37-519: The genus Paradisaea consists of six species of birds-of-paradise (family Paradisaeidae ). The genus is found on the island of New Guinea as well as the nearby islands groups of the Aru Islands , D'Entrecasteaux Islands and Raja Ampat Islands . The species inhabit a range of forest types from sea level to mid-montane forests. Several species have highly restricted distributions, and all species have disjunct distributions. A 2009 study examining
74-590: A monophyletic group or natural group , is a grouping of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree . In the taxonomical literature, sometimes the Latin form cladus (plural cladi ) is used rather than the English form. Clades are the fundamental unit of cladistics , a modern approach to taxonomy adopted by most biological fields. The common ancestor may be an individual,
111-588: A population , or a species ( extinct or extant ). Clades are nested, one in another, as each branch in turn splits into smaller branches. These splits reflect evolutionary history as populations diverged and evolved independently. Clades are termed monophyletic (Greek: "one clan") groups. Over the last few decades, the cladistic approach has revolutionized biological classification and revealed surprising evolutionary relationships among organisms. Increasingly, taxonomists try to avoid naming taxa that are not clades; that is, taxa that are not monophyletic . Some of
148-479: A "ladder", with supposedly more "advanced" organisms at the top. Taxonomists have increasingly worked to make the taxonomic system reflect evolution. When it comes to naming , this principle is not always compatible with the traditional rank-based nomenclature (in which only taxa associated with a rank can be named) because not enough ranks exist to name a long series of nested clades. For these and other reasons, phylogenetic nomenclature has been developed; it
185-446: A branch of mammals that split off after the end of the period when the clade Dinosauria stopped being the dominant terrestrial vertebrates 66 million years ago. The original population and all its descendants are a clade. The rodent clade corresponds to the order Rodentia, and insects to the class Insecta. These clades include smaller clades, such as chipmunk or ant , each of which consists of even smaller clades. The clade "rodent"
222-623: A clade can be described based on two different reference points, crown age and stem age. The crown age of a clade refers to the age of the most recent common ancestor of all of the species in the clade. The stem age of a clade refers to the time that the ancestral lineage of the clade diverged from its sister clade. A clade's stem age is either the same as or older than its crown age. Ages of clades cannot be directly observed. They are inferred, either from stratigraphy of fossils , or from molecular clock estimates. Viruses , and particularly RNA viruses form clades. These are useful in tracking
259-399: A fruiting tree, they will not associate with them otherwise and will not stay with other species for long. Fruit is eaten while perched and not in the air, and birds-of-paradise are able to use their feet as tools to manipulate and hold their food, allowing them to extract certain capsular fruit. There is some niche differentiation in fruit choice by species and any one species will only consume
296-496: A limited number of fruit types compared to the large choice available. For example, the trumpet manucode and crinkle-collared manucode will eat mostly figs, whereas the Lawes's parotia focuses mostly on berries and the greater lophorina and raggiana bird-of-paradise take mostly capsular fruit. Clade In biological phylogenetics , a clade (from Ancient Greek κλάδος (kládos) 'branch'), also known as
333-621: A pair of wire-like feathers emerging from the end of the tail. The flank plumes are used during breeding displays. The name, Paradisaea , is the Latinized form of "paradise". The local name in Indonesia is cenderawasih . The genus Paradisaea was introduced by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae . The genus name is from Late Latin paradisus meaning "paradise". The type species
370-422: A revised taxonomy based on a concept strongly resembling clades, although the term clade itself would not be coined until 1957 by his grandson, Julian Huxley . German biologist Emil Hans Willi Hennig (1913–1976) is considered to be the founder of cladistics . He proposed a classification system that represented repeated branchings of the family tree, as opposed to the previous systems, which put organisms on
407-710: A species outside New Guinea is Phonygammus , one representative of which is found in the extreme north of Queensland . The remaining species are restricted to New Guinea and some of the surrounding islands. Many species have very small ranges, particularly those with restricted habitat types such as mid-montane forest (like the black sicklebill ) or island endemics (like the Wilson's bird-of-paradise ). The majority of birds-of-paradise live in tropical forests, including rainforests , swamps, and moss forests , nearly all of them solitary tree dwellers. Several species have been recorded in coastal mangroves. The southernmost species,
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#1732766119868444-429: A suffix added should be e.g. "dracohortian". A clade is by definition monophyletic , meaning that it contains one ancestor which can be an organism, a population, or a species and all its descendants. The ancestor can be known or unknown; any and all members of a clade can be extant or extinct. The science that tries to reconstruct phylogenetic trees and thus discover clades is called phylogenetics or cladistics ,
481-476: Is in turn included in the mammal, vertebrate and animal clades. The idea of a clade did not exist in pre- Darwinian Linnaean taxonomy , which was based by necessity only on internal or external morphological similarities between organisms. Many of the better known animal groups in Linnaeus's original Systema Naturae (mostly vertebrate groups) do represent clades. The phenomenon of convergent evolution
