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40-413: It covers about 14,000 square kilometres (5,400 sq mi) and starts to form between the cities of Santa Fe and Rosario , where the river splits into several arms, creating a network of islands and wetlands . Most of it is in the jurisdiction of Entre Ríos Province, and parts in the north of Buenos Aires Province . The Paraná Delta is conventionally divided into three parts: The total length of

80-546: A climate considered as humid subtropical ( Cfa , according to the Köppen climate classification , with a Cwa tendency). Winters are generally mild, though minimum temperatures can fall below 0 °C (32.0 °F) on cold nights during the winter. Summers are generally hot and humid. During the most extreme heat waves , temperatures have exceeded 45 °C (113.0 °F). Temperatures have exceeded 35 °C (95.0 °F) in every season. Rainfall can be expected throughout

120-545: A drier, yet cloudier winter. The flood plain of the river is part of the Paraná Delta and Islands Ecoregion. The original ecosystem, especially in the Lower Delta, has been heavily modified by deforestation, hunting, fishing and the introduction of foreign species of flora, as well as damaged by domestic and industrial pollution. It hosts species such as the marsh deer , the capybara , the neotropical river otter ,

160-501: A grazer-browser for food. Their diet also changes between the dry season and the flood season. Usually the rutting season coincides with the dry season but can change from animal to animal. They may use this to their advantage for breeding or finding mates because the densities of marsh deer are significantly higher on the Rio Negro marshland boundary during the dry season compared to the less dense, more distributed population during

200-640: A historical park containing the grave of Hernandarias (1561-1634), the first American-born governor in South America.) The settlement was moved to the present site in 1653 due to the constant flooding of the Cayastá River. The city of Santa Fe became the provincial capital in 1814, when the territory of the province of Santa Fe was separated from the province of Buenos Aires by the National Constituent Assembly , held in

240-446: A length of 60 centimetres (24 in). An adult typically grows to a weight of 80 to 125 kg (176 to 276 lb), although an occasional big male can weigh up to 150 kg (330 lb), making it the largest species of living South American deer, though it was exceeded in size by the extinct Antifer . They are solitary animals or living in groups with less than 6 individuals with only an adult male. Their main predators are

280-437: A year, yet they rarely fall much lower than -3 °C (27F), with record lows approaching -7 °C (19F). However, generally speaking, the windy, humid weather makes it feel significantly chillier than indicated by real temperatures. Spring is usually delightful, yet very sudden changes may occur: summer-like and winter-like temperatures often alternate, and there may be a large difference between day and night temperatures. It

320-668: Is a species of deer native to South America. It is the largest living species of South American deer. This is the only species in the genus Blastocerus . It is found in Argentina , Bolivia , Peru , Brazil , Uruguay and Paraguay . Formerly found in much of tropical and subtropical South America, it ranged east of the Andes , south from the Amazon rainforest , west of the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest and north of

360-526: Is already generally cool, with chilly nights. Winter runs from late May to late August. Temperatures usually range from 13 °C (55F) to 18 °C (64F), while nights go from 3 °C (37F) to 7 °C (45F), with lower precipitation but higher cloudiness and relatively common fog. As in the entire Pampas region, there are often brief, mild spells in the winter when the temperatures might reach 25 °C (77F), followed by much colder weather and frosty nights. Temperatures usually reach 0 °C several times

400-443: Is also the season most prone to violent weather. October has the same average temperatures as April, with slightly cooler nights, yet extremes of heat and cold are more likely: frost may rarely occur, as may temperatures of 35 °C (95F), sometimes within the same week. Precipitation in the region ranges from 1,000 to 1,400 millimetres (39 to 55 in), with two peaks in late spring / early summer, and late summer / early fall, and

440-561: Is composed of the second and third sections of the Islands of the San Fernando Delta, located just north of Buenos Aires . It was declared a natural reserve in 2000 by UNESCO . It takes up 886 square kilometres (342 sq mi), of which 106 square kilometres (41 sq mi) are the core protected area. It is an area rich in biodiversity, including species that find their southernmost limit of distribution, which makes

