18-1532: P. agarexedens P. agaridevorans P. alginolyticus P. alkaliterrae P. alvei P. amylolyticus P. anaericanus P. antarcticus P. apiarius P. assamensis P. azoreducens P. azotofixans P. barcinonensis P. borealis P. brasilensis P. brassicae P. campinasensis P. chinjuensis P. chitinolyticus P. chondroitinus P. cineris P. cookii P. curdlanolyticus P. daejeonensis P. dendritiformis P. durum P. ehimensis P. elgii P. favisporus P. glucanolyticus P. glycanilyticus P. gordonae P. graminis P. granivorans P. hodogayensis P. illinoisensis P. jamilae P. kobensis P. koleovorans P. koreensis P. kribbensis P. lactis P. larvae P. lautus P. lentimorbus P. macerans P. macquariensis P. massiliensis P. mendelii P. motobuensis P. naphthalenovorans P. nematophilus P. odorifer P. pabuli P. peoriae P. phoenicis P. phyllosphaerae P. polymyxa P. popilliae P. pulvifaciens P. rhizosphaerae P. sanguinis P. stellifer Paenibacillus stellifer#1. Morphology: P. terrae P. thiaminolyticus P. timonensis P. tundrae P. turicensis P. tylopili P. validus P. vortex P. vulneris P. wynnii P. xylanilyticus Paenibacillus
36-452: A soil inoculant in agriculture and horticulture . Biofilms of P. polymyxa growing on plant roots have been shown to produce exopolysaccharides which protect the plants from pathogens. The interactions between this bacterial species and plant roots also cause the root hairs to undergo physical changes. Some strains of P. polymyxa produce antibiotics including fusaricidin and polymyxins . P. polymyxa var. colistinus produces
54-463: A strong selective force determining the microbial population in the rhizosphere. Several studies show that PGPR exert their plant growth-promoting activity by depriving native microflora of iron. Although iron is abundant in nature, the extremely low solubility of Fe at pH 7 means that most organisms face the problem of obtaining enough iron from their environments. To fulfill their requirements for iron, bacteria have developed several strategies, including
72-1069: A wide variety of synthetic reactions in fields ranging from cosmetics to biofuel production. Various Paenibacillus spp. also produce antimicrobial substances that affect a wide spectrum of micro-organisms such as fungi, soil bacteria, plant pathogenic bacteria, and even important anaerobic pathogens such as Clostridium botulinum . More specifically, several Paenibacillus species serve as efficient plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), which competitively colonize plant roots and can simultaneously act as biofertilizers and as antagonists ( biopesticides ) of recognized root pathogens, such as bacteria, fungi, and nematodes. They enhance plant growth by several direct and indirect mechanisms. Direct mechanisms include phosphate solubilization, nitrogen fixation, degradation of environmental pollutants, and hormone production. Indirect mechanisms include controlling phytopathogens by competing for resources such as iron, amino acids and sugars, as well as by producing antibiotics or lytic enzymes. Competition for iron also serves as
90-464: Is a Gram-positive bacterium capable of fixing nitrogen . It is found in soil, plant tissues, marine sediments and hot springs . It may have a role in forest ecosystems and potential future applications as a biofertilizer and biocontrol agent in agriculture. P. polymyxa can be grown in the laboratory on trypticase soy agar medium. It can also be grown on brain heart infusion agar medium. P. polymyxa might have possible future applications as
108-413: Is a genus of facultative anaerobic , endospore -forming bacteria , originally included within the genus Bacillus and then reclassified as a separate genus in 1993. Bacteria belonging to this genus have been detected in a variety of environments, such as: soil, water, rhizosphere , vegetable matter, forage and insect larvae, as well as clinical samples. The name reflects: Latin paene means almost, so
126-535: Is an intermediate host of schistosomiasis . A major challenge in the dairy industry is reducing premature spoilage of fluid milk caused by microbes. Paenibacillus is often isolated from both raw and pasteurized fluid milk. The most predominant Paenibacillus species isolated is Paenibacillus odorifer . Species in the Paenibacillus genus can sporulate to survive the pasteurization of milk and are subsequently able to germinate in refrigerated milk, despite
144-448: Is an intriguing phenomenon and reflects social behaviors of bacteria that might provide insights into the evolutionary development of the collective action of cells in higher organisms. One of the most fascinating pattern forming Paenibacillus species is P. vortex , self-lubricating, flagella -driven bacteria. P. vortex organizes its colonies by generating modules, each consisting of many bacteria, which are used as building blocks for