518-462: Is introduced (as Paradiseidae) in 1825 with Paradisaea as the type genus by the English naturalist William John Swainson . For many years the birds-of-paradise were treated as being closely related to the bowerbirds . Today while both are treated as being part of the Australasian lineage Corvida , the two are now thought to be only distantly related. The closest evolutionary relatives of
555-515: Is responsible for many cases of misleading similarities in the morphology of groups that evolved from different lineages. With the increasing realization in the first half of the 19th century that species had changed and split through the ages, classification increasingly came to be seen as branches on the evolutionary tree of life . The publication of Darwin's theory of evolution in 1859 gave this view increasing weight. In 1876 Thomas Henry Huxley , an early advocate of evolutionary theory, proposed
592-489: Is still controversial. As an example, see the full current classification of Anas platyrhynchos (the mallard duck) with 40 clades from Eukaryota down by following this Wikispecies link and clicking on "Expand". The name of a clade is conventionally a plural, where the singular refers to each member individually. A unique exception is the reptile clade Dracohors , which was made by haplology from Latin "draco" and "cohors", i.e. "the dragon cohort "; its form with
629-574: Is the large island of New Guinea ; all but two genera are found in New Guinea. Those other two are the monotypic genera Lycocorax and Semioptera , both of which are endemic to the Maluku Islands , to the west of New Guinea. Of the riflebirds in the genus Ptiloris , two are endemic to the coastal forests of eastern Australia , one occurs in both Australia and New Guinea, and one is only found in New Guinea. The only other genus to have
666-573: The Epimachus sicklebills, Paradigalla, and the astrapias. The final clade includes the Cicinnurus and the Paradisaea birds-of-paradise. The exact limits of the family have been the subject of revision as well. The three species of satinbird (the genera Cnemophilus and Loboparadisea ) were treated as a subfamily of the birds-of-paradise, Cnemophilinae. In spite of differences in
703-400: The corvids . Birds-of-paradise range in size from the king bird-of-paradise at 50 g (1.8 oz) and 15 cm (5.9 in) to the curl-crested manucode at 44 cm (17 in) and 430 g (15 oz). The male black sicklebill , with its long tail, is the longest species at 110 cm (43 in). In most species, the tails of the males are larger and longer than those of
740-457: The mitochondrial DNA of the family found that the Paradisaea birds-of-paradise were in a clade with the genus Cicinnurus . It showed that the blue bird-of-paradise was a sister taxon to all the other species in this genus. All are large, and sexually dimorphic . The plumage of the males includes characteristic grossly elongated flank plumes (which emerge from beneath the wings and strictly speaking are flank plumes pectoral plumes), and
777-425: The paradise riflebird of Australia , lives in sub-tropical and temperate wet forests. As a group the manucodes are the most plastic in their habitat requirements; in particular, the glossy-mantled manucode , which inhabits both forest and open savanna woodland. Mid-montane habitats are the most commonly occupied habitat, with thirty of the forty species occurring in the 1000–2000 m altitudinal band. The diet of
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#1732766119868814-566: The plumage of the males of the species, the majority of which are sexually dimorphic . The males of these species tend to have very long, elaborate feathers extending from the beak, wings, tail, or head. For the most part, they are confined to dense rainforest habitats. The diet of all species is dominated by fruit and to a lesser extent arthropods . The birds-of-paradise have a variety of breeding systems, ranging from monogamy to lek -type polygamy . A number of species are threatened by hunting and habitat loss . The family Paradisaeidae
851-478: The birds-of-paradise are the crow and jay family Corvidae , the monarch flycatchers Monarchidae , and the Australian mudnesters Struthideidae . A 2009 study examining the mitochondrial DNA of all species to examine the relationships within the family and to its nearest relatives estimated that the family emerged 24 million years ago, earlier than previous estimates. The study identified five clades within
888-403: The birds-of-paradise is dominated by fruit and arthropods, although small amounts of nectar and small vertebrates may also be taken. The ratio of the two food types varies by species, with fruit predominating in some species, and arthropods dominating the diet in others. The ratio of the two will affect other aspects of the behaviour of the species; for example, frugivorous species tend to feed in
925-741: The described species were so rare, he examined many controversial specimens and, during the 1920s and 1930s, published several papers on his hypothesis. Many of the species described in the late 19th and early 20th centuries are now generally considered to be hybrids, though some are still subject to dispute; their status is not likely to be settled definitely without genetic examination of museum specimens, which will come soon in summer 2021 in North America, South America, Africa, Europe, Asia, and Australia, and some birds in an aviary in Central Park Zoo . Birds-of-paradise are closely related to
962-465: The dimorphic species is typically drab to blend in with their habitat, unlike the bright attractive colours found on the males. Younger males of these species have female-like plumage, and sexual maturity takes a long time, with the full adult plumage not being obtained for up to seven years. This affords the younger males protection from predators of more subdued colours and also reduces hostility from adult males. The centre of bird-of-paradise diversity
