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50-558: The Panmure Testimonial , otherwise known as the Live and Let Live Memorial , is a monument in Angus, Scotland . It was erected in 1839 to commemorate the generosity of William Maule, the 2nd Earl of Panmure (later 1st Baron of Panmure) during the 'year of short corn' in 1826, a year in which an unusually hot and dry summer led to severe food shortages. In response, Lord Panmure suspended the collection of rent from his tenant farmers. The monument

100-467: A majority language in the Highlands and Hebrides until the 19th century. Angus Council are planning to raise the status of Gaelic in the county by adopting a series of measures, including bilingual road signage, communications, vehicle livery and staffing. Angus Council is the local authority for the area. The first election to Angus District Council was held in 1974, initially operating as

150-509: A mile to the North of the town. These burials included pottery urns, a pair of silver discs and a gold armlet. Iron Age archaeology is also well represented, for example in the souterrain nearby Warddykes cemetery and at West Grange of Conan, as well as the better-known examples at Carlungie and Ardestie. The county is traditionally associated with the Pictish territory of Circin , which

200-456: A more typical estimate is "around thirty", or "around forty" according to Historic Scotland . These include geometric symbols, which have been assigned descriptive names by researchers such as: and outline representations of animals such as: Some are representations of everyday objects, such as the "mirror and comb" , which could have been used by high-status Picts. The symbols are almost always arranged in pairs or sets of pairs, often with

250-492: A number of villages immediately north of Dundee were transferred to an enlarged City of Dundee district, and Kettins was transferred to Perth and Kinross . Angus District Council was a lower-tier district level authority subordinate to the Tayside Regional Council . A lieutenancy area covering the same area as the new district was created at the same time. Further local government reforms in 1996 under

300-582: A shadow authority alongside the outgoing authorities until the new system came into force on 16 May 1975. A shadow authority was again elected in 1995 ahead of the change to council areas which came into force on 1 April 1996. Political control since 1975 has been as follows: The council's civic head is the Provost of Angus. There have been seven Provosts since its establishment in 1996 – Frances Duncan, Bill Middleton, Ruth Leslie-Melville, Helen Oswald, Alex King, Ronnie Proctor and Brian Boyd. The role of provost

350-566: A significant presence in Montrose in the east of the county. Angus was historically a province , and later a sheriffdom and county (called Forfarshire or the County of Forfar until 1928), bordering Kincardineshire to the north-east, Aberdeenshire to the north and Perthshire to the west; southwards it faced Fife across the Firth of Tay . The county included Dundee until 1894, when it

400-519: A suggested decipherment. Although earlier studies based on a contextual approach, postulating the identification of the pagan "pre-Christian Celtic Cult of the Archer Guardian", have suggested possible clausal meanings for symbol pairs. A selection of the Pictish symbols, showing the variation between individual examples. Each group is classified as a single type by most researchers. Only

450-582: Is a small airport at Dundee, which at present operates flights to London and Belfast. Arbroath is the largest town in the modern county, followed by Forfar , the county town and administrative centre, and Montrose . Largest settlements by population: 23,500 14,120 11,730 11,310 8,860 7,230 6,060 Pictish stones A Pictish stone is a type of monumental stele , generally carved or incised with symbols or designs. A few have ogham inscriptions . Located in Scotland , mostly north of

500-661: Is an area of rich history from Pictish times onwards. Notable historic sites in addition to Arbroath Abbey include Glamis Castle , Arbroath Signal Tower museum and the Bell Rock Lighthouse , described as one of the Seven Wonders of the Industrial World . Angus was one of the ancient provinces of Scotland, under the authority of the Mormaer or Earl of Angus . From at least the thirteenth century

550-549: Is an octagonal pedestal flanked by arched buttresses and surmounted by circular fluted column balustraded above the capital and terminating in stone urn. It stands 105-foot (32 m) high. Angus, Scotland Angus ( Scots : Angus ; Scottish Gaelic : Aonghas ) is one of the 32 local government council areas of Scotland , and a lieutenancy area . The council area borders Aberdeenshire , Dundee City and Perth and Kinross . Main industries include agriculture and fishing . Global pharmaceuticals company GSK has

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600-628: Is divided into 8 wards: Council meetings are generally held at Forfar Town and County Hall at The Cross in the centre of Forfar. In 2007 the council moved its main offices to a new building called Angus House on Silvie Way in the Orchardbank Business Park on the outskirts of Forfar. The council also has offices in Arbroath . Previously the council's main offices had been at County Buildings , on Market Street in Forfar. When

650-631: Is first recorded as one of the provinces of Scotland in 937, when Dubacan , the Mormaer of Angus , is recorded in the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba as having died at the Battle of Brunanburh . The signing of the Declaration of Arbroath at Arbroath Abbey in 1320 marked Scotland's establishment as an independent nation. Partly on this basis, Angus is marketed as the birthplace of Scotland. It

