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72-654: The Palouse is home to two land-grant universities : the University of Idaho in Moscow and Washington State University in Pullman . Just eight miles (13 km) apart, both schools opened in the early 1890s. The origin of the name "Palouse" is unclear. One theory is that the name of the Palus tribe (spelled in early accounts variously as Palus, Palloatpallah, Pelusha, etc.) was converted by French-Canadian fur traders to

144-566: A "Romantic" interpretation of the origins as a product of a working class democratic demand for access to higher education. Recent scholarship has abandoned this approach, showing there was little such demand. Instead middle class reformers were responsible because they thought that modern capitalism needed a better educated working class. Prior to the enactment of the Morrill Act in 1862, individual states established institutions of higher education with grants of land. The first state to do so

216-518: A "land grant" university. Over 17 million acres were granted through the federal land-grant law. Recent scholarship has emphasized that many of these federal public lands had been purchased from Indigenous peoples through treaties and land cessions, often after they were defeated in war. Approximately 25% of the individual land parcels had not been purchased at all; treaties with tribes in California, for example, had been placed under seal by

288-542: A 10-year period as he converted a wheat field into a suburban wildlife refuge. As of 1991, his 15-acre (61,000 m) yard attracted 86 species of birds, an increase from 18 (Ratti and Scott 1991). As population grew, towns and cities appeared changing the complexion of the area. By 1910, there were 22,000 people scattered in 30 communities across the Palouse Prairie. Intensification of agriculture has affected both water quantity and quality. Agriculture has changed

360-586: A diffuse pattern of rural centers, relative to the centralized Walla Walla Country Cities along the borders of the Palouse, and by some definitions included within it, include Lewiston , Idaho, serving the Camas Prairie farmlands; Ritzville , serving the eastern edge of the Big Bend Country; and Spokane , the region's major urban hub. So dominant was Spokane's position that it became known as

432-705: A few of the more than 70 institutions that developed from the Morrill Acts retain "College" in their official names; most are universities. The University of the District of Columbia received land-grant status in 1967 and a $ 7.24 million endowment ( USD ) in lieu of a land grant. In a 1972 Special Education Amendment, American Samoa , Guam , Micronesia , Northern Marianas , and the Virgin Islands each received $ 3 million. In 1994, 29 tribal colleges and universities became land-grant institutions under

504-537: A full spectrum of educational and research opportunities. Some land-grant colleges are private, including Cornell University , the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and Tuskegee University . The concept of federal support for agricultural and technical educational institutions in every state first rose to national attention through the efforts of Jonathan Baldwin Turner of Illinois in

576-489: A funding system that would allow states to modernize their weak higher educational systems. The Morrill Act of 1862 provided federal land to states to establish colleges. Ownership went to the schools which, in turn, sold the land to businesses and farmers. The law specified the mission of these institutions: to focus on the teaching of practical agriculture, science, military science, and engineering—although "without excluding other scientific and classical studies." This mission

648-503: A historically black university, is the only current land-grant university to have lost land-grant status (when desegregation cost it its state funding in 1957) and subsequently regain it, which happened in 2001. The land-grant college system has been seen as a major contributor in the faster growth rate of the U.S. economy that led to its overtaking the United Kingdom as economic superpower , according to research by faculty from

720-594: A large number of animal species. Some animals in the region include both mule and white-tailed deer , coyotes , bobcats , California quails , yellow-bellied marmots , and red-tailed hawks . While there is some debate over how frequently the Palouse prairie burned historically, there is consensus that fires are generally less frequent today than in the past, primarily due to fire suppression, construction of roads (which serve as barriers to fire spread) and conversion of grass and forests to cropland (Morgan et al. 1996). Historians recount lightning-ignited fires burning in

792-806: Is an institution of higher education in the United States designated by a state to receive the benefits of the Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890 , or a beneficiary under the Equity in Educational Land-Grant Status Act of 1994. There are 106 institutions in all : 57 which fall under the 1862 Act, 19 under the 1890 Act, and 35 under the 1994 Act. With Southerners absent during the Civil War, Republicans in Congress set up

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864-531: Is one of the most endangered ecosystems in the United States (Noss et al. 1995), as only a little over one percent of the original prairie still exists. The only large preserved patches of this ecosystem left are found in Hells Canyon National Recreation Area and in the southern portion of Lake Roosevelt National Recreation Area . Riparian areas offer breeding habitat for a greater diversity of birds than any other habitat in

