A moveable feast is an observance in a Christian liturgical calendar which occurs on different dates in different years.
65-598: Palm Sunday is the Christian moveable feast that falls on the Sunday before Easter . The feast commemorates Christ's triumphal entry into Jerusalem , an event mentioned in each of the four canonical Gospels . Its name originates from the palm branches waved by the crowd to greet and honor Jesus Christ as he entered the city. Palm Sunday marks the first day of Holy Week ; in Western Christianity , this
130-523: A Julian year of the form 28n+21. In Islam , all holidays fixed to the lunar Islamic calendar vary completely within the Gregorian calendar, shifting by 10 or 11 days each year and moving through the entire Gregorian year over the course of about 33 years (making 34 Islamic years). Jesus wept " Jesus wept " ( Koinē Greek : ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς , romanized: edákrusen ho Iēsoûs , pronounced [ɛˈdakrysɛn (h)o i.eˈsus] )
195-813: A figure of Christ is traditionally trundled with the procession of the faithful. In most of the Catholic churches in India the palms are blessed by the priest on Palm Sunday and then distributed among the people after the holy mass. There is a tradition of folding palm fronds into palm crosses, which are kept at the altar till the next Ash Wednesday . In the South Indian state of Kerala (and in Indian Orthodox , Church of South India (CSI), Syro-Malankara Catholic Church , and Syriac Orthodox Church (Jacobite) congregations elsewhere in India and throughout
260-582: A palm stem was charred and a cross was marked on eggs set for hatching, while in parts of Counties Galway and Mayo, shredded palm was mixed through the seed grain. The coincidence of Palm Sunday and Saint Patrick's Day (March 17), "when the shamrock and the palm are worn together," was said to presage a great event; this last happened in 1940, at the beginning of the Second World War , and will not reoccur until 2391. In Italy , palm leaves are used along with small olive branches, readily available in
325-538: A secondary meaning in the symbolism. In Luke 19:41 as Jesus approaches Jerusalem, he looks at the city and weeps over it (an event known as Flevit super illam in Latin ), foretelling his coming Passion and the suffering that awaits the city in the events of the destruction of the Second Temple . In many lands in the ancient Near East , it was customary to cover in some way the path of someone thought worthy of
390-651: A week before his resurrection . Only the Gospel of John shows a timeline of the event, dated six days before the Passover . The raising of Lazarus is mentioned only by the Gospel of John, in the previous chapter. The Eastern Orthodox Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches which follows the Byzantine Rite , commemorate it on Lazarus Saturday , following the text of the Gospel. In fact,
455-593: Is lunisolar , as are others in East Asia based on it. This causes the timing of the Chinese New Year , the Mid-Autumn Festival , and several other holidays —all traditionally associated with various rituals and offerings —to vary within the Gregorian calendar, usually within a space of two months. In Judaism , all holidays fixed to the lunisolar traditional calendar move relative to
520-724: Is a phrase famous for being the shortest verse in the King James Version of the Bible, as well as in many other translations . It is not the shortest in the original languages. The phrase is found in the Gospel of John , chapter 11, verse 35 . Verse breaks—or versification —were introduced into the Greek text by Robert Estienne in 1551 in order to make the texts easier to cite and compare. This verse occurs in John's narrative of
585-475: Is an old Karelian custom called virpominen . It is customary for the children to chant, with some variation, "Virvon varvon tuoreeks, terveeks, tulevaks vuodeks, vitsa sulle, palkka mulle!" which very roughly translates as "I'm wishing you a fresh, healthy upcoming year, a branch for you, a prize for me!" The chant has been translated in Juha Vuorinen 's novel Totally Smashed! as "Willow switch, I'm
650-427: Is called "Pussy Willow Sunday", and pussy willows – symbolizing new life – are blessed and distributed to the faithful. Children are often awakened that morning with ritualistic swats of a willow branch. When Christianity came to Lithuania, the plants which sprouted earliest were honored during spring feasts. The name "Palm Sunday" is a misnomer; the "verba" or "dwarfed spruce" is used instead. According to tradition, on
715-468: Is known in Irish as Domhnach an Iúir , "Yew Sunday." The historian Patrick Weston Joyce noted that yew was always called "palm" in his 1830s childhood, and he only later learned the tree's correct name. "Palm" branches were often worn in the buttonhole or hung on the wall; the second practise is still common, and palm branches are blessed with holy water at Catholic Masses . In the past in some areas,