162-536: Is associated with the honey bee disease European foulbrood . This bacilli -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Paenibacillus polymyxa Bacillus polymyxa (Prazmowski 1880) Macé 1889 Clostridium polymyxa Prazmowski 1880 Granulobacter polymyxa (Prazmowski 1880) Beijerinck 1893 Aerobacillus polymyxa (Prazmowski 1880) Donker 1926 Pseudomonas azotogensis Voets and Debacker Paenibacillus polymyxa , also known as Bacillus polymyxa ,
180-458: Is believed to be due to a surfactant -like liquid front that actually forms a particular pattern on the Petri plate. Paenibacillus alvei Paenibacillus alvei (formerly Bacillus alvei ) is a species of bacteria within the order Bacillales . Like other species within the genus Paenibacillus , strains of this species grow in novel, vortex-like, or branched patterns. This species
198-404: Is lacking. More extensive genome sequencing could provide fundamental insights into pathways involved in complex social behavior of bacteria, and can discover a source of genes with biotechnological potential. Candidatus Paenibacillus glabratella causes white nodules and high mortality of Biomphalaria glabrata freshwater snails. This is potentially important because Biomphalaria glabrata
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#1732786671242216-409: The antibiotic colistin . Surfactant complexes isolated from P. polymyxa have been shown to be effective in disrupting biofilms of Bacillus subtilis , Micrococcus luteus , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus bovis . P. polymyxa is a source of dispase , an enzyme used to isolate cells from animal tissues. This bacilli -related article
234-946: The colony as a whole. The modules are groups of bacteria that move around a common center at about 10 μm/s. An additional intriguing pattern forming Paenibacillus species is P. dendritiformis , which generates two different morphotypes – the branching (or tip-splitting) morphotype and the chiral morphotype that is marked by curly branches with well-defined handedness (see pictures). These two pattern-forming Paenibacillus strains exhibit many distinct physiological and genetic traits, including β-galactosidase -like activity causing colonies to turn blue on X-gal plates and multiple drug resistance (MDR) (including septrin , penicillin , kanamycin , chloramphenicol , ampicillin , tetracycline , spectinomycin , streptomycin , and mitomycin C ). Colonies that are grown on surfaces in Petri dishes exhibit several-fold higher drug resistance in comparison to growth in liquid media. This particular resistance
252-465: The early 90s, which develop complex colonies with intricate architectures as shown in the pictures: Interest in Paenibacillus spp. has been rapidly growing since many were shown to be important for agriculture and horticulture (e.g. P. polymyxa ), industrial (e.g. P. amylolyticus ), and medical applications (e.g. P. peoriate ). These bacteria produce various extracellular enzymes such as polysaccharide-degrading enzymes and proteases, which can catalyze
270-433: The low temperatures. Many bacterial genera have a cold shock response , which involves the production of cold shock proteins that help the cell facilitate global translation recovery. Little is currently known about the cold shock response in Paenibacillus compared to other species, but it has been shown that Paenibacillus species contain many genetic elements associated with the cold shock response. Paenibacillus odorifer
288-424: The paenibacilli are literally "almost bacilli". The genus includes P. larvae , which causes American foulbrood in honeybees , P. polymyxa , which is capable of fixing nitrogen , so is used in agriculture and horticulture, the Paenibacillus sp. JDR-2 which is a rich source of chemical agents for biotechnology applications, and pattern-forming strains such as P. vortex and P. dendritiformis discovered in
306-447: The reduction of ferric to ferrous ions, the secretion of high-affinity iron-chelating compounds, called siderophores , and the uptake of heterologous siderophores. P. vortex's genome, for example, harbors many genes which are employed in these strategies, in particular it has the potential to produce siderophores under iron-limiting conditions. Despite the increasing interest in Paenibacillus spp., genomic information of these bacteria
324-423: Was demonstrated to carry multiple copies of these cold shock associated genetics elements. Several Paenibacillus species can form complex patterns on semisolid surfaces. Development of such complex colonies require self-organization and cooperative behavior of individual cells while employing sophisticated chemical communication called quorum sensing . Pattern formation and self-organization in microbial systems
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