37-519: HM Prison Parkhurst is a Category B men's prison located in Parkhurst on the Isle of Wight , and is operated by His Majesty's Prison Service . Parkhurst prison is one of two former separate prisons that today make up HMP Isle of Wight , the other being Albany . Parkhurst as an institution began in 1778, originally serving as a military hospital and children's asylum. By 1838, it had transformed into
74-804: A 2010 Commons Justice Committee, they are independent from the UK and from each other and their relationship is with the Crown. The UK's responsibilities derive from that fact. All "insular" legislation has to receive the approval of the "King in Council", in effect, the Privy Council in London. Certain types of domestic legislation in the Isle of Man and the Bailiwick of Guernsey, however, may be signed into law by
111-454: A blackmailer) escaped from Parkhurst prison and enjoyed four days of freedom before being recaptured. One of the escapees, Keith Rose, was an amateur pilot. During those four days, the escapees lived rough in a shed in a garden in Ryde, after failing to steal a plane from the local flying club. A documentary entitled Britain's Island Fortress was produced about this daring prison escape, and it
148-765: A prison for children. 123 Parkhurst apprentices were sent to the Colony of New Zealand in 1842 and 1843, and nearly 1500 boys between the ages of 12 and 18 were sent to various colonies in Australia and New Zealand. The Swan River Colony ( Western Australia ) received 234 apprentices between 1842 and 1849, then chose to accept adult convicts as well. Victoria and Tasmania also received "Parkhurst Boys", who were always referred to officially as "apprentices", not convicts. During this period, Parkhurst Prison Governor Captain George Hall (in office from 1843 to 1861) employed
185-471: A status if deemed to be deserving such as a borough or as a more prestigious city by the monarch. Many cities were designated over several centuries, and as Anglican dioceses began to be created the process of city creation became aligned to that used in England, being linked to the presence of a cathedral . Despite this, St Patrick's Isle adjoining the Isle of Man, which had a medieval cathedral ,
222-742: Is the States Assembly , the first known mention of which is in a document of 1497. The States of Jersey Law 2005 introduced the post of Chief Minister of Jersey , abolished the Bailiff's power of dissent to a resolution of the States and the Lieutenant Governor's power of veto over a resolution of the States, and established that any Order in Council or Act of the United Kingdom proposed to apply to Jersey must be referred to
259-678: Is today used irrespective of the gender of the person who holds it. The Channel Islands are part of the territory annexed by the Duchy of Normandy in 933 from the Duchy of Brittany . This territory was added to the grant of land given in settlement by the King of France in 911 to the Viking raiders who had sailed up the Seine almost to the walls of Paris. William the Conqueror , Duke of Normandy, claimed
296-701: The British Crown : the Bailiwick of Guernsey and the Bailiwick of Jersey , both located in the English Channel and together known as the Channel Islands , and the Isle of Man in the Irish Sea between Great Britain and Ireland . They are closely related to the countries of United Kingdom (UK), although they are not part of them. They have the status of "territories for which
333-612: The Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II , with Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories being allowed to take part for the first time. In the Dependencies, the only applicants were Douglas and Peel, both on the Isle of Man, and Douglas was granted the honour, making it the first formal city. According to the 1973 Kilbrandon Report , the Crown Dependencies are "like miniature states". According to
370-470: The States of Alderney . The three parliaments together can also approve joint Bailiwick-wide legislation that applies in those parts of the Bailiwick whose parliaments approve it. There are no political parties in any of the parliaments; candidates stand for election as independents . The Bailiwick of Jersey consists of the island of Jersey and a number of surrounding uninhabited islands. The parliament
407-524: The Bailiwicks have had separate courts of appeal , but generally, the Bailiff of each Bailiwick has been appointed to serve on the panel of appellate judges for the other Bailiwick. The Bailiwick of Guernsey comprises three separate jurisdictions: The parliament of Guernsey is the States of Deliberation , the parliament of Sark is called the Chief Pleas , and the parliament of Alderney is called
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#1732782361043444-491: The Channel Islands as successive