936-637: Is the most important lentil -growing region in the USA. The peculiar and picturesque loess hills which characterize the Palouse Prairie are underlain by wind-blown sediments of the Palouse Loess that covers the surface of over 50,000 km (19,000 sq mi) on the Columbia Plateau in southeastern Washington, western Idaho, and northeastern Oregon. The Palouse Loess forms a fine-grained mantle of variable thickness that lies upon either

1008-559: The Agricultural College of the State of Michigan , receiving an appropriation of 14,000 acres (57 km ) of state-owned land. The Farmers' High School of Pennsylvania (later to become The Pennsylvania State University ) followed as a state agricultural land-grant school on February 22 of that year. Michigan State and Penn State were subsequently designated as the federal land-grant colleges for their states in 1863. In 1955,

1080-655: The Appaloosa , is another major agricultural region located in the gently rolling hills of southeastern Washington and extending into Idaho. In northern Idaho, the precipitation from the Pacific Ocean over the North Central Rockies forests , create the North American inland temperate rainforest . The Coeur d'Alene Mountains of this range is noted for its natural resource wealth, particularly

1152-664: The Blue Mountains of Oregon and foothills of the Wallowa Mountains to the south, southeast, and encompasses the Columbia river basin (or Columbia Plateau ). Between the three mountain ranges are large, sweeping areas of semi-arid steppe , part of which has been irrigated due to the Columbia Basin Project , resulting in expansive farmland in central Washington. The Palouse , original home of

1224-794: The Clearwater River , which separated it from the Camas Prairie , extending north along the Washington and Idaho border, south of Spokane , centered on the Palouse River . This region underwent a settlement and wheat-growing boom during the 1880s, part of a larger process of growing wheat in southeast Washington, originally pioneered in Walla Walla County south of the Snake River. While this definition of

1296-467: The Idaho side experiences a mostly dry summer continental climate . The Inland Northwest is home to seven Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA), eight if Western Montana is included, as defined by the U.S. Census Bureau. The two largest centers of population are formed out of multiple neighboring MSAs that are classified as Combined Statistical Areas . The largest in the region is the conurbation formed by

1368-590: The Improving America's Schools Act of 1994 . As of 2008, 32 tribal colleges and universities have land-grant status in the U.S. Most of these colleges grant two-year degrees. Six are four-year institutions, and two offer a master's degree. In the early 21st century, a growing number of land-grant universities have placed land acknowledgment statements on their websites in recognition of the fact that their institutions occupy lands that were once traditional territories of Native American peoples. For example,

1440-692: The Inland Empire , is a region of the American Northwest centered on the Greater Spokane, Washington Area , encompassing all of Eastern Washington and North Idaho . Under broader definitions, Northeastern Oregon and Western Montana may be included in the Inland Northwest. Alternatively, stricter definitions may exclude Central Washington and Idaho County, Idaho . As of 2016 , the U.S. Census Bureau estimated

1512-525: The Inland Empire , the Wheat Belt, the Columbia Basin , or simply Eastern Washington, Oregon, or North Idaho. Early farming was extremely labor-intensive and relied heavily on human and horse-power. An organized harvesting/threshing team in the 1920s required 120 men and 320 mules and horses. Teams moved from farm to farm as the crops ripened. By this point, the combine had been invented and

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1584-782: The Miocene Columbia River Basalt Group , non-glacial Pliocene fluvial sediments of the Ringold Formation , or Pleistocene glacial outburst flood sediments that are known informally as the Hanford formation. At its thickest, the Palouse Loess is up to 75 meters (246 ft) thick. It consists of multiple layers of loess separated by multiple well-defined calcrete paleosols and erosional unconformities . The degree of development of individual layers of calcrete together with thermoluminescence and optically stimulated luminescence dating of

1656-736: The Silver Valley with its mining heritage dating back to the 1880s. Spokane , the region's largest city, is located near where the arid, and largely unforested Columbia plateau meets the lush forests of the Selkirk Mountains . The urban area stretches east into Idaho along the I-90 corridor through the Spokane River valley. Across the border in Idaho the suburbs stretch into the cities of Post Falls and Coeur d'Alene on

1728-516: The South Palouse River , this process was so efficient that by 1900 farming was possible where it had been too wet previously (Victor 1935). Replacement of perennial grasses with annual crops resulted in more overland flow and less infiltration, which translates at a watershed level to higher peak flows that subside more quickly than in the past. Once perennial prairie streams are now often dry by mid-summer. This has undoubtedly influenced

