maxim to "follow your bliss". He derived this idea from

522-464: A Thousand Faces I began to realize that my first draft of Star Wars was following classic motifs… So I modified my next draft according to what I'd been learning about classical motifs and made it a little bit more consistent... I went on to read The Masks of God and many other books. It was not until after the completion of the original Star Wars trilogy in 1983, however, that Lucas met Campbell or heard any of his lectures. In 1984, Campbell gave

609-563: A Thousand Faces , which led to the development of Disney 's 1994 film The Lion King . Among films that many viewers have recognized as closely following the pattern of the monomyth are The Matrix series, the Batman series and the Indiana Jones series. Dan Harmon , the creator of the TV show Community and co-creator of the TV show Rick and Morty , often references Campbell as

696-718: A clinical psychologist, California, where Pacifica is located, does not require APA accreditation. The California Board of Behavioral Sciences reports that 85% of the Pacifica graduates taking the MFT standard written exam from 1/1/2015-6/30/2015 passed the exam, which ranks higher than the state average of 65% for that time period. Clinical psychology graduates had a 100% pass rate on the California Psychology Supplemental Examination (CPSE) exam from 1/1/14 to 12/31/14 and had an 85% pass rate on

783-533: A conference called " Ritual and Rapture from Dionysus to the Grateful Dead". Campbell died at his home in Honolulu , Hawaii, on October 30, 1987, from complications of esophageal cancer . Before his death he had completed filming the series of interviews with Bill Moyers that aired the following spring as The Power of Myth . He is buried in O'ahu Cemetery, Honolulu. Campbell often referred to

870-659: A former Jesuit novitiate). Pacifica became a two-campus school by purchasing the Ladera Lane center from La Casa de Maria in September 2005. The Engaged Humanities & Creative Life program, along with the Jungian & Archetypal Studies specialization of the M.A./Ph.D. program are the two online/hybrid programs Pacifica offers, with the majority of coursework accomplished online by students. The online studies are combined with quarterly four-day visits either on campus or at

957-425: A handmaiden of the id . The Adlerian approach to psychoanalysis includes a set of tools that allows an individual to break through a self-centered way of life. For instance, it eliminates the core style of life and fictional final goal of a patient through Socratic method as opposed to counselling. Many scholars believe that Jung's most significant contribution to depth psychology was his conceptualization of

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1044-562: A lecture at the Palace of Fine Arts in San Francisco, with Lucas in the audience, who was introduced through their mutual friend Barbara McClintock . A few years later, Lucas invited Campbell to watch the entire Star Wars trilogy at Skywalker Ranch , which Campbell called "real art". This meeting led to the filming of the 1988 documentary The Power of Myth at Skywalker Ranch. In his interviews with Bill Moyers , Campbell discusses

1131-469: A major influence. According to him, he uses a "story circle" to formulate every story he writes, in a formulation of Campbell's work. A fictionalized version of Campbell himself appears in the seventh episode of the sixth season of Rick and Morty , "Full Meta Jackrick". After the explosion of popularity brought on by the Star Wars films and The Power of Myth , creative artists in many media recognized

1218-424: A minimum of reading, believe they are qualified to speak authoritatively of folkloristic matters. It seems that the world is full of self-proclaimed experts in folklore, and a few, such as Campbell, have been accepted as such by the general public (and public television, in the case of Campbell)". According to Dundes, "there is no single idea promulgated by amateurs that has done more harm to serious folklore study than

1305-426: A monomyth of the hero only by citing those stories that fit his preconceived mold, and leaving out equally valid stories… which did not fit the pattern". Toelken traces the influence of Campbell's monomyth theory into other then-contemporary popular works, such as Robert Bly 's Iron John: A Book About Men (1990), which he says suffers from similar source selection bias. Similarly, American folklorist Alan Dundes

1392-432: A mythical image lies at the depth of the unconscious, where an individual's mind widens out and merges into the mind of mankind. Mythology is therefore not a series of old explanations for natural events, but rather the richness and wonder of humanity played out in a symbolical, thematic, and patterned storytelling. There is also the case of the Jungian archetypes. According to Jung, archetypes are primordial elements of

