Pan-cancer analysis aims to examine the similarities and differences among the genomic and cellular alterations found across diverse tumor types. International efforts have performed pan-cancer analysis on exomes and the whole genomes of cancers, the latter including their non-coding regions. In 2018, The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Research Network used exome , transcriptome , and DNA methylome data to develop an integrated picture of commonalities, differences, and emergent themes across tumor types.
20-653: In 2020, the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC)/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes project published a set of 24 papers analyzing whole cancer genomes and transcriptomic data from 38 tumor types. A comprehensive overview of the project is provided in its flagship paper. Another project, pan-cancer analysis of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) across human cancers, explored the expression, somatic copy number alteration , and mutation profiles of 1,542 RBPs in ~7,000 clinical specimens across 15 cancer types. This study characterized
40-452: A specific genomic alteration from gene expression profiles alone; it can also be used as the basis for machine learning approaches. Pan-cancer studies aim to detect the genes whose mutation is conducive to oncogenesis, as well as recurrent genomic events or aberrations between different tumors . For these studies, it is necessary to standardize the data between multiple platforms, establishing criteria between different researchers to work on
60-698: Is expected to contribute $ 20 million toward each project. In 2009 the German Cancer Aid supported one ICGC-project with 7.9 million Euro. This was the highest amount a private organization gave. The money is donated by German people. ICGC membership is open to all entities that agree to follow its principles and guidelines. The ICGC has received commitments from funding organizations in Asia, Australia, Europe and North America for 47 project teams in 15 jurisdictions to study over 21,000 tumor genomes. Projects that are currently funded are examining tumors affecting
80-548: Is funded by participating nations, each of which focuses on one or more forms of cancer, with the goal of mapping the genomes of at least 50 types of cancer. The consortium's secretariat is at the Ontario Institute for Cancer Research in Toronto , Canada, which will also operate the data coordination center. The provincial Government of Ontario provided funding of $ 40 million, and each participating funding member
100-477: Is highly heterogeneous and hundreds of types/subtypes can be defined. Therefore, the stated goal of 50 ICGC projects is not intended to, and cannot, exhaustively cover the full spectrum of cancer types. ICGC Funding and Research members proposing a project must agree to the ICGC’s policies, which include requirements for rapid data release, for rigorous quality standards and for protection of study participants. ICGC
120-529: The Human Genome Project . The consortium will help to coordinate current and future large-scale projects to understand the genomic changes involved in cancers of global concern. The catalogues produced by ICGC members will be made rapidly and freely available to qualified researchers, which will enable scientists around the globe to use the new information to develop better ways of diagnosing, treating and preventing many types of cancer. The aim of
140-436: The oncogenic properties of six RBPs— NSUN6 , ZC3H13 , BYSL , ELAC1 , RBMS3 , and ZGPAT —in colorectal and liver cancer cell lines. Several studies have found a causal, predictable connection between genomic alterations ( single-nucleotide variants or large copy number variants ) and gene expression across all tumor types. This pan-cancer relationship between genomic status and transcriptomic quantitative data can predict
160-483: The ICGC is to provide a comprehensive description of the somatic (non-inherited) genomic abnormalities present in the broad range of human tumors. Given our current knowledge of the heterogeneity of tumor types and subtypes, the ICGC set a goal of coordinating approximately 50 projects, each of which will generate the genomic analyses on approximately 500 cancer samples of each class. It is well recognized, however, that cancer
180-820: The ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes project have been made available through various portals and repositories, including those at the Ontario Institute for Cancer Research , the European Molecular Biology Laboratory 's European Bioinformatics Institute , and the National Center for Biotechnology Information . All data obtained from the TCGA efforts are available at the US National Cancer Institute's TARGET Data Matrix and
200-625: The UK (blood, breast, lung and skin cancer) and the USA (blood, brain, breast, colon, kidney, lung, ovarian, rectal, stomach and uterine cancer) are now available through the Data Coordination Center housed on the ICGC website. Representatives with observer status: Each participating country has a particular tumor type as its primary research target: Within the context of massive international sequencing efforts, and in anticipation of