1800-696: The Spokane Civic Theatre and several other amateur community theaters and smaller groups. The First Interstate Center for the Arts often hosts large traveling exhibitions, shows, and tours. In the Tri-Cities, the Richland Players Theater has offered live performances annually for over 70 years. Originally known as The Village Players, the theater group was created in 1944 to bring music, comedy, and cultural opportunities to

1872-732: The State University of New York . The three-part mission of the land-grant university continues to evolve in the twenty-first century. What originally was described as "teaching, research, and service" was renamed "learning, discovery, and engagement" by the Kellogg Commission on the Future of State and Land-Grant Universities. It was later recast as "talent, innovation, and place" by the Association of Public and Land-grant Universities (APLU). Historians once presented

1944-524: The Texas A&;M University System , the land-grant missions for agricultural research and extension have been relegated to a statewide agency of the university system rather than the main campus. Its agricultural missions, including the agricultural college at the system's flagship campus , are now under the umbrella of Texas A&M AgriLife . Inland Empire (Pacific Northwest) The Inland Northwest , historically and alternatively known as

2016-745: The Western Hockey League 's Spokane Chiefs and Tri-City Americans ; and the Spokane Velocity and Spokane Zephyr teams in soccer . The Spokane area is served by The Spokesman-Review , a daily newspaper, as well as the Inlander , an alternative weekly , and the bi-weekly Spokane Journal of Business . Spokane is the 73rd largest TV market in the nation according to Nielsen . KREM carries CBS on channel 2, KXLY carries ABC on channel 4, KHQ carries NBC on channel 6 and KAYU carries FOX on channel 28. The Tri-Cities

2088-460: The 1870s, the Walla Walla region was rapidly converted to farmland, while the initial experiments in growing wheat began in the Palouse region, which previously had been the domain of cattle and sheep ranching. When those trials proved more than successful, a minor land rush quickly filled the Palouse region with farmers during the 1880s. The simultaneous proliferation of railroads only increased

2160-435: The 1930s. Since then, forest fires have become less common. One result has been increasing tree density on forested lands and encroachment of shrubs and trees into previously open areas. Consequently, when fires occur in the forest, they are more likely to result in mixed severity or stand replacing events. Land-grant university A land-grant university (also called land-grant college or land-grant institution )

2232-494: The District of Columbia and the "1994 land-grant colleges" for Native Americans were also awarded cash by Congress in lieu of land to achieve "land-grant" status. In imitation of the land-grant colleges' focus on agricultural and mechanical research, Congress later established programs of sea grant colleges (aquatic research, in 1966), space grant colleges (space research, in 1988), and sun grant colleges (sustainable energy research, in 2003). West Virginia State University ,

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2304-480: The Eureka Flats area. Although superficially resembling sand or other types of dunes, the loess hills of the Palouse are of far different origin. Internally, they lack any evidence of cross-bedding or erosion of interbedded layers of loess and calcrete that characterize dunes formed by moving currents. Instead, these hills consist of alternating layers of loess and calcrete that are more or less concordant with

2376-717: The Fox , restored to its original 1931 Art Deco state after years of being derelict, is home to the Spokane Symphony Orchestra . The Metropolitan Performing Arts Center was restored in 1988 and renamed the Bing Crosby Theater in 2006 to honor the former Spokanite. Touring stand-up comedians are hosted by the Spokane Comedy Club. Theater is provided by Spokane's only resident professional company, The Modern Theater, though there are also

2448-517: The Inland Northwest. In the mid and late 1860s, there was a proposal centered on Lewiston in northern Idaho for a Columbia Territory to be formed in the region from parts of what is now eastern Washington, northern Idaho and western Montana. In 1901, another proposal was made, this time to combine the Idaho Panhandle with Eastern Washington to create the State of Lincoln . A third proposal

2520-532: The Palouse Grasslands ecoregion broadly. The community of Palouse , Washington, is located in Whitman County , about 7 miles (11 km) west of Potlatch , Idaho. Nevertheless, the traditional definition of the Palouse region is distinct from the older Walla Walla region south of the Snake River, where dryland farming of wheat was first proved viable in the region in the 1860s. During

2592-607: The Palouse remains common today, the term is sometimes used to refer to the entire wheat-growing region, including Walla Walla County, the Camas Prairie of Idaho, the Big Bend region of the central Columbia River Plateau , and other smaller agricultural districts such as Asotin County , Washington, and Umatilla County , Oregon. This larger definition is used by organizations such as the World Wide Fund for Nature , who define