1479-607: A notable exception there is still a strong influence of depth psychology in France due to credit for psychoanalysis in schools and the huge influence of Jacques Lacan 's work in 70's which resulted in numerous professionals trained or influenced by these ideas. As a criticism Fredric Jameson considers postmodernism to reject depth models such as Freud's, in favor of a set of multiple surfaces consisting of intertextual discourses and practices. Joseph Campbell Joseph John Campbell (March 26, 1904 – October 30, 1987)

1566-612: A series of books and recordings that aims to pull together Campbell's myriad-minded work; the Erdman Campbell Award; the Mythological RoundTables, a network of local groups around the globe that explore the subjects of comparative mythology, psychology, religion and culture; and the collection of Campbell's library and papers housed at the OPUS Archives and Research Center. George Lucas was

1653-555: A spectrum from individual vanity to the personality of the workplace. Alfred Adler initiated works leading to the cognitive revolution with the Cognitive psychology in a synthesis that overcome the older behaviour therapy from mid century. Over the second half of twentieth century the development of clinical psychology centered on cooperation and discussion with the patient firstly with works of Maslow and Carl Rogers which then developed as Humanistic psychology . These lead to

1740-462: A spiritual person may be beyond the individual, whether and how we apply it, including to nonspiritual aspirations. Another Jungian position in depth psychology involves his belief that the unconscious contains repressed experiences and other personal-level issues in its "upper" layers and "transpersonal" ( e.g. collective, non-I, archetypal) forces in its depths. The semi-conscious contains or is, an aware pattern of personality, including everything in

1827-704: A synthesis in Cognitive Behavioural Therapy guided by methodical experiments that brought demonstrations of clinical effectiveness in short therapies on numerous mental health disorders such as depression . The social context and conditioning of individuals has been better understood through development of social studies such as cultural history and sociology while the interpersonal psychotherapy developed focusing on individual's relations. All these modern development reshaped Clinical psychology with various approaches that pushed depth psychology to margins in therapy in many countries. As

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1914-719: A time, was among the fastest half-mile runners in the world. In 1924, Campbell traveled to Europe with his family. On the ship during his return trip he encountered the messiah elect of the Theosophical Society , Jiddu Krishnamurti ; they discussed Indian philosophy , sparking in Campbell an interest in Hindu and Indian thought . In 1927, he received a fellowship from Columbia University to study in Europe. Campbell studied Old French , Provençal , and Sanskrit at

2001-622: Is a California 501(c) Nonprofit Corporation for the purposes of developing an operational and charitable membership association that supports both the alumni (of Pacifica Graduate Institute) and the wider community to develop their intellectual, spiritual, altruistic, and professional capabilities. The association has more than 5,000 members and over 30 regional chapters across the United States and Canada. A not-for-profit organization with facilities on both Pacifica campuses, Opus Archives and Research Center works to preserve, develop, and extend

2088-703: Is interacted with, shared, commented on, purchased, and disseminated in both print and electronic format. PlumX gathers and brings together metrics for all types of scholarly research output, including published books, journal articles, conference papers, videos, data sets, interviews, and other online web resources. Pacifica's PlumX installation categorizes Pacifica metrics into 5 separate types: usage (e.g. downloads and library holdings), captures (e.g. bookmarks, favorites, readers, watchers), mentions (e.g. blog posts, comments, reviews), social media (e.g. likes, shares, tweets), and citations (how many times research has been cited). Depth psychology Depth psychology (from

2175-429: Is my proper being or not; but I do know where my rapture is. So let me hang on to rapture, and that will bring me both my consciousness and my being." I think it worked. He saw this not merely as a mantra, but as a helpful guide to the individual along the hero journey that each of us walks through life: If you follow your bliss, you put yourself on a kind of track that has been there all the while, waiting for you, and