700-570: Is largely ceremonial in Angus. Political leadership is instead provided by the leader of the council . The leaders since 1996 have been: Following the 2022 election and subsequent by-elections and changes of allegiance up to April 2024, the composition of the council was: Two of the independent councillors form part of the council's administration with the SNP. The next election is due in 2027. Election results since 1995 have been as follows: Angus

750-610: Is represented by two MPs for the UK Parliament . Angus is represented by two constituency MSPs for the Scottish Parliament . In addition to the two constituency MSPs, Angus is also represented by seven MSPs for the North East Scotland electoral region. The Edinburgh-Aberdeen railway line runs along the coast, through Dundee and the towns of Monifieth, Carnoustie, Arbroath and Montrose. There

800-622: Is spoken by 0.45% of the Angus population. This, similar to other lowland areas, is lower than the national average of 1.16%. These figures are self-reported and are not broken down into levels of fluency. Meanwhile, the 2011 census found that 38.4% of the population in Angus can speak Scots , above the Scottish average of 30.1%. This puts Angus as the council area with the sixth highest proficiency in Scots, behind only Shetland , Orkney , Moray , Aberdeenshire , and East Ayrshire . Historically,

850-567: Is thought to have encompassed Angus and the Mearns . Bordering it were the kingdoms of Cé (Mar and Buchan) to the North, Fotla (Atholl) to the West, and Fib (Fife) to the South. The most visible remnants of the Pictish age are the numerous sculptured stones that can be found throughout Angus. Of particular note are the collections found at Aberlemno , St Vigeans , Kirriemuir and Monifieth . Angus

900-763: The Clyde - Forth line and on the Eastern side of the country, these stones are the most visible remaining evidence of the Picts and are thought to date from the 6th to 9th century, a period during which the Picts became Christianized. The earlier stones have no parallels from the rest of the British Isles, but the later forms are variations within a wider Insular tradition of monumental stones such as high crosses . About 350 objects classified as Pictish stones have survived,

950-465: The Local Government (Scotland) Act 1947 . Angus County Council was abolished in 1975 under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973 , which replaced Scotland's counties, burghs and landward districts with a two-tier structure of upper-tier regions and lower-tier districts . A new Angus district was created covering most of the pre-1975 county, with the exceptions being that Monifieth and

1000-423: The Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994 saw the regions and districts created in 1975 abolished and replaced with council areas providing all local government services. Angus district became one of the new council areas, taking on the functions of the abolished Tayside Regional Council. The council area regained Monifieth and the villages north of Dundee as part of the same reforms. The Angus lieutenancy area

1050-499: The Neolithic period . Material taken from postholes from an enclosure at Douglasmuir, near Friockheim , about five miles north of Arbroath has been radiocarbon dated to around 3500 BC. The function of the enclosure is unknown, but may have been for agriculture or for ceremonial purposes. Bronze Age archaeology is to be found in abundance in the area. Examples include the short-cist burials found near West Newbigging, about

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1100-504: The Northern Isles . Simple or early forms of the symbols are carved on the walls of coastal caves at East Wemyss , Fife and Covesea , Moray . It is therefore thought likely that they were represented in other more perishable forms that have not survived in the archaeological record, perhaps including clothing and tattoos . Some symbols appear across the whole geographical range of the stones while, for example, six stones with

1150-536: The Sidlaws ) bordering the sea; this area is well populated, with the larger towns. In between lies Strathmore ( the Great Valley ), which is a fertile agricultural area noted for the growing of potatoes, soft fruit and the raising of Aberdeen Angus cattle. Montrose in the north east of the county is notable for its tidal basin and wildlife. Angus's coast is fairly regular, the most prominent features being

1200-491: The topography is mountainous. This is the area of the Grampian Mountains , Mounth hills and Five Glens of Angus , which is sparsely populated and where the main industry is hill farming . Glas Maol – the highest point in Angus at 1,068 m (3,504 ft) – can be found here, on the tripoint boundary with Perthshire and Aberdeenshire. To the south and east the topography consists of rolling hills (such as

1250-437: The 2001 census, the population of Angus was recorded as 108,400. 20.14% were under the age of 16, 63.15% were between 16 and 65 and 18.05% were aged 65 or above. Of the 16 to 74 age group, 32.84% had no formal qualifications, 27.08% were educated to 'O' Grade/Standard Grade level, 14.38% to Higher level, 7.64% to HND or equivalent level and 18.06% to degree level. The most recent available census results (2001) show that Gaelic