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480-538: Is in contact not with the sea but with another river. The Lower Delta was the site of the first modern settlements in the Paraná-Plata basin and is today densely populated, being the agricultural and industrial core of Argentina and host to several major ports. The main course of the Paraná lies on the west of the delta, and is navigable downstream from Puerto General San Martín by ships up to Panamax kind. Among

520-629: Is the capital city of the province of Santa Fe , Argentina . It is situated in north-eastern Argentina, near the junction of the Paraná and Salado rivers. It lies 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from the Hernandarias Subfluvial Tunnel that connects it to the city of Paraná . The city is also connected by canal with the port of Colastiné on the Paraná River. Santa Fe de la Vera Cruz has about 391,164 inhabitants per

560-661: The National Route 19 . Santa Fe is home to the Sauce Viejo Airport with daily direct flights to Rosario and Aeroparque Jorge Newbery in Buenos Aires. Santa Fe de la Vera Cruz was founded on the nearby site of Cayastá in 1573 by the conquistador Juan de Garay (1528-1583) during an expedition which he led from Asunción (in present-day Paraguay ) to the Paraná River . (Cayastá today has

600-518: The Pampas cat , the jaguar , the coypu and the red-faced guan , some of them endangered. The delta has had large commercial forest plantations since the 1960s. The plantations show significant intra-annual variation in their normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) for the 2008-2018 period. It is thought that this variation can be indebeted to changes in river water level, temperature and photoperiod , all of which change seasonally. Yet, part of

640-490: The jaguar and the puma . The marsh deer lives only in marsh areas, notably the Pantanal and Chaco , in which the level of water is less than 70 cm (28 in) deep. They are swift swimmers. The marshes with their high vegetation density protect them from predators and provide them with food. These deer also have a small migratory pattern, they follow the water levels between the dry season and flooding season. With

680-609: The railway privatisation in Argentina ceased all the long-distance services in the country. In the 2010s, the local municipality remodelled both stations as Guadalupe would be terminus for a new urban train. Nevertheless, the original project was not carried out. On the other hand, the Santa Fe Belgrano station was re-opened as a convention center . The fourth station (also the oldest of all) had been built by French company Province of Santa Fe Railway in 1885. It

720-535: The 2010 census [ INDEC ] . The metropolitan area has a population of 653,073, making it the eighth largest in Argentina. Santa Fe de la Vera Cruz is linked to Rosario (170 km (106 mi) to the south), the largest city in the province, by the Brigadier Estanislao López Highway and by National Route 11 , which continues south towards Buenos Aires . Córdoba is about (340 km (211 mi) west of Santa Fe, through

760-612: The Argentinian Pampa . Today it is largely reduced to isolated populations at marsh and lagoon zones in the Paraná , Paraguay , Araguaia and Guapore river basins. Small populations also occur in the southern Amazon, including Peru where protected in Bahuaja-Sonene National Park . It is listed as a vulnerable species by the IUCN and is protected under CITES Appendix I . Marsh deer resemble

800-642: The Ibicuy, which itself gives origin to the smaller Paranacito River, a tributary of the Uruguay River that passes by Villa Paranacito . The Paraná de las Palmas starts around the mouth of the Paraná Ibicuy, downstream from Baradero , flowing west into the province of Buenos Aires and then turning southeast again. The main course is continued by the other major branch, the Paraná Guazú. In turn,

840-478: The North American mule deer or blacktail deer . They possess very large ears lined with white hairs, red-gold to tawny brown fur, blackish eyes and long dark legs. The hair turns darker during winter. There are also white marks on the hips and around the eyes. The legs are black below the tarsal as is the muzzle. The tail is of a paler reddish tone than the rest of the body on its upper part and black on