999-1641: The family has been determined by Martin Irestedt and collaborators. Lycocorax – paradise-crows (2 species) Phonygammus – trumpet manucode Manucodia – manucodes (5 species) Pteridophora – King of Saxony bird-of-paradise Parotia – parotias (6 species) Seleucidis – twelve-wired bird-of-paradise Drepanornis – sicklebills (2 species) Semioptera – standardwing bird-of-paradise Lophorina – lophorinas (3 species) Ptiloris – riflebirds (4 species) Epimachus – sicklebills (2 species) Paradigalla – paradigallas (2 species) Astrapia – astrapias (5 species) Cicinnurus – King bird-of-paradise Diphyllodes – birds-of-paradise (2 species) Paradisornis – blue bird-of-paradise Paradisaea – birds-of-paradise (6 species) genus : Lycocorax genus : Manucodia genus : Phonygammus genus : Paradigalla genus : Astrapia genus : Parotia genus : Pteridophora genus : Lophorina genus : Ptiloris genus : Epimachus genus : Drepanornis genus : Cicinnurus genus : Diphyllodes genus : Semioptera genus : Seleucidis genus : Paradisaea Hybrid birds-of-paradise may occur when individuals of different species, that look similar and have overlapping ranges, confuse each other for their own species and crossbreed. When Erwin Stresemann realised that hybridisation among birds-of-paradise might be an explanation as to why so many of
1036-598: The family, and placed the split between the first clade, which contains the monogamous manucodes and paradise-crow , and all the other birds-of-paradise, to be 10 million years ago. The second clade includes the parotias and the King of Saxony bird-of-paradise . The third clade provisionally contains several genera, including Seleucidis , the Drepanornis sicklebills, Semioptera , Ptiloris, and Lophorina , although some of these are questionable. The fourth clade includes
1073-469: The females have larger bills than the males are more common, particularly in the insect-eating species. Plumage variation between the sexes is closely related to the breeding system. The manucodes and paradise-crow, which are socially monogamous, are sexually monomorphic . So are the two species of Paradigalla , which are polygamous. All these species have generally black plumage with varying amounts of green and blue iridescence . The female plumage of
1110-480: The females, the differences ranging from slight to extreme. The wings are rounded and in some species structurally modified on the males in order to make sound. There is considerable variation in the family with regard to bill shape. Bills may be long and decurved, as in the sicklebills and riflebirds, or small and slim like the Astrapias . As with body size, bill size varies between the sexes, although species where
1147-513: The forest canopy, whereas insectivores may feed lower down in the middle storey. Frugivores are more social than the insectivores, which are more solitary and territorial . Even the birds-of-paradise that are primarily insect eaters will still take large amounts of fruit. The family is overall an important seed disperser for the forests of New Guinea, as they do not digest the seeds. Species that feed on fruit will range widely searching for fruit, and while they may join other fruit-eating species at
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1184-436: The genus Melampitta , also from New Guinea, have been linked with the birds-of-paradise, but their relationships remain uncertain, more recently being linked with the Australian mudnesters. The silktail of Fiji has been linked with the birds-of-paradise many times since its discovery, but never formally assigned to the family. Recent molecular evidence now places the species with the fantails . A genus level phylogeny of
1221-518: The latter term coined by Ernst Mayr (1965), derived from "clade". The results of phylogenetic/cladistic analyses are tree-shaped diagrams called cladograms ; they, and all their branches, are phylogenetic hypotheses. Three methods of defining clades are featured in phylogenetic nomenclature : node-, stem-, and apomorphy-based (see Phylogenetic nomenclature§Phylogenetic definitions of clade names for detailed definitions). The relationship between clades can be described in several ways: The age of
1258-541: The mouth, foot morphology, and nesting habits they remained in the family until a 2000 study moved them to a separate family closer to the berrypeckers and longbills ( Melanocharitidae ). The same study found that the Macgregor's bird-of-paradise was actually a member of the large Australasian honeyeater family. In addition to these three species, a number of systematically enigmatic species and genera have been considered potential members of this family. The two species in
1295-482: The relationships between organisms that the molecular biology arm of cladistics has revealed include that fungi are closer relatives to animals than they are to plants, archaea are now considered different from bacteria , and multicellular organisms may have evolved from archaea. The term "clade" is also used with a similar meaning in other fields besides biology, such as historical linguistics ; see Cladistics § In disciplines other than biology . The term "clade"
1332-423: Was coined in 1957 by the biologist Julian Huxley to refer to the result of cladogenesis , the evolutionary splitting of a parent species into two distinct species, a concept Huxley borrowed from Bernhard Rensch . Many commonly named groups – rodents and insects , for example – are clades because, in each case, the group consists of a common ancestor with all its descendant branches. Rodents, for example, are
1369-524: Was designated as the greater bird-of-paradise ( Paradisaea apoda ) by George Robert Gray in 1840. The genus contains six species. [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Bird-of-paradise 17 genera, 45 species The birds-of-paradise are members of the family Paradisaeidae of the order Passeriformes . The majority of species are found in eastern Indonesia , Papua New Guinea , and eastern Australia . The family has 45 species in 17 genera . The members of this family are perhaps best known for
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