2664-617: The Spokane and Coeur d'Alene MSAs, the Spokane-Coeur d'Alene combined statistical area, which ranks 70th in the nation. The second largest center is the Kennewick-Richland-Walla Walla combined statistical area, which is made up of the Tri-Cities and Walla Walla and ranks as the 103rd largest in the nation. * Sometimes considered to be in the region Agriculture dominates the economy across large swaths of

2736-442: The U.S. (Ratti and Scott 1991). Loss of trees and shrubs along stream corridors means fewer birds and eventually fewer species. The majority of riparian areas have been lost across the bioregion. Lately, conversion of agricultural lands to suburban homesites on large plots invites a new suite of biodiversity onto the Palouse Prairie. University of Idaho wildlife professor J. Ratti documented changes in bird community composition over

2808-499: The U.S. Postal service issued a commemorative stamp to celebrate the two institutions as "first of the land-grant type institutions to be founded." The mission of the land-grant universities was expanded by the Hatch Act of 1887 , which provided federal funds to states to establish a series of agricultural experiment stations under the direction of each state's land-grant college, as well as pass along new information, especially in

2880-552: The U.S. Senate and were unratified at the time of the land grant. Upon passage of the federal land-grant law in 1862, Iowa was the first state legislature to accept its provisions, on September 11, 1862. Iowa designated the State Agricultural College (now Iowa State University ) as the land-grant college on March 29, 1864. The first land-grant institution open under the Act was Kansas State University , which

2952-518: The University of Illinois System states, These lands were the traditional birthright of indigenous peoples who were forcibly removed and who have faced two centuries of struggle for survival and identity in the wake of dispossession. We hereby acknowledge the ground on which we stand so that all who come here know that we recognize our responsibilities to the peoples of that land and that we strive to address that history so that it guides our work in

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3024-562: The amphibious and aquatic species. Crop production increased dramatically (200–400%) after the introduction of fertilizer following World War II. Since 1900, 94% of the grasslands and 97% of the wetlands in the Palouse ecoregion have been converted to crop, hay, or pasture lands. Approximately 63% of the lands in forest cover in 1900 are still forested, 9% are grass, and 7% are regenerating forestlands or shrublands. The remaining 21% of previously forested lands have been converted to agriculture or urban areas. The impacts of domestic grazers on

3096-601: The areas of soil minerals and plant growth. The outreach mission was further expanded by the Smith–Lever Act of 1914 to include cooperative extension —the sending of agents into rural areas to help bring the results of agricultural research to the end users. Beyond the original land grants, each land-grant college receives annual federal appropriations for research and extension work on the condition that those funds are matched by state funds. While today's land-grant universities were initially known as land-grant colleges , only

3168-492: The calcrete horizons are paleosols that represent the periodic cessation of loess accumulation for periods of thousands of years during which they formed within the surface of a loess layer. Once an extensive prairie composed of mid-length perennial grasses such as bluebunch wheatgrass ( Agropyron spicatum ) and Idaho fescue ( Festuca idahoensis ), today virtually all of the Palouse Prairie has been plowed or overrun by non-native species such as cheatgrass . The native prairie

3240-413: The capital of the Inland Empire , including all the wheat-producing regions, the local mining districts, and lumber-producing forests. Spokane also served as the region's main railroad and transportation hub. By 1910, although local terms like Palouse, Walla Walla Country, Big Bend, Umatilla Country, and Camas Prairie continued to be common, many people of the region began to regard themselves as living in

3312-619: The combined population of eastern Washington and north Idaho alone to be 2,240,645, comparable to that of New Mexico . Its Canadian counterpart, north of the border, is the British Columbia Interior , which together comprise the inland portion of the broader Pacific Northwest . Significant urban centers include the Spokane–Coeur d'Alene area and the Tri-Cities . There have been several proposals to politically unite

3384-572: The grasslands of the Palouse and Camas Prairies was transitory because much of the areas were rapidly converted to agriculture. However, the canyonlands of the Snake and Clearwater rivers and their tributaries with their much shallower soils, steep topography, and hotter, drier climate, were largely unsuitable for crop production and were consequently used for a much longer period by grazing domestic animals (Tisdale 1986). There, intense grazing and other disturbances have resulted in irreversible changes with

3456-425: The hydrology, increasing peak runoff flows and shortening the length of runoff. The result is more intense erosion and loss of perennial prairie streams. As early as the 1930s soil scientists were noting significant downcutting of regional rivers (Victor 1935) and expansion of channel width. Higher, faster runoff caused streams to downcut quickly, effectively lowering the water table in immediately adjacent meadows. On