2262-712: The Bardo Thodol , that it belongs to that class of writings which not only are of interest to specialists in Mahayana Buddhism , but also, because of their deep humanity and still deeper insight into the secrets of the human psyche , make an especial appeal to the layman seeking to broaden his knowledge of life ... For years, ever since it was first published, the Bardo Thodol has been my constant companion, and to it I owe not only many stimulating ideas and discoveries, but also many fundamental insights. Campbell's concept of monomyth (one myth) refers to

2349-652: The Canterbury School in New Milford, Connecticut . While at Dartmouth College he studied biology and mathematics, but decided that he preferred the humanities . He transferred to Columbia University , where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in English literature in 1925 and a Master of Arts degree in medieval literature in 1927. At Dartmouth he had joined Delta Tau Delta . An accomplished athlete, he received awards in track and field events, and, for

2436-462: The University of Paris and the University of Munich . He learned to read and speak French and German. On his return to Columbia University in 1929, Campbell expressed a desire to pursue the study of Sanskrit and modern art in addition to medieval literature . Lacking faculty approval, Campbell withdrew from graduate studies. Later in life he jested that it is a sign of incompetence to have

2523-577: The Upanishads : Now, I came to this idea of bliss because in Sanskrit, which is the great spiritual language of the world, there are three terms that represent the brink, the jumping-off place to the ocean of transcendence: Sat-Chit-Ananda . The word "Sat" means being. "Chit" means consciousness. "Ananda" means bliss or rapture. I thought, "I don't know whether my consciousness is proper consciousness or not; I don't know whether what I know of my being

2610-722: The dancer - choreographer Jean Erdman . For most of their 49 years of marriage they shared a two-room apartment in Greenwich Village in New York City. In the 1980s they also purchased an apartment in Honolulu and divided their time between the two cities. They did not have any children. Early in World War II , Campbell attended a lecture by the Indologist Heinrich Zimmer ; the two men became good friends. After Zimmer's death, Campbell

2697-533: The monomyth . Since the publication of The Hero with a Thousand Faces , Campbell's theories have been applied by a wide variety of modern writers and artists. His philosophy has been summarized by his own often repeated phrase: "Follow your bliss." He gained recognition in Hollywood when George Lucas credited Campbell's work as influencing his Star Wars saga. Campbell's approach to folklore topics such as myth and his influence on popular culture has been

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2784-406: The "collective unconscious". While Freud cited the conceptualization unconscious forces was limited to repressed or forgotten personal experiences, Jung emphasized the qualities that an individual shares with other people. This is demonstrated in his notion that all minds, all lives, are ultimately embedded in some sort of myth-making in the form of themes or patterns. This myth-making or creation of

2871-586: The 1970s, depth psychology has come to refer to the ongoing development of theories and therapies pioneered by Pierre Janet , William James , and Carl Gustav Jung , as well as Freud. All explore relationships between the conscious and the unconscious (thus including both psychoanalysis and Jungian psychology). Depth psychology states that the psyche process is partly conscious , partly unconscious, and partly semi-conscious. In practice, depth psychology seeks to explore underlying motives as an approach to various mental disorders . Depth psychologists believe that

2958-761: The Center for the Study of Depth Psychology at Pacifica. The center became OPUS Archives and Research Center and is the home of Campbell's library. The founding curator, Jonathan Young , worked closely with Jean Erdman Campbell to gather the materials from Campbell's homes in Honolulu and Greenwich Village , New York City . Campbell's library features approximately 3,000 volumes and covers a broad range of subjects including anthropology, folklore , religion , literature, and psychology. Campbell's papers, now housed at The New York Public Library, include lectures, original manuscripts, and research papers. The mission of Opus Archives and

3045-480: The Collective Unconscious. They form the unchanging context from which the contents of cyclic and sequent changes derive their meanings. Duration is the secret of action. He also stated that the psyche spontaneously generates mythico-religious symbolism or themes, and is therefore spiritual or metaphysical, as well as instinctive, in nature. An implication of this is that the choice of whether to be