1300-690: The Hebrides, Orkney and Shetland . Three stones with Pictish symbols are known outside areas normally recognised as Pictish: in Dunadd , Argyll ; Trusty's Hill in Dumfries and Galloway ; and Edinburgh in Lothian . All three are located at major royal power centres. Two Pictish Class I stones are known to have been removed from Scotland. These are Burghead 5 from Burghead Fort in Moray , showing

1350-669: The North East of the country in lowland areas, the Pictish heartland. During the period when the stones were being created, Christianity was spreading through Scotland from the west and the south, through the kingdoms of Dál Riata , which included parts of Ireland , and the extension into modern Scotland of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of Bernicia and Northumbria . Areas that show particular concentrations include Strathtay , Strathmore , coastal Angus , Fife , Strathdee , Garioch , Moray , Strathspey , Caithness , Easter Ross ,

1400-509: The area formed the basis for a shire (the area administered by a sheriff ) based in Forfar: the Sheriff of Forfar . Over time, Scotland's shires became more significant than the old provinces, with more administrative functions being given to the sheriffs. The older territory called Angus was therefore gradually eclipsed in legal importance by the shire of Forfar (or Forfarshire) which covered

1450-424: The classification may be misleading for the many incomplete stones. Allen and Anderson regarded their classes as coming from distinct periods in sequence, but it is now clear that there was a considerable period when both Class I and II stones were being produced. Later Scottish stones merge into wider medieval British and European traditions. The purpose and meaning of the stones are only slightly understood, and

1500-430: The county council resolved to use the name 'Angus' for the area rather than the 'County of Forfar'. The council petitioned the government to officially change the name too. The government responded by directing all departments to use Angus, but noted that the legal name would remain Forfar until such time as it could be changed by statute. The statutory change of name from Forfar to Angus eventually took place in 1947 under

1550-485: The county council was established in 1890 the name County Buildings was used for the Forfar Sheriff Court , built 1871, which was the council's first meeting place. The council later moved its main offices into the adjoining converted former prison of 1843, which subsequently became known as County Buildings instead. County Buildings continued to serve as the headquarters of the county council until 1975 and

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1600-434: The county's main courthouse, which also served as the meeting place for the commissioners of supply. Robert Haldane-Duncan, 3rd Earl of Camperdown , a Liberal peer, was appointed the first chairman of the county council. The 1889 Act also led to a review of boundaries, with exclaves being transferred to a county they actually bordered, and parishes which straddled more than one county being adjusted such that each parish

1650-468: The dominant language in Angus was Pictish until the sixth to seventh centuries AD when the area became progressively gaelicised, with Pictish extinct by the mid-ninth century. Gaelic/ Middle Irish began to retreat from lowland areas in the late-eleventh century and was absent from the Eastern lowlands by the fourteenth century. It was replaced there by Middle Scots , the contemporary local South Northern dialect of Modern Scots , while Gaelic persisted as

1700-408: The earlier examples of which holding by far the greatest number of surviving examples of the mysterious symbols, which have long intrigued scholars. In The Early Christian Monuments of Scotland (1903) J Romilly Allen and Joseph Anderson first classified Pictish stones into three groups. Critics have noted weaknesses in this system but it is widely known and still used in the field. In particular,

1750-498: The functions of the commissioners (which were eventually abolished in 1930). The county's five largest burghs , being Arbroath , Brechin , Dundee , Forfar , and Montrose , were deemed capable of managing their own affairs and so were excluded from the administrative area of the county council. The county council held its first official meeting on 22 May 1890 at the County Buildings (now known as Forfar Sheriff Court),

1800-484: The geometric and object types are represented here, not the animal group. Only a few stones still stand at their original sites; most have been moved to museums or other protected sites. Some of the more notable individual examples and collections are listed below (Note that listing is no guarantee of unrestricted access, since some lie on private land). Pictish Symbol stones have been found throughout Scotland, although their original locations are concentrated largely in

1850-456: The grounds that the non-uniform distribution of symbols – taken to be evidence of writing – is little different from non-linguistic non-uniform distributions (such as die rolls), and that the Exeter team are using a definition of writing broader than that used by linguists. To date, even those who propose that the symbols should be considered "writing" from this mathematical approach do not have

1900-420: The headlands of Scurdie Ness and Buddon Ness . The main bodies of water in the county are Loch Lee , Loch Brandy , Carlochy , Loch Wharral , Den of Ogil Reservoir , Loch of Forfar , Loch Fithie , Rescobie Loch , Balgavies Loch , Crombie Reservoir , Monikie Reservoirs , Long Loch , Lundie Loch , Loch of Kinnordy , Loch of Lintrathen , Backwater Reservoir , Auchintaple Loch , Loch Shandra . In

1950-462: The meanings of the symbols. Class I and II stones contain symbols from a recognisable set of standard ideograms , many unique to Pictish art, which are known as the Pictish symbols. The exact number of distinct Pictish symbols is uncertain, as there is some debate as to what constitutes a Pictish symbol, and whether some varied forms should be counted together or separately. The more inclusive estimates are in excess of sixty different symbols, but