3528-565: The land-grant colleges, and funded the founding of new land-grant colleges for African Americans (now called historically black colleges and universities or HBCU). The 1994 expansion gave land-grant status and benefits to several tribal colleges and universities . Most of the state schools were coeducational—indeed they led the way in that reform. A new department was added: home economics . However, relatively few women attended and they had second-class status. Ultimately, most land-grant schools became large state universities that today offer

3600-486: The late 1840s. However the first land-grant bill was introduced in Congress by Representative Justin Smith Morrill of Vermont in 1857. The bill passed in 1859, but was vetoed by President James Buchanan . Morrill resubmitted his bill in 1861, and President Abraham Lincoln signed the Morrill Act into law in 1862. The law gave every state and territory 30,000 acres per member of Congress to be used in establishing

3672-412: The latter types of parcels. For instance, they could identify what portions of their current resources are traceable to Native American lands and reallocate some of those resources to help Native Americans. Land-grant universities are not to be confused with sea grant colleges (a program instituted in 1966), space grant colleges (instituted in 1988), or sun grant colleges (instituted in 2003). In

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3744-641: The local community. Today, the theater has more than 7,500 attendees annually attracting audiences from across the region such as Spokane, Yakima, and Walla Walla. The theater also serves the local community by bringing local retirees to shows and accommodating the visually and hearing impaired (with the participation of non-profit United Blind). The Inland Northwest is home to the Spokane Indians and Tri-City Dust Devils , professional teams in Minor League Baseball 's Northwest League ;

3816-442: The loess indicate that each calcrete layer represents a period of thousands to tens of thousands of years of nondeposition, weathering, and soil development that occurred between episodic periods of loess deposition. A consistent sequence of normal-reverse-normal polarity signatures demonstrates that the older layers of loess accumulated between 2 and 1 million years ago. Detailed optically stimulated luminescence dating has shown that

3888-501: The modern surface of these hills. This layering demonstrates that the Palouse hills loess accumulated from the airfall of wind-silt from suspension. In addition, the ubiquitous homogenization of the loess by innumerable plant roots and insect burrows as it accumulated further supports the conclusion drawn from numerous thermoluminescence and optically stimulated luminescence dates that individual layers of loess accumulated over an extended period of time in terms of thousands of years. Finally,

3960-542: The more familiar French word pelouse , meaning "land with short and thick grass" or "lawn." Over time, the spelling changed to Palouse. Another theory is that the region's name came from the French word and was later applied to its indigenous inhabitants. Traditionally, the Palouse region was defined as the fertile hills and prairies north of the Snake River , which separated it from Walla Walla County, and north of

4032-485: The native grasses largely replaced by annual grasses of the genus Bromus and noxious weeds, particularly from the genus Centaurea . The highly competitive plants of both of these genera evolved under similar climatic regimes in Eurasia and were introduced to the U.S. in the late 19th century. With the adoption of no-till farming practices in the Palouse region in the early 2000s, the negative environmental impact of agriculture has visibly decreased. The Palouse boasts

4104-404: The north shore of Lake Coeur d'Alene . The Northeastern Washington and North Idaho portion of the Inland Empire are mountainous and forested, and the crest of the Bitterroot Range of the Rocky Mountains forms part of the eastern boundary of the Inland Empire region, while the Columbia River forms a significant part of its southern boundary. The Washington side is generally semi-arid , while

4176-427: The pine fringes bordering the prairies in late autumn, but the extent to which forest fires spread into the prairie or the converse is not known. Some fire ecologists believe the Nez Perce burned the Palouse and Camas Prairies to encourage growth of Camas (Morgan, pers. comm.); but there is little historical record to solve the mystery. European-American settlers used fire to clear land for settlement and grazing until

4248-638: The present and the future. Another example comes from the University of Connecticut which states, We would like to begin by acknowledging that the land on which we gather is the territory of the Eastern Pequot, Golden Hill Paugussett, Lenape, Mashantucket Pequot, Mohegan, Nipmuc and Schaghticoke Peoples who have stewarded this land throughout the generations. We thank them for their strength and resilience in protecting this land, and aspire to uphold our responsibilities according to their example. In an article in High Country News , Robert Lee and Tristan Ahtone criticized such statements for failing to acknowledge