3132-459: The Examination for Professional Practice of Psychology (EPPP) from 1/1/14 to 12/31/14. Pacifica's public programs explore the fields of psychology and mythological studies through the lens of depth psychology. Programs cover a wide range of topics from humanities and culture to counseling and clinical psychology. Most of the public programs offer continuing education units for professionals in

3219-539: The German term Tiefenpsychologie ) refers to the practice and research of the science of the unconscious , covering both psychoanalysis and psychology . It is also defined as the psychological theory that explores the relationship between the conscious and the unconscious, as well as the patterns and dynamics of motivation and the mind. The theories of Sigmund Freud , Carl Gustav Jung , and Alfred Adler are all considered its foundations. The term "depth psychology"

3306-554: The Internet Archive. Lectures can be downloaded in different file formats or listened to online. The institute's bookstore stocks over 5,000 book titles focused on Depth psychology, Archetypal psychology, the humanities, and mythology. The bookstore is located on both Pacifica Graduate Institute campuses in Montecito and Carpinteria. Pacifica Graduate Institute Alumni Association (PGIAA) was formed on 17 April 2013. PGIAA

3393-590: The Lambert and Ladera campuses contain over 26,000 books, provide access to over 300,000 ebooks, 4,000 theses and dissertations, and 2,000 audio and video materials. They also provide access to thousands of journals, both in print and electronic formats. The collection includes faculty publications, rare and hard-to-find books, and reference materials such as specialized encyclopedias and handbooks. The library also maintains an archive of open access digitized audio faculty lectures on various topics from prior years, stored in

3480-1282: The New York Open Center. All other degrees are completed in monthly three-day or four-day retreats and one summer week annually. The institute offers Masters of Arts , Psy.D. , and Ph.D. degrees. Pacifica's academic programs are all subject to review and approval on multiple levels by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges (WASC) Senior College and University Commission (WSCUC), the State of California Board of Private Postsecondary Education (BPPE), and U. S. Department of Education (DOE). Pacifica's M.A. in Counseling Psychology program provides its mission statements, program goals, student learning outcomes, and time to completion rates. The Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology program provides its mission statements, program goals, student learning outcomes, and time to completion rates as well. Pacifica's Clinical Psychology programs, along with all other Pacifica degree programs, are accredited by WASC. In September 2013 and March 2014, groups of former and current Ph.D. students from

3567-479: The OPUS Archives and Research Center on the campuses of Pacifica Graduate Institute. Campbell's papers have since been moved to The New York Public Library. The renowned author, scholar, and mythologist was a long-time friend of Pacifica and a frequent guest lecturer. After Campbell's death, Jean Erdman Campbell and the Joseph Campbell Foundation donated his papers, books and other effects to

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3654-510: The Research Center is to preserve, develop, and extend to the world the archival collections and libraries of eminent scholars in the fields of depth psychology, mythology and the humanities. The center is a living archive, supporting interdisciplinary dialogue, education, grants, research opportunities and public programs. OPUS holds over 15,000 slides utilized by Marija Gimbutas in her lectures and books on Neolithic civilizations and

3741-658: The Steinbecks. Campbell had an affair with Carol. On the Monterey Peninsula , Campbell, like John Steinbeck, fell under the spell of the marine biologist Ed Ricketts (the model for "Doc" in Steinbeck's novel Cannery Row as well as central characters in several other novels). Campbell lived for a while next door to Ricketts, participated in professional and social activities at his neighbor's, and accompanied him, along with Xenia and Sasha Kashevaroff, on

3828-450: The archival collections and libraries of eminent scholars in the fields of depth psychology, mythology, and the humanities. Opus makes these collections available to researchers, scholars, students, and the general public for research. To fulfill its mission of functioning as a living archive, Opus also offers scholarships, research grants, educational programs, and community events. Joseph Campbell 's papers and collections were entrusted to

3915-407: The buried unconscious phenomena. It is one of the first frameworks that approached the individual as a fundamentally social being, one that needs to be situated in a socio-cultural context in order to be understood. It is also described as a representation of the ego psychology and views the ego as an independent and creative entity that facilitates the interaction with social reality instead of merely