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#1732765850371780-454: Is notably a family occasion. On this day, children attend church with branches from olive and palm trees. Also, there will be carefully woven crosses and other symbols made from palm fronds and roses and a procession at the beginning of the liturgy, during which at some point, the priest will take an olive branch and splash holy water on the faithful. All the parishes of Malta and Gozo on Palm Sunday ( Maltese : Ħadd il-Palm ) bless
845-523: Is the Lenten fast , which is held for the 40 days prior to Easter. Most other feast days , such as those of particular saints , are fixed feasts , held on the same date every year. However, some observances are always held on the same day of the week , and thus occur on a range of days without depending on the date of Easter. For example, the start of Advent is the Sunday nearest November 30. In addition,
910-515: Is the animal of war. A king would have ridden a horse when he was bent on war and ridden a donkey to symbolize his arrival in peace. Christ's entry to Jerusalem would have thus symbolized his entry as the Prince of Peace , not as a war-waging king. Thus there have been two different meanings (or more levels of biblical hermeneutics ): an historical meaning, truly happening according to the Gospels, and
975-532: Is the annual commencement of the sh'elah period during which diaspora Jews add a petition for rain to their daily prayers , which occurs on 23 November (Julian) in most years and on 24 November (Julian) when the following year will be a Julian leap year . The second is the Birkat Hachama ("Blessing of the Sun"), a ceremony performed once every 28 years, which always occurs on Wednesday, 26 March (Julian), in
1040-610: Is the beginning of the last week of the solemn season of Lent , preceding Eastertide , while in Eastern Christianity , Holy Week commences after the conclusion of Great Lent . In most Christian rites , Palm Sunday is celebrated by the blessing and distribution of palm branches (or the branches of other, native trees), representing the palm branches that the crowd scattered before Christ as he rode into Jerusalem . These palms are sometimes woven into crosses . The difficulty of procuring palms in unfavorable climates led to
1105-646: The Dr Ruth Galloway series, and Jason Matthews in Red Sparrow . This usage is also evidenced in films and television programmes including Lawrence of Arabia (1962), Get Carter (1971), Razorback (1984), Hellraiser (1987), Drop the Dead Donkey (1990), The Stand (1994), Michael Collins (1996), Dogma (1999), Notes on a Scandal (2006), True Blood , Cranford , The Bank Job (all 2008), Blitz (2011), Call
1170-697: The Four Species carried for Sukkot , as prescribed for rejoicing in Leviticus 23:40. In the Greco-Roman culture of the Roman Empire , which strongly influenced Christian tradition, the palm branch was a symbol of triumph and victory. It became the most common attribute of the goddess Nike or Victoria . For contemporary Roman observers, the procession would have evoked the Roman triumph , when
1235-542: The Holy Name , which constitutes a sin . In 1965, broadcaster Richard Dimbleby accidentally used the expletive live on air during the state visit of Elizabeth II to West Germany . It is a common expletive in novels by author Stephen King . In his book On Writing , he explained that in grade school he was forced to memorize a verse from the Bible, so he picked "Jesus wept" due to its short length. Other authors using it as an expletive include Neil Gaiman in
1300-623: The Mass which follows the procession. The Catholic Church considers the blessed palms to be sacramentals . The vestments for the day are deep scarlet red, the colour of blood, indicating the supreme redemptive sacrifice Christ was entering the city to make, to fulfill his passion and resurrection in Jerusalem. In the Episcopal and many other Anglican churches and in Lutheran churches, as well,
1365-1150: The Sandman series , Bernard Cornwell in the Sharpe series , Mick Herron in the Slough House series, David Lodge in Nice Work , Mike Carey in the Hellblazer series and The Devil You Know , Garth Ennis in The Boys (comics) , Peter F. Hamilton in The Night's Dawn Trilogy , Mark Haddon in The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time , Dan Simmons in Hyperion Cantos , Minette Walters in Fox Evil , Elly Griffiths in
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#17327658503711430-480: The Sementivae or Paganalia honoring Ceres and Tellus that varied to allow them to occur in the proper season and conditions. Michels has argued that such moveable feasts were probably universal before the adoption of the lunar-based nundinal cycle , the earliest Italian calendars most likely being observational and based on natural cycles like vernation and ripening . The traditional Chinese calendar