4320-459: The rapid settlement of the Palouse. By 1890 nearly all the Palouse lands had been taken up and converted to wheat farming. Unlike the Walla Walla Country, which was solidly anchored on the city of Walla Walla , the Palouse region saw the rise of at least four centers, all within several miles of each other: Colfax (the oldest), Palouse , Pullman , and on the Idaho side, Moscow . These four centers, along with at least ten lesser ones, resulted in

4392-402: The region. The Palouse is a major producer of wheat and lentils. The Columbia Basin Project opened up 670,000 acres of the Columbia Plateau to irrigated farming. The Yakima Valley is the nation's leading grower of hops as well as a major wine producing region. Washington is second to only California nationally in terms of wine production, with Eastern Washington being home to 19 of

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4464-413: The seventy colleges and universities which eventually evolved from the Morrill Acts are several of today's historically black colleges and universities . Though the 1890 Act granted cash instead of land, it granted colleges under that act the same legal standing as the 1862 Act colleges; hence the term "land-grant college" properly applies to both groups. Later on, other colleges such as the University of

4536-428: The state's 20 recognized American Viticultural Areas . In Spokane, the Davenport Arts District has the largest concentration of art galleries and is home to many of Spokane's main performing arts venues, including the Knitting Factory , Fox Theater , and Bing Crosby Theater . The Knitting Factory is a concert house that serves as a setting for many mainstream touring musicians and acts. The Martin Woldson Theater at

4608-443: The state. The federal Hatch Act of 1887 established an agricultural experiment station at each school to conduct original research related to the needs of improving agriculture, as well as a system to disseminate information to the farmers eager to innovate. By 1917 Congress funded the teaching of agricultural subjects in the new public high schools that were opening. The Second Morrill Act of 1890 further expanded federal funding for

4680-442: The true breadth of the benefits derived by European Americans from formerly Native American land. They pointed out that land grants were used not only for campus sites but also included many other parcels that universities rented or sold to generate funds that formed the basis of their endowments. Lee and Ahtone also pointed out that only a few land-grant universities have undertaken significant efforts at reconciliation with respect to

4752-488: The uppermost layer of Palouse Loess accumulated between 15,000 years ago and modern times and the layer of loess underlying it accumulated episodically between about 77,000 and 16,000 years ago. Regional trends in the distribution, thickness, texture, and overall composition of the Palouse Loess indicate that it largely consists of the wind-blown sediments eroded from fine-grained deposits of the Hanford formation that were periodically deposited by repeated Missoula Floods within

4824-478: Was Georgia, which set aside 40,000 acres for higher education in 1784 and incorporated the University of Georgia in 1785. The College Lands were a tract of land in Ohio that the Congress in 1787 donated for the support of a university. The Ohio state legislature assigned the lands in 1804 to the creation of a new school, Ohio University . Michigan State University was chartered under state law as an agricultural land-grant institution on February 12, 1855, as

4896-513: Was established on February 16, 1863, and opened on September 2, 1863. A second Morrill Act was passed in 1890, aimed at the former Confederate states . This act required each state to show that race was not an admissions criterion, or else to designate a separate land-grant institution for persons of color. This latter clause had the effect of facilitating segregated education, although it also provided higher educational opportunities for persons of color who otherwise would not have had them. Among

4968-410: Was harvested using combines. The next step in mechanization was development of the tractor . As with the combines, the first steam engine and gasoline-powered tractors were too heavy and awkward for use on the steep Palouse hills. The smaller, general use tractors introduced in the 1920s were only marginally used. As a result, by 1930, only 20% of Palouse farmers used tractors. Today, the Palouse region

5040-484: Was in contrast to the historic practice of existing colleges which offered a narrow Classical curriculum based heavily on Latin, Greek and mathematics. The Morrill Act quickly stimulated the creation of new state colleges and the expansion of existing institutions to include these new mandates. In every state by 1914, the land-grant colleges gained political support and expanded the definition and scope of university curricula to include advanced research and outreach across

5112-434: Was in use, but few farmers had enough horses to pull such a machine, which required a crew of 40 horses and six men to operate on level ground. Because of this, use of combines on the Palouse lagged behind use in other farming communities in the United States. It was only when the Idaho Harvester Company in Moscow began to manufacture a smaller machine that combine harvesting became feasible. By 1930, 90% of all Palouse wheat

5184-675: Was popularized in the late 1920s to consist of eastern Washington, northern Idaho and western Montana to the Continental Divide. Oregon (often included) Montana (sometimes included; never included as part of the Inland Empire) The region is bounded by the Cascade Mountains on the west and the Rocky Mountains (following the spine of the remote and rugged Cabinet Mountains ) on the east,

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