4002-476: The categories of being and non-being. Those are categories of thought. I mean it's as simple as that. So it depends on how much you want to think about it. Whether it's doing you any good. Whether it is putting you in touch with the mystery that's the ground of your own being. If it isn't, well, it's a lie. So half the people in the world are religious people who think that their metaphors are facts. Those are what we call theists. The other half are people who know that

4089-594: The clinical psychology program filed a lawsuit stating that the school misrepresented its APA accreditation status. They alleged negligent and intentional misrepresentation, concealment and unfair business practices, according to the complaint. Pacifica responded that the claims were without merit. Pacifica has never said that its degree programs in clinical psychology are accredited by the APA, an independent regulatory body. While some states and jurisdictions require graduation from an APA accredited school for licensure to practice as

4176-491: The community. Pacifica Graduate Institute's library resources and services support graduate-level study in the areas of counseling psychology, clinical psychology, depth psychology, depth psychotherapy, mythological studies, and humanities. Subject area strengths are in Jungian and archetypal psychology, depth psychology, psychoanalysis, clinical psychology, mythology, religious studies, psychological studies of literature, and research methodology. The Graduate Research Libraries on

4263-449: The cover. Lucas discusses this influence at great length in the authorized biography of Joseph Campbell, A Fire in the Mind : I came to the conclusion after American Graffiti that what's valuable for me is to set standards, not to show people the world the way it is... around the period of this realization… it came to me that there really was no modern use of mythology... The Western

4350-422: The field. These events are open to the general public with the intention of bringing Pacifica's educational resources to the wider community. Past presenters include Joseph Campbell , Jean Houston , Michael J. Meade , Huston Smith , Malidoma Patrice Somé , Sonu Shamdasani , Thomas Moore, Marion Woodman , James Hillman , and Robert Bly . Pacifica's two campus locations are within three miles of each other in

4437-453: The first filmmaker to credit Campbell's influence. Lucas stated, following the release of the first Star Wars film in 1977, that its story was shaped, in part, by ideas described in The Hero with a Thousand Faces and other works of Campbell's. The linkage between Star Wars and Campbell was further reinforced when later reprints of Campbell's book used the image of Luke Skywalker on

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4524-623: The foothills of the Santa Barbara suburbs. The 13 acre Lambert Road Campus is the former Max Fleishman estate. The Ladera Lane campus is 35 acres (14 ha) with views of the Pacific Ocean and Channel Islands. Each campus contains multiple gardens, while the Lambert Campus hosts the larger Organic Garden. The Organic Garden, consisting of 7 acres (2.8 ha), is farmed year round, producing vegetables and fruits available to

4611-466: The future and, thus, would be the most appropriate home for his archives. She donated his 3,000-book library and archival collection to the Center for the Study of Depth Psychology, an independent non-profit organization housed at the Pacifica campus, which evolved into the Opus Archives and Research Center. The Joseph Campbell Archives and Library were installed in the school's Seminar Building and

4698-582: The gardener and caretaker at the Lyman Estate at Waltham, where his son Charles William Campbell grew up and became a successful salesman at a department store prior to establishing his hosiery business. During his childhood, he moved with his family to New Rochelle, New York . In 1919, a fire destroyed the family home in New Rochelle, killing his maternal grandmother and injuring his father, who tried to save her. In 1921, Campbell graduated from

4785-561: The goddess, thousands of research catalogue cards in numerous languages handwritten by Gimbutas, and extensive texts on the subjects of history, archaeology, and the humanities. James Hillman 's collection includes first draft manuscripts of his books, including Re-Visioning Psychology , which earned him a nomination for the Pulitzer Prize. Hillman's prolific career is documented through correspondence, personal notes, and unfinished projects that are available for pursuit by scholars of