2000-661: The object type, such as the mirror and comb, below the others, and the animals are generally found only in combination with the abstract types. Hence some think they could represent names, lineage, or kinships, such as the clans of two parents, analogous to the Japanese mon . According to Anthony Jackson the symbol pairs represent matrilineal marriage alliances. A small number of Pictish stones have been found associated with burials, but most are not in their original locations. Some later stones may also have marked tribal or lineage territories. Some were re-used for other purposes, such as

2050-539: The same area. In 1667 Commissioners of Supply were established for each shire, which would serve as the main administrative body for the area until the creation of county councils in 1890. Following the Acts of Union in 1707, the English term 'county' came to be used interchangeably with the older term 'shire'. Elected county councils were established in 1890 under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889 , taking most of

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2100-502: The single symbol of a bull found at Burghead Fort suggest that this represented the place itself, or its owners, despite other examples appearing elsewhere. A team from Exeter University, using mathematical analysis, have concluded that the symbols in the Pictish image stones "exhibit the characteristics of written languages" (as opposed to "random or sematographic (heraldic) characters"). The Exeter analysts' claim has been criticized by linguists Mark Liberman and Richard Sproat on

2150-841: The successor Angus District Council from 1975 to 1996. County Buildings continues to be used as secondary offices by the modern Angus Council. As of 2018 Angus is divided into 25 community council areas and all apart from Friockheim district have an active council. The areas are: Aberlemno ; Auchterhouse ; Carnoustie ; City of Brechin & District ; Ferryden & Craig ; Friockheim & District ; Glamis ; Hillside, Dun, & Logie Pert ; Inverarity ; Inveresk ; Kirriemuir ; Kirriemuir Landward East ; Kirriemuir Landward West ; Letham & District ; Lunanhead & District ; Monifieth ; Monikie & Newbigging ; Montrose ; Muirhead , Birkhill and Liff ; Murroes & Wellbank ; Newtyle & Eassie ; Royal Burgh of Arbroath ; Royal Burgh of Forfar ; Strathmartine ; and Tealing . Angus

2200-473: The two Congash Stones near Grantown-on-Spey , now placed as portal stones for an old graveyard. The shaft of an old cross is lying in the field. Another Pictish stone, the Dunachton Stone near Kincraig , was later used as a door lintel in a barn. This was discovered when the building was dismantled in 1870. The stone was re-erected in the field. Recently it fell, after being photographed in 2007, but

2250-547: The various theories proposed for the early Class I symbol stones, those that are considered to mostly pre-date the spread of Christianity to the Picts, are essentially speculative. Many later Christian stones from Class II and Class III fall more easily into recognisable categories such as gravestones. The earlier symbol stones may have served as personal memorials or territorial markers, with symbols for individual names, clans , lineages or kindreds, although there are several other theories, and proposed explanations of

2300-399: Was adjusted to match the new council area in 1996. The Lord Lieutenant of Angus is appointed by the monarch. The boundaries of the historic county of Angus (as it was prior to the removal of Dundee in 1894) are still used for some limited official purposes connected with land registration, being a registration county . Angus can be split into three geographic areas. To the north and west,

2350-512: Was entirely in a single county. There were several such changes affecting the boundaries of Forfarshire. Dundee was subsequently made a county of itself in 1894, also removing the city from Forfarshire for judicial and lieutenancy purposes. Arbroath, Brechin, Forfar and Montrose were brought within the administrative area of the county council in 1930, although Arbroath was classed as a large burgh , allowing its council to continue to deliver most local government functions itself. In May 1928

2400-525: Was made a county of a city . The pre-1894 boundaries of Angus continue to be used as a registration county . Between 1975 and 1996 Angus was a lower-tier district within the Tayside region. The district took on its modern form and powers in 1996, since when the local authority has been Angus Council . The name "Angus" indicates the territory of the eighth-century Pictish king, Óengus I . The area that now comprises Angus has been occupied since at least

2450-414: Was paid for in full by the tenant farmers. The monument was designed by architect John Henderson , and is protected as a category B listed building. The monument was erected at the top of Camustone Hill, at the westernmost edge of Panmure Estate , at the end of an avenue of trees leading from Panmure House. The Camus Cross lies a quarter of a mile to the east on a mound in this avenue. The monument

2500-581: Was re-erected again a few years later by the owner of Dunachton Lodge. The symbols are found on some of the extremely rare survivals of Pictish jewellery, such as the pair of silver plaques from the Norrie's Law hoard found in Fife in the early 19th century, and the Whitecleuch Chain . The symbols are also sometimes found on other movable objects like small stone discs and bones mostly from

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