Misplaced Pages

#613386

25-695: The Pamlico people lived on the Pamlico River in North Carolina. Named after them were Pamlico Sound , the largest sound in North Carolina, and Pamlico County . They are one of the most southerly Algonquian tribes on the Atlantic seaboard and the most southerly ones for which scholars collected a vocabulary. The Raleigh colonists referred to the Pamlico in 1585–86 by the name Pomoui . In 1696, smallpox , called "A great Mortality", devastated

50-541: A Native person about religious beliefs or ceremonies is often viewed with suspicion." One example of this is the Apache medicine cord or Izze-kloth whose purpose and use by Apache medicine elders was a mystery to nineteenth century ethnologists because "the Apache look upon these cords as so sacred that strangers are not allowed to see them, much less handle them or talk about them." The term medicine man/woman , like

75-497: Is a traditional healer and spiritual leader who serves a community of Indigenous people of the Americas . Each culture has its own name in its language for spiritual healers and ceremonial leaders. In the ceremonial context of Indigenous North American communities , " medicine " usually refers to spiritual healing. Medicine people use many practices, including specialized knowledge of Native American ethnobotany . Herbal healing

100-642: Is a common practice in many Indigenous households of the Americas; however, medicine people often have more in-depth knowledge of using plants for healing or other purposes. The terms medicine people or ceremonial people are sometimes used in Native American and First Nations communities, for example, when Arwen Nuttall ( Cherokee ) of the National Museum of the American Indian writes, "The knowledge possessed by medicine people

125-486: Is not accurately known. The Pamlico created distinctive dugout canoes , and traveled extensively. Pamlico artifacts have been found as far away as the North Atlantic. They ate corn, fish, and other agricultural vegetables and fruits. Besides hunting and agriculture, the coastal groups still relied much on fishing and shellfish gathering, drying the products for preservation on reed hurdles over an open fire or in

150-495: Is not preferred by Native American or First Nations communities. There are many fraudulent healers and scam artists , known as plastic shamans who pose as Native American "shamans", and the Cherokee Nation has had to speak out against these people, even forming a task force to handle the issue. In order to seek help from a medicine person, a person needs to know someone in the community who can vouch for them and provide

175-416: Is privileged, and it often remains in particular families." Native Americans tend to be quite reluctant to discuss issues about medicine or medicine people with non-Indians. In some cultures, the people will not even discuss these matters with American Indians from other tribes. In most tribes, medicine elders are prohibited from advertising or introducing themselves as such. As Nuttall writes, "An inquiry to

200-668: The Iroquoian Tuscarora continued during that tribe's war with the whites, when they were actively engaged in expeditions against the hostiles. The Machapungas and other tribes of Pamlico Sound, however, changed their alliances: before 1700 they were still at war with the Tuscarora and Coree , but in 1711 they sided with them against the English colonists. The Hatteras , Weapemeoc ( Paspatank or Pasquotank , Poteskeet , Perquimans and Yeopim ) peoples were at that time

225-790: The Tuscarora War (1711-1715), in which the Tuscarora led by Chief Hancock were defeated. Most Tuscarora migrated to New York, where they were sponsored by the Oneida and by 1722 were admitted to the Iroquois Confederacy as the Sixth Nation. Most of the survivors in North Carolina were removed to a reservation in Bertie County, North Carolina in 1718. Since European contact, they had lost much population due to lack of immunity to new infectious diseases , followed by

250-586: The Weapemeoc people sold their lands on Albemarle Sound in 1660 and 1662 and started to move to the interior. By 1697 they complained against the encroachments of white settlers in their new location. The English assigned a reservation on Bennetts Creek to the Chawanokes (Chowan) before 1700; they reduced its sized from 12 to 6 square miles (16 km) by 1707; the Chowanoke sold off land in 1713. After

275-406: The Pamlico and neighboring Algonquian communities and reduced their populations. In 1701 the explorer John Lawson noted their Algonquian language and vocabulary (Lawson, 1860). By 1710 the Pamlico people were so limited that they lived in a single small village with only 15 "fighting men." By 1709 the total North Carolina Algonquian population was down to some 600 from at least several thousand at

SECTION 10

#1732773357614

300-567: The Pamlico/Tar River basin, importing numerous enslaved Africans to work on the labor-intensive crop. For years the river corridor remained somewhat of a lawless backwater. The Pamlico River was a key strategic position during the American Civil War . The river is the site of the sunken Union warship, USS Picket . The U.S. Route 17 Bridge, which connects Washington, North Carolina with nearby Chocowinity , splits

325-687: The Tuscarora War, the Machapunga also were assigned to a reservation. Other groups on the Pamlico Sound joined either the Machapunga or the Tuscarora. With growing white presence in eastern Carolina, more products of European origin were introduced to the natives. Guns were regularly used instead of bows and arrows during the eighteenth century. Iron hatchets had likewise replaced wooden clubs. English clothes were also widely used by