220-457: The biological system. Pan-cancer Whole-Genome Comparison of Primary and Metastatic Solid Tumours is a comprehensive research study published in Nature exploring genomic disparities between untreated early-stage primary tumors and treated late-stage metastatic tumors. Conducted through a harmonized analysis of 7,108 whole-genome-sequenced tumors across 23 cancer types, the study aimed to understand
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#1732791926993240-544: The bladder, blood, bone, brain, breast, cervix, colon, head and neck, kidney, liver, lung, oral cavity, ovary, pancreas, prostate, rectum, skin, soft tissues, stomach, thyroid and uterus. Over time, additional nations and organizations are anticipated to join the ICGC. The genomic analyses of tumors conducted by ICGC members in Australia and Canada (pancreatic cancer), China (gastric cancer), France (liver cancer), Germany (brain cancer), Japan (liver cancer), Spain (blood cancer),
260-413: The data and present the results. Omics data allow the rapid identification and quantification of thousands of molecules in a single experiment. Genomics addresses the potential that certain genes will be expressed, proteomics addresses what genes are in fact being expressed, and metabolomics addresses what has happened in the tissue being studied. The combination of all of them gives information about
280-689: The development of new cancer therapies. The ICGC incorporates data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Sanger Cancer Genome Project. Professor Andrew Biankin AO, Regius Professor and Director of the Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre at the University of Glasgow has been Executive Director and Chairman from 2018. The ICGC is one of the most ambitious biomedical research efforts since
300-443: The genomic landscape and potential therapeutic responses. Further research and larger datasets are necessary to comprehend the complexities of tumor evolution, metastasis, and therapy resistance comprehensively. The findings offer valuable insights into tumor progression and therapy resistance mechanisms, laying the groundwork for potential personalized treatment strategies across various cancers. The nearly 800 terabytes of data from
320-637: The impact of genomic changes on disease progression and therapy resistance. Metastatic tumors exhibited lower intratumor heterogeneity and conserved karyotypes, displaying modest increases in mutations but elevated frequencies of structural variants. The study highlighted the variable contributions of mutational footprints and identified specific genomic differences between primary and metastatic stages across various cancer types. The study demonstrated substantial genomic differences between primary and metastatic tumors across multiple cancer types. However, these differences varied considerably among cancers, influencing
340-715: The new era of precision medicine, The International Cancer Genome Consortium for Medicine (ICGCmed) will link the wealth of genomic data already amassed, as well as new genomic data being generated, to clinical and health information, including lifestyle, patient history, cancer diagnostic data, and response to and survival following to therapies, across the cancer spectrum. Using this large-scale integrated data, researchers, scientists, policymakers and clinicians will be able to work with patients, healthcare providers and others to develop preventative strategies, markers for early detection of disease, more specific criteria and methods for diagnoses and prognoses, and interventions based on matching
360-731: The patient’s disease molecular subtype with the most effective combinations of therapies. This will lead to the discovery of new therapeutic targets, more precise disease definitions and improved strategies to prevent drug resistance. Competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) databases and resources Competing endogenous RNAs ( ceRNAs , also refer as miRNA sponges) hypothesis : ceRNAs regulate other RNA transcripts (e.g., PTEN) by competing for shared microRNAs . They are playing important roles in developmental, physiological and pathological processes, such as cancer . Multiple classes of ncRNAs (lncRNAs, circRNAs, pseudogenes) and protein -coding mRNAs function as key ceRNAs (sponges) and to regulate
380-423: The web portal ProteinPaint. StarBase pan-cancer resources were created for the networks of long noncoding RNAs , microRNAs , competing endogenous RNAs and RBPs. International Cancer Genome Consortium The International Cancer Genome Consortium ( ICGC ) is a voluntary scientific organization that provides a forum for collaboration among the world's leading cancer and genomic researchers. The ICGC
400-463: Was launched in 2008 to coordinate large-scale cancer genome studies in tumours from 50 cancer types and/or subtypes that are of main importance across the globe. Systematic studies of more than 25,000 cancer genomes at the genomic , epigenomic and transcriptomic levels will reveal the repertoire of oncogenic mutations, uncover traces of the mutagenic influences, define clinically relevant subtypes for prognosis and therapeutic management, and enable
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