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880-1052: The Paraná Guazú sprouts two east-flowing branches in the territory of Entre Ríos: first the Paraná Bravo, and then the Paraná Miní. Due to the low elevation and the ubiquitous presence of water, the Paraná delta is subject to a particular climate within the climate zones of the Pampas. As in the entire region, there are four distinct seasons; however, the Delta has slightly colder nights, milder winters and higher humidity, which allows some warmer-weather species to thrive Summers are hot and often muggy; with daily highs between 18 and 22 °C (64 and 72 °F) and nights between 16 and 20 °C (61 and 68 °F). Heat waves are common, yet they are not as intense as in central Argentina, and usually temperatures will not go much above 36 °C (97F), although they have reached 40 °C (104F) in

920-471: The area interesting for the conservation of genetic diversity. The main human activity in this part of the delta is the exploitation of the willow forest for commercial purposes, and human impact is low. The region has suffered from a loss of human population and today there are only 3,600 inhabitants living there (2001). The establishment of the Biosphere Reserve aims at revitalizing the economy of

960-768: The city in 1853. Santa Fe de la Vera Cruz became the commercial and transportation center for a rich agricultural area that produces grain, vegetable oils , and meats. The city is the site of the National Technological University – Santa Fe Regional Faculty , Catholic University of Santa Fe (inaugurated in 1959), and the National University of the Littoral (first founded as the Provincial University in 1889, it adopted its current name in 1919). A suspension bridge

1000-576: The city remained under water more than a week later. That year, the suspension bridge was reopened, and in 2008, the city's historic grain silos were converted into the Los Silos Hotel and Casino , and San Martín Street was converted to pedestrian use. The city's historical role in the Argentine Constitution led national lawmakers to choose it as the site of Constitutional Conventions in 1949 , 1957 , and 1994 . The city has

1040-585: The delta is about 320 kilometres (200 mi), and its width varies between 18 and 60 kilometres (11 and 37 mi). It carries 160 million tonnes of suspended sediment (about half of it coming from the Bermejo River through the Paraguay River ) and advances from 50 to 90 metres (160 to 300 ft) (depending on the source) per year over the Río de la Plata. It is the world's only river delta that

1080-523: The first ever Five-pin billiards World Championship in 1965. The city is also home to two first division football teams: Club Atlético Colón and Club Atlético Unión , who contest the Santa Fe derby . Santa Fe was also the place where the world known Amílcar Brusa was born and raised, and the home of boxers Carlos Baldomir and Julio César Vásquez . Santa Fe is twinned with: Marsh deer The marsh deer ( Blastocerus dichotomus )

1120-482: The flooded season. Gestation lasts approximately 271 days. The offspring (normally one per female, though occasionally twins are born) are born between October and November. The infant deer are whitish which becomes more adult-like after a year. The natural predators of the marsh deer – the jaguar (locally called onça or yaguaraté) ( Panthera onca ) and the puma ( Puma concolor )— have almost completely disappeared from its habitat. The former major threat

1160-470: The fluctuation in water levels, they are able to find new food sources that the water uncovers during the dry season. Some freshwater ponds on the Pantanal Wetland, Brazil reported low densities of individuals dictating that those ponds are not able to support large populations of marsh deer. Since marsh deer live near aquatic habitats, they eat a majority of their diet in aquatic plants. A study

1200-519: The improvement of the major highways and a subfluvial tunnel. Despite having had four railway stations , nowadays the city Santa Fe is not served by rail transport. The Mitre Railway station is no longer used since 2007, when defunct company Trenes de Buenos Aires cancelled its services to Santa Fe. Likewise, the Santa Fe Belgrano (built in 1891 and named Cultural Heritage) and Guadalupe stations had been entered into disuse in 1993 when

1240-565: The many arms of the river are the Paraná Pavón, the Paraná Ibicuy, the Paraná de las Palmas, the Paraná Guazú and the smaller Paraná Miní and Paraná Bravo. The Paraná Pavón is the first major branch. It has a meandering course that starts on the eastern side, opposite Villa Constitución. Between the main Paraná and the Paraná Pavón lie the Lechiguanas Islands. The Paraná Pavón flows east and then turns south to be continued by