350-601: The United States. It is formed by the confluence of the Tar River and Tranters Creek. The historic Tuscarora tribe , an Iroquoian -language group originally from western New York, had been well established in North Carolina, including along the Pamlico River, before European contact. The encroachment of settlers and their selling Tuscarora into slavery increased tensions between the groups. These led to

375-494: The casualties of war. English , Irish , and Scottish settlers moved to the region from Virginia for larger tracts of cheaper land. A cluster of German and Swiss settlers also moved to the region from the southeastern settlement of New Bern, North Carolina . They established such towns as Washington and Bath. The latter was home and operating base for the pirate Blackbeard , who was finally pardoned by Governor Charles Eden . Most settlers engaged in tobacco farming in

400-657: The colonial authorities to survive. Political organization with hereditary chiefdoms was still functioning around 1700. Chiefs' corpses were buried in the temples as before. Commoners could purchase the right of burial in the temple precinct with enough money. Shell beads (wampum) served as money, for example, to compensate victims of crimes. Marriage restrictions that prohibited marrying first cousins made it difficult to find mates within rapidly shrinking communities. Resulting marriages into other tribes certainly strengthened intertribal bonds. The huskenaw rite appears to have been used as an initiation for both boys and girls. It

425-478: The most acculturated groups; they remained on the side of the English. Except for the Tuscarora War , there was little open fighting between the Algonquian and English colonists. They had suffered more from epidemics of infectious diseases. Due to small numbers, trade was of little importance. Sale of strong liquors to the natives was probably the greatest problem created by white traders around 1700. Alcohol

450-484: The name of the river. That portion heading westward upstream is called the Tar River. Though the river no longer has any steamers and cargo ships floating down it, it still carries hundreds of boats per year. It is a popular fishing spot. Tobacco farming continues on agricultural land. While fishkills were a bigger problem around the year 2000, state authorities still warn against eating the river's shellfish. Though

475-471: The natives. The Roanoke chief had an English-style house built in 1654. Other practices persisted through the nineteenth century, including the women making baskets of rushes and silk grass . They decorated them with woven-in life motifs. During the seventeenth century, the Chawanoke were in frequent and partly hostile contact with their Virginia Algonquian neighbors. Their traditional hostilities with

500-432: The river still faces some environmental problems, it is a beautiful tidal river that supports a variety of aquatic species. It is linked to the history of thousands of years of human settlement, from the earliest indigenous peoples, through the Tuscarora and later European and American settlers. Medicine men A medicine man (from Ojibwe mashkikiiwinini ) or medicine woman (from Ojibwe mashkikiiwininiikwe )

525-473: The sun. Sturgeon was not used as a food by the natives along the coast. Cattle raising is documented for the Paspatanks around 1700 (Lawson 1709). The Tuscarora War disturbed the economic balance of many of the Algonquian groups: the fields of the Machapunga and their allies were destroyed by English colonists. The Hatteras were prevented from planting by their enemies, and in 1714-1715 needed supplies from

SECTION 20

#1732773357614

550-461: The term shaman , has been criticized by Native Americans, as well as other specialists in the fields of religion and anthropology. While non-Native anthropologists often use the term shaman for Indigenous healers worldwide, including the Americas, shaman is the specific name for a spiritual mediator from the Tungusic peoples of Siberia , which has been adopted by some Inuit communities but

575-455: The time of English encounter. The Tuscarora War , 1711–1713, claimed more fatalities among the Algonquian allies than of the Tuscarora . In the late stages, the Tuscarora turned on some of their allies. They likely incorporated some of the Pamlico as slaves . By the end of the century, only a handful of Algonquians remained. With the decrease in numbers came the loss of tribal lands. Thus,

600-720: Was banned from native towns in 1703, but the prohibition was never strictly enforced. Little was done for native education, even though native languages were being replaced by English during the eighteenth century. A small number of natives were baptized as Christians by Anglican ministers throughout the late seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries. Tribe members starting adopting English names (sometimes as second names to be used occasionally) shortly after 1700. Native medicine men earned money by treating white settlers as well as their own people. Some settlers in North Carolina bought natives as slaves, and others transported them to northern markets. The extent of native servitude and slavery

625-654: Was held around Christmas and lasted for five or six weeks, during which the adolescents were separated in a special building outside the village. There were some colonial reports that two of 50 families among the Machapungas practiced male circumcision, but this was not typical of the Native Americans. Pamlico River The Pamlico / ˈ p æ m l ɪ k oʊ / River is a tidal river that flows into Pamlico Sound , in North Carolina in

#613386