4872-682: The home of the collection was formally dedicated in 1992. The mythological studies program was created in 1994 by Jonathan Young , building on his work as founding curator of the Joseph Campbell Archives. The program combines folklore, literature, creative studies, and archetypal psychology. Reaching full capacity for Santa Barbara County permitted operations at the Lambert Road campus in 1999, Pacifica began offering additional sections of existing programs at La Casa de Maria's newly established Ladera Lane Retreat Center (site of

4959-422: The late 1990s called Star Wars: The Magic of Myth , which discussed the ways in which Campbell's work shaped the Star Wars films. Many filmmakers of the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries have acknowledged the influence of Campbell's work on their own craft. Christopher Vogler , a Hollywood screenwriter, created a seven-page company memo based on Campbell's work, A Practical Guide to The Hero With

5046-399: The life that you ought to be living is the one you are living. Wherever you are – if you are following your bliss, you are enjoying that refreshment, that life within you, all the time. Campbell began sharing this idea with students during his lectures in the 1970s. By the time that The Power of Myth was aired in 1988, six months following Campbell's death, "Follow your bliss"

5133-427: The man who never followed his bliss. The anthropologist Leo Frobenius and his disciple Adolf Ellegard Jensen were important to Campbell's view of cultural history. Campbell was also influenced by the psychological work of Abraham Maslow and Stanislav Grof . Campbell's ideas regarding myth and its relation to the human psyche are dependent in part on the pioneering work of Sigmund Freud , but in particular on

5220-407: The metaphors are not facts. And so, they're lies. Those are the atheists . Campbell often described mythology as having a fourfold function within human society. These appear at the end of his work The Masks of God: Creative Mythology , as well as various lectures. Campbell's view of mythology was by no means static and his books describe in detail how mythologies evolved through time, reflecting

5307-569: The next generation. Marion Woodman 's collection includes manuscripts, lectures, and correspondence. Throughout her career Woodman focused on the relationship of psyche and soma and this specialization, particularly as it manifested in the experiences and lives of women, was groundbreaking in the field of Jungian studies. Pacifica's PlumX installation provides a story of Pacifica's faculty scholarship and publication impact, by means of altmetrics . Profiles for core, distinguished, and visiting faculty provide cumulative insights into how faculty research

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5394-507: The original broadcast of The Power of Myth (see below) derives from the Hindu Upanishads ; however, Campbell was possibly also influenced by the 1922 Sinclair Lewis novel Babbitt . In The Power of Myth , Campbell quotes from the novel: Campbell: Have you ever read Sinclair Lewis ' Babbitt ? Moyers: Not in a long time. Campbell: Remember the last line? "I've never done a thing I wanted to do in all my life." That's

5481-480: The potential to use Campbell's theories to try to unlock human responses to narrative patterns. Novelists, songwriters, video game designers have studied Campbell's work in order to better understand mythology – in particular, the monomyth  – and its impact. The novelist Richard Adams acknowledges a debt to Campbell's work and specifically to the concept of the monomyth. In his best known work, Watership Down , Adams uses extracts from The Hero with

5568-490: The prime matter of monomyth while the former to the multitude of local forms the myth takes in order to remain an up-to-date carrier of sacred meanings. The central pattern most studied by Campbell is often referred to as " the hero's journey " and was first described in The Hero with a Thousand Faces (1949). An enthusiast of novelist James Joyce , Campbell borrowed the term "monomyth" from Joyce's Finnegans Wake . Campbell also made heavy use of Carl Jung 's theories on

5655-550: The realities in which each society had to adjust. Various stages of cultural development have different yet identifiable mythological systems. In brief these are: In 1991, Campbell's widow, choreographer Jean Erdman , worked with Campbell's longtime friend and editor, Robert Walter , to create the Joseph Campbell Foundation. Initiatives undertaken by the JCF include: The Collected Works of Joseph Campbell ,

5742-418: The structure of the human psyche , and he often used terms such as anima, animus and ego consciousness . As a strong believer in the psychic unity of mankind and its poetic expression through mythology, Campbell made use of the concept to express the idea that the whole of the human race can be seen as engaged in the effort of making the world "transparent to transcendence" by showing that underneath