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1280-414: The past. Thunderstorms are common and can bring heavy rain and much cooler weather. As in the entire Pampas region, summers are "cut" by short, cool periods when southerly Pampero winds blow. March is already noticeably cooler than the summer, and April is characterized by very pleasant weather: highs range from 21 °C (70F) to 25 °C (77F), nights from 10 °C (50F) to 14 °C (57F), and May

1320-575: The region at the same time as conserving the natural and cultural values of the area and support the investigation and study of the ecosystem with the possibilities of national and international investment in projects of sustainable growth and the grouping of the region in reference of organic cultivation and varied ways of land-forest production with certification of ecological quality. Santa Fe, Argentina Santa Fe de la Vera Cruz ( Spanish pronunciation: [ˈsanta ˈfe ðe la ˈβeɾa ˈkɾus] ; usually called just Santa Fe , lit. "Holy Faith")

1360-447: The under part. The head-and-body length is 153 to 200 cm (5.02 to 6.56 ft), while the tail adds a further 12–16 cm (4.7–6.3 in). The height at the shoulder can range from 100 to 127 cm (3.28 to 4.17 ft). The hoof , which is large in relation to the body, has elastic interdigital membranes which are useful for swimming and walking on marshy surfaces. Only the males possess antlers which are ramified and reach

1400-607: The variation in may be ultimately caused by El Niño and La Niña cycles. The Isla Botija Nature Reserve was one of the first protected area (1958) created in the low delta of Parana river The Predelta National Park , created in 1992, protects a sample of the Upper Delta. It is in the southwest of Entre Ríos, 6 kilometres (4 mi) south of Diamante, and has an area of 24.58 square kilometres (9.49 sq mi), occupied by low-lying islands subject to flooding, as well as lagoons and swamps. The Paraná Delta Biosphere Reserve

1440-449: The year though summer is usually the wettest season. Thunderstorms can be intense with frequent lightning , powerful downdraughts and intense precipitation . The lowest record temperature was −7.0 °C (19.4 °F) on June 13, 1967, while the highest recorded temperature was 45.6 °C (114.1 °F) on January 25, 1986. There is infrastructure for tourism that has been developed: river side bars and nightclubs, chic restaurants,

1480-544: Was completed in 1924, though severe flooding partially destroyed it in 1983 (a second bridge, the Oroño, was opened in 1971). The city's location is still not immune to flooding. On April 29, 2003, the Salado, which empties into the Paraná near Santa Fe, rose almost 2 m (6.5 ft) in a few hours following heavy rainfall, and caused a catastrophic flood. No fewer than 100,000 people had to be evacuated, and large sections of

1520-446: Was conducted and they found 40 different species of plants in which they ate. The main food component was Graminae which took up 22% of their diet, Pontederiaceae took up 12%, Leguminosae was about 11%, and the rest was filled in with Nymphaeaceae , Alismataceae , Marantaceae , Onagraceae , and Cyperaceae . They also enjoy eating aquatic flowers and shrubs that grow in the swamps and the floating mats. They can be best classed as

1560-491: Was demolished in 1962 and replaced by a bus station . Railway stations in the city of Santa Fe are: Notes: Santa Fe put itself on the international sports map as one of the host cities of the 1990 FIBA World Championship . The games were played in the Estadio de la Facultad Regional Santa Fe . The Estadio Ángel Malvicino was one of the venues of the 2002 FIVB Men's Volleyball World Championship . Santa Fe also hosted

1600-430: Was poaching for its antlers, but this is somewhat under control. Destruction of its habitat presents nowadays the major threat to marsh deer. The Yacyretá Dam altered an area in which several hundred individuals lived and the draining of marshes for farmland and cattle farming threaten hundreds of hectares every year in Argentina and Brazil. Contagious diseases from cattle are also a problem, though it has been shown that

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