1495-511: The triumphator laid down his arms and wore the toga , the civilian garment of peace that might be ornamented with emblems of the palm. Although the Epistles of Paul refer to Jesus as "triumphing", the entry into Jerusalem may not have been regularly pictured as a triumphal procession in this sense before the 13th century. In ancient Egyptian religion , the palm was carried in funeral processions and represented eternal life. The martyr's palm
1560-495: The 15th through the 17th centuries in England, Palm Sunday was frequently marked by the burning of Jack o' Lent figures. This was a straw effigy which would be stoned and abused on Ash Wednesday, and kept in the parish for burning on Palm Sunday. The symbolism was believed to be a kind of revenge on Judas Iscariot , who had betrayed Christ. The effigy could also have represented the hated figure of Winter, whose destruction prepares
1625-812: The 20th century. In Eastern Christianity (including the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Oriental Orthodox Churches, the Assyrian Church of the East, and the Eastern Catholic Churches), these moveable feasts form what is called the Paschal cycle , which stands in contrast to the approach taken by Catholic and Protestant Christianity . Not all observances are feasts, and among those that are moveable
1690-823: The Divine Liturgy commemorates the "Entry of the Lord into Jerusalem", so the meaningfulness of this moment is punctuated on Palm Sunday as everyone stands, holding their branches and lit candles. The faithful take these branches and candles home with them after the liturgy, and keep them in their icon corner as an evloghia (blessing). In Russia, donkey walk processions took place in different cities, but most importantly in Novgorod and, from 1558 until 1693, in Moscow. These were prominently featured in testimonies by foreign witnesses and mentioned in contemporary Western maps of
1755-505: The Easter witch! I wish you health and a love that's rich! From me I bring some luck today, for this branch what will you pay?" In some regions of Germany, long stakes with pussy willow, box and other twigs are taken for the Palm procession rather than nosegays . In some Southern regions either the priest leads the palm procession, riding on a donkey, or a wooden donkey (called Palmesel ) with
1820-458: The Gospels, Jesus Christ rode on a donkey into Jerusalem, and the celebrating people there laid down their cloaks and small branches of trees in front of him, singing part of Psalm 118: 25–26 – Blessed is He who comes in the name of the Lord. We bless you from the house of the Lord. The symbolism of the donkey may refer to the Eastern tradition that it is an animal of peace, unlike the horse which
1885-517: The Gregorian calendar, again usually within a space of two months. In addition, there are two observances that are moveable within both systems, being based on the Shmuelian tekufot approximations of the equinoxes and solstices established by Samuel of Nehardea . Samuel fixed them to the Julian calendar , which slowly slips out of alignment with the Gregorian over a span of several centuries. The first
1950-537: The Jewish calendar dates begin at sundown of the night beforehand, and conclude at nightfall . The Gospel of Matthew states that this happened that the prophecy might be fulfilled of: Zechariah 9:9 "The Coming of Zion's King – See, your king comes to you, righteous and victorious, lowly and riding on a donkey, on a colt, the foal of a donkey". It suggests that Jesus was declaring he was the King of Israel . According to
2015-492: The Mediterranean climate. These are placed at house entrances (for instance, hanging above the door) to last until the following year's Palm Sunday. For this reason, usually palm leaves are not used whole, due to their size; instead, leaf strips are braided into smaller shapes. Small olive branches are also often used to decorate traditional Easter cakes, along with other symbols of birth, like eggs. In Latvia, Palm Sunday
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2080-528: The Midwife (2013), Community (2015), The Magnificent Seven (2016), The Haunting of Hill House , Derry Girls (both 2018), Troop Zero (2019), Silent Witness (2023), and Murder in a Small Town (2024). Car journalist Jeremy Clarkson of the hit show Top Gear used the expletive many times during the show’s 22nd season. The verse is also used in the The 's song "Angels of Deception" from