5829-613: The subject of criticism, especially from academic folklorists . Joseph Campbell was born in White Plains, New York , on March 26, 1904, the elder son of hosiery importer and wholesaler Charles William Campbell, from Waltham, Massachusetts , and Josephine (née Lynch), from New York. Campbell was raised in an upper-middle-class Irish Catholic family; he related that his paternal grandfather Charles had been "a peasant" who came to Boston from County Mayo in Ireland, and became

5916-407: The theory that sees all mythic narratives as variations of a single great story. The theory is based on the observation that a common pattern exists beneath the narrative elements of most great myths, regardless of their origin or time of creation. Campbell often referred to the ideas of Adolf Bastian and his distinction between what he called "folk" and "elementary" ideas, the latter referring to

6003-416: The three-hour periods, and free one of them ... I would get nine hours of sheer reading done a day. And this went on for five years straight." Campbell traveled to California for a year (1931–1932), continuing his independent studies and becoming a close friend of the budding writer John Steinbeck and his wife Carol. Campbell had met Carol's sister, Idell, on a Honolulu cruise and she introduced him to

6090-569: The time to become familiar with the complexities of folklore, and that, historically, Jung-influenced psychologists and authors have tended to build complex theories around single versions of a tale that support a theory or a proposal. To illustrate his point, Toelken employs Clarissa Pinkola Estés 's (1992) Women Who Run with the Wolves , citing its inaccurate representation of the folklore record, and Campbell's "monomyth" approach as another. Regarding Campbell, Toelken writes, "Campbell could construct

6177-474: The uncovering of deeper, often unconscious, motives is intrinsically healing in and of itself. It seeks knowledge of the deep layers underlying behavioral and cognitive processes . In modern times, the initial work, development, theories, and therapies of Sigmund Freud , Carl Jung , Alfred Adler and Otto Rank have grown into three main perspectives on depth psychology: Adlerian psychology has been regarded as depth psychology due to its aim of discovering

6264-594: The various stages of a hero's adventure through the story, stages such as the Call to Adventure, Receiving Supernatural Aid, Meeting with the Goddess /Atonement with the Father and Return . These stages, as well as the symbols one encounters throughout the story, provide the necessary metaphors to express the spiritual truths the story is trying to convey. Metaphors for Campbell, in contrast with similes which make use of

6351-645: The way in which Lucas used The Hero's Journey in the Star Wars films (IV, V, and VI) to re-invent the mythology for the contemporary viewer. Moyers and Lucas filmed an interview 12 years later in 1999 called the Mythology of Star Wars with George Lucas & Bill Moyers to further discuss the impact of Campbell's work on Lucas' films. In addition, the National Air and Space Museum of the Smithsonian Institution sponsored an exhibit during

6438-466: The word like , pretend to a literal interpretation of what they are referring to, as in the sentence " Jesus is the Son of God " rather than "the relationship of man to God is like that of a son to a father". In the 1987 documentary Joseph Campbell: A Hero's Journey , he explains God in terms of a metaphor: God is a metaphor for a mystery that absolutely transcends all human categories of thought, even

6525-606: The work of Jung, whose studies of human psychology greatly influenced Campbell. Campbell's conception of myth is closely related to the Jungian method of dream interpretation , which is heavily reliant on symbolic interpretation. Jung's insights into archetypes were heavily influenced by the Bardo Thodol (also known as The Tibetan Book of the Dead ). In his book The Mythic Image , Campbell quotes Jung's statement about

6612-714: The work of Steinbeck and Ricketts as well as Campbell. Campbell continued his independent reading while teaching for a year in 1933 at the Canterbury School in Connecticut , during which time he also attempted to publish works of fiction. While teaching at the Canterbury School, Campbell sold his first short story Strictly Platonic to Liberty magazine. In 1934, Campbell accepted a position as Professor of Literature at Sarah Lawrence College in Yonkers, New York . In 1938, he married one of his former students,

6699-523: The work of modern writers James Joyce and Thomas Mann in his lectures and writings, as well as to the art of Pablo Picasso . He was introduced to their work during his stay as a graduate student in Paris. Campbell eventually corresponded with Mann. The works of Arthur Schopenhauer and Friedrich Nietzsche had a profound effect on Campbell's thinking; he quoted their writing frequently. The "follow your bliss" philosophy attributed to Campbell following

6786-432: The world of phenomena lies an eternal source which is constantly pouring its energies into this world of time, suffering, and ultimately death. To achieve this task one needs to speak about things that existed before and beyond words, a seemingly impossible task, the solution to which lies in the metaphors found in myths. These metaphors are statements that point beyond themselves into the transcendent . The Hero's Journey

6873-570: Was a philosophy that resonated deeply with the American public – both religious and secular. During his later years, when some students took him to be encouraging hedonism , Campbell is reported to have grumbled, "I should have said, 'Follow your blisters . ' " Campbell's approach to myth, a genre of folklore , has been the subject of criticism from folklorists , academics who specialize in folklore studies . American folklorist Barre Toelken says that few psychologists have taken

6960-399: Was an American writer. He was a professor of literature at Sarah Lawrence College who worked in comparative mythology and comparative religion . His work covers many aspects of the human experience. Campbell's best-known work is his book The Hero with a Thousand Faces (1949), in which he discusses his theory of the journey of the archetypal hero shared by world mythologies , termed

7047-431: Was coined by Eugen Bleuler and refers to psychoanalytic approaches to therapy and research that take the unconscious into account. The term was rapidly accepted in the year of its proposal (1914) by Sigmund Freud , to cover a topographical view of the mind in terms of different psychic systems. He is considered to have revolutionized this field, which he viewed in his later years as his most significant work. Since

7134-552: Was formed as a private corporation. The name of the school was changed to the Pacifica Graduate Institute in 1989. One of the supporters of the institute's vision in the early years was the mythologist Joseph Campbell . He offered guidance to the school's founders and appeared many times as a guest speaker at the institute's public conference series. After his death, his widow, Jean Erdman Campbell , felt that Pacifica would be able to carry Campbell's work into

7221-556: Was given the task of editing and posthumously publishing Zimmer's papers, which he would do over the following decade. In 1955–1956, as the last volume of Zimmer's posthumous treatise , The Art of Indian Asia, Its Mythology and Transformations, was finally about to be published, Campbell took a sabbatical from Sarah Lawrence College and traveled, for the first time, to Asia. He spent six months in southern Asia (mostly India) and another six in East Asia (mostly Japan). This year had

7308-447: Was highly critical of both Campbell's approach to folklore, designating him as a "non-expert" and gives various examples of what he considers source bias in Campbell's theories, as well as media representation of Campbell as an expert on the subject of myth in popular culture. Dundes writes, "Folklorists have had some success in publicising the results of our efforts in the past two centuries such that members of other disciplines have, after

7395-620: Was launched in 1984 by Stan Passy, who drew on his doctoral work in archetypal psychology with James Hillman at the University of Dallas. Faculty and visiting lecturers have included Marion Woodman , Thomas Moore , Robert A. Johnson , and Marija Gimbutas . In 1996, Dr. Stephen Aizenstat was named Founding President and Gary Linker was the Vice President when the Santa Barbara Graduate School Inc.

7482-496: Was possibly the last generically American fairy tale , telling us about our values. And once the Western disappeared, nothing has ever taken its place. In literature we were going off into science fiction… so that's when I started doing more strenuous research on fairy tales, folklore , and mythology , and I started reading Joe's books. Before that I hadn't read any of Joe's books… It was very eerie because in reading The Hero with

7569-499: Was the story of the man or woman who, through great suffering, reached an experience of the eternal source and returned with gifts powerful enough to set their society free. As this story spread through space and evolved through time, it was broken down into various local forms ( masks ), depending on the social structures and environmental pressures that existed for the culture that interpreted it. The basic structure, however, has remained relatively unchanged and can be classified using

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