2145-790: The Saturday before Palm Sunday the Lithuanians take special care in choosing and cutting well-formed branches, which the women-folk decorate with flowers. The flowers are meticulously tied onto the branches, making the "Verba". In Israel , Jordan , Lebanon , Palestine , and Syria , Palm Sunday ( Shaa'nineh in Arabic) Is perhaps the best-attended liturgy in the Christian Calendar, among the Orthodox , Catholic ( Latin and Eastern ), and Anglican Churches, perhaps because it
2210-722: The arrival in India of Saint Thomas the Apostle (traditionally dated to AD 52) and his evangelism among both the Brahmans of the Malabar Coast and the ancient Jewish community there. Its rites and ceremonies are Jewish, Indian and Levantine Christian, in origin. In Syro-Malabar Catholic Church 's palm leaves are blessed during Palm Sunday ceremony and a Procession takes place holding the palms. In Ireland 's cold climate, real palm leaves are generally not available, so yew , silver fir , spruce or cypress are used instead; it
2275-615: The banner of triumph and victory, and we cry to Thee, O Conqueror of death, Hosanna in the highest! Blessed is He that cometh in the Name of the Lord. In the Russian Orthodox Church , Ukrainian Orthodox Church , Ukrainian Catholic Church , Ruthenian Catholic Church , Polish , Bavarian and Austrian Roman Catholics , and various other Eastern European peoples, the custom developed of using pussy willow and other twigs like box tree instead of palm fronds because
2340-487: The church , terminated the custom. It has been occasionally recreated in the 21st century. In Oriental Orthodox churches, palm fronds are distributed at the front of the church at the sanctuary steps. In India the sanctuary itself is strewn with marigolds, and the congregation proceeds through and outside the church. In ancient times, palm branches symbolized goodness and victory. They were often depicted on coins and important buildings. Solomon had palm branches carved into
2405-516: The church building (or in cold climates in the narthex when Easter falls early in the year) in an event called the Blessing of the Palms. A solemn procession of the entire congregation takes place immediately after the blessing of the palms, called the Palm procession. In the Catholic, Lutheran, and Episcopalian traditions, this feast now coincides with that of Passion Sunday , which is the focus of
2470-480: The city. The Patriarch of Moscow , representing Christ, rode on a "donkey", actually a horse draped in white cloth. The Tsar of Russia humbly led the procession on foot. Originally, Moscow processions began inside the Kremlin and terminated at Trinity Church, now known as Saint Basil's Cathedral . In 1658 Patriarch Nikon reversed the order of procession. Peter I in the 1720s, as a part of his nationalisation of
2535-600: The congregation, oftentimes children, are given palms that they carry as they walk in a procession around the inside of the church. In the Church of Pakistan , a united Protestant Church , the faithful on Palm Sunday carry palm branches into the church as they sing Psalm 24. In the Roman Catholic Church , as well as among many Lutheran and Anglican congregations, palm fronds (or in colder climates some kind of substitutes) are blessed with holy water outside
2600-521: The day before according to the synoptic gospels ). Quartodeciman Christians continued to end the Lenten fast in time to observe the Passover (Christian) , which occurs before the Lord's day , as the two are not mutually exclusive. However, due to intense persecution from Nicene Christianity after the Easter controversy , the practice had mostly died out by the 5th or 6th century, and only re-emerged in
2665-589: The day is officially called The Sunday of the Passion: Palm Sunday ; in practice, though, it is usually termed Palm Sunday as in the 1928 American Book of Common Prayer and in earlier Lutheran liturgies and calendars, to avoid undue confusion with the penultimate Sunday of Lent in the traditional calendar, which was Passion Sunday . In traditional usage of the Methodist Church , The Book of Worship for Church and Home (1965) provides
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2730-566: The day of the Pesach seder , a ritual meal telling the story of the Exodus from Egypt. It is one of the three pilgrimage festivals incumbent on all Jewish males living in the land of Israel. For this observance of this mitzvah , commandment, Jesus and the disciples went to Jerusalem, and held a festive meal known as the Last Supper on Passover night according to the gospel of John (or
2795-404: The days preceding the next year's Lent, known as Carnival or Shrovetide, churches often place a basket in their narthex to collect these palms, which are then ritually burned on Shrove Tuesday to make the ashes to be used on the following day, Ash Wednesday , which is the first day of Lent. In the accounts of the four canonical Gospels , Christ's triumphal entry into Jerusalem takes place
2860-430: The death of Lazarus of Bethany , a follower of Jesus . Lazarus's sisters— Mary and Martha —sent word to Jesus of their brother's illness and impending death, but Jesus arrived four days after Lazarus died. Jesus, after talking to the grieving sisters and seeing Lazarus's friends weeping, was deeply troubled and moved. After asking where Lazarus had been laid and being invited to come see him, Jesus wept . He then went to
2925-465: The devout, as it is seen as violating the second or third of the Ten Commandments . Historically, certain Christian states had laws against profane use of Jesus Christ , among other religious terms. The Harris Poll conducted a 2017 study and found 90% of evangelical Christians would not view a film that disrespectfully used the name of Jesus Christ. In Catholic Christianity , the faithful pray Acts of Reparation to Jesus Christ for abuse of
2990-417: The excited Jerusalemites. At the church parvise, a house, or the town plaza, children dressed as angels scatter flowers as they sing the day's antiphon Hosanna Filio David in the vernacular and to traditional tunes. The first Mass of the day then follows. Once blessed, the palaspás are brought home and placed on altars, doorways, and windows. The Church teaches that this is a sign of welcoming Christ into
3055-408: The following Collect for Palm Sunday: Almighty and everlasting God, who, of thy tender love toward mankind hast sent thy Son our Savior Jesus Christ to take upon him our flesh, and to suffer death upon the cross, that all mankind should follow the example of his great humility: Mercifully grant that we may both follow the example of his patience and also be made partakers of his resurrection; through
3120-408: The following: Jesus's tears have figured among the relics attributed to Jesus . In some parts of the English-speaking world , including Great Britain , Ireland (particularly Dublin and Belfast ) and Australia , the phrase "Jesus wept" is an expletive some people use when something goes wrong or to express incredulity. In Christianity, this usage is considered blasphemous and offensive by
3185-516: The form of a rooster . In the Diocese of Groningen-Leeuwarden , a great procession with oil lamps is held the night before Palm Sunday in honour of the Sorrowful Mother of Warfhuizen . In the Philippines , a statue of Christ riding a donkey (the Humenta ), or the presiding priest on horseback, is brought to the local church in a morning procession. Congregants line the route, waving palaspás (ornately woven palm branches) and spreading tapis (heirloom "aprons" made for this ritual) in imitation of
3250-403: The highest honour. The Hebrew Bible reports that Jehu , son of Jehoshaphat , was treated this way. Both the Synoptic Gospels and the Gospel of John report that people gave Jesus this form of honour. In the synoptics the people are described as laying their garments and cut rushes on the street, whereas John specifies fronds of palm (Greek phoinix) . In Jewish tradition, the palm is one of
3315-412: The home, but folk belief holds that the blessed palaspás are apotropaic , deterring evil spirits, lightning, and fires. Another folk custom is to feed pieces of blessed palaspás to roosters used in sabong (cockfighting); this was strongly discouraged by the Archbishop of Manila , Cardinal Luis Antonio Tagle . In other provinces, the flowers strewn by the angels during the procession are added to
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#17327658503713380-417: The latter are not readily available that far north. There is no canonical requirement as to what kind of branches must be used, so some Orthodox believers use olive branches. Whatever the kind, these branches are blessed and distributed together with candles either during the All-Night Vigil on the Eve of the Feast (Saturday night), or before the Divine Liturgy on Sunday morning. The Great Entrance of
3445-404: The most important Christian observance, Spring paschal feasts are a fixed number of days before or after Easter Sunday , which varies by 35 days since it depends partly on the phase of the moon and must be computed each year . In the Hebrew calendar , the new moon of Aviv , spring, is fixed as the Lunar New Year , and the month is called Nisan . The 14 of Nisan is the paschal full moon ,
3510-411: The observance of some fixed feasts may move a few days in a particular year to not clash with that year's date for a more important moveable feast. There are rare examples of saints with genuinely moveable feast days, such as Saint Sarkis the Warrior in the calendar of the Armenian Church. The Roman calendar possessed a number of moveable feasts ( feriae conceptivae , "proclaimed festivals") like
3575-427: The palm leaves and the olive leaves. Those parishes that have the statues of Good Friday bless the olive tree they put on the statues of "Jesus prays in the Olive Garden" ( Ġesù fl-Ort ) and the "Betrayal of Judas" ( il-Bewsa ta' Ġuda ). Also, many people take a small olive branch to their homes because it is a sacramental . In the Saxon regions of the Netherlands, crosses are decorated with candy and bread, made in
3640-440: The procession on Sunday. The hangings and vestments in the church are changed to a festive color – most commonly green. The Troparion of the Feast (a short hymn) indicates that the resurrection of Lazarus is a prefiguration of Christ's Resurrection: O Christ our God When Thou didst raise Lazarus from the dead before Thy Passion, Thou didst confirm the resurrection of the universe. Wherefore, we, like children, carry
3705-427: The rice seeds being planted, in the belief that these will ensure a bountiful harvest. Many Polish towns and villages (the best known are Lipnica Murowana in Lesser Poland and Łyse in Mazovia ) organize artificial palm competitions. The biggest of those reach above 30 meters (98 ft) in length; for example, the highest palm in 2008 was 33.39 meters (109.5 ft). Moveable feast Often considered
3770-401: The same Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen. It is customary in many churches for worshippers to receive fresh palm leaves on Palm Sunday. In parts of the world where this has historically been impractical, substitute traditions have arisen. In Hoegaarden , one of the last remaining Palm Sunday processions takes place every year. A fellowship of Twelve Apostles carries a wooden statue of Christ around
3835-562: The substitution of branches of native trees, including box , olive , willow , and yew . Many churches of mainstream Christian denominations , including the Orthodox, Catholic, Lutheran, Methodist, Anglican, Moravian, and Reformed traditions, distribute palm branches to their congregations during their Palm Sunday liturgies. Christians take these palms, which are often blessed by clergy, to their homes, where they hang them alongside Christian art (especially crosses and crucifixes ) or keep them in their Bibles and daily devotional books . In
3900-414: The tomb and told the people to remove the stone covering it, prayed aloud to his Father , and ordered Lazarus to come out, resurrected. Luke's gospel also records that Jesus wept as he entered Jerusalem before his trial and death , anticipating the destruction of the Temple . Significance has been attributed to Jesus's deep emotional response to his friends' weeping, and his own tears, including
3965-450: The town, while children go door to door offering the palms ( box ) for coins. In Bulgaria , Palm Sunday is known as Tsvetnitsa ( tsvete , "flower") or Vrabnitsa ( varba , "willow"), or Flower's Day . People with flower-related names (e.g., Bilyan(a), Liliya, Margarita, Nevena, Ralitsa, Rosa, Temenuzhka, Tsvetan(a), Tsvetelin(a), Tsvetin(a), Tsvetko, Violeta, Yavor, Zdravko, Zjumbjul, etc.) celebrate this day as their name day . In
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#17327658503714030-445: The walls and doors of the temple. Again at the end of the Bible, people from every nation raise palm branches to honor Jesus. Palm Sunday commemorates the entrance of Christ into Jerusalem, during which palm branches were placed in his path, before his arrest on Holy Thursday and his crucifixion on Good Friday . It thus marks the beginning of Holy Week , the final week of Lent. In churches of many Christian denominations , members of
4095-408: The way for Spring. In the Coptic Orthodox Church and Orthodox Ethiopia , this holiday is referred to as Hosanna. Palm leaves will be blessed and distributed, they are used to create crucifixes, rings and other ornaments. In Finland , it is popular for children to dress up as Easter witches and go door to door in neighborhoods and trade decorated pussy willow branches for coins and candy. This
4160-489: The world), flowers are strewn about the sanctuary on Palm Sunday during the reading of the Gospel, at the words uttered by the crowd welcoming Jesus, "Hosanna! Blessed is he who is come and is to come in the name of the Lord God". These words are read to the congregation thrice. The congregation then repeats, "Hosanna!", and the flowers are scattered, a common custom in Indian celebrations. This symbolizes Jesus' triumphant entry into Jerusalem. Indian Orthodoxy traces its roots to
4225-496: Was later used as a symbol of Christian martyrs and their spiritual victory or triumph over death. In Revelation 7:9, the white-clad multitude stand before the throne and Lamb holding palm branches. Palm Sunday, or the Entry of the Lord into Jerusalem as it may be called in Orthodox Churches , is one of the Twelve Great Feasts of the liturgical year . The day before Palm Sunday, Lazarus Saturday , believers often prepare palm fronds by knotting them into crosses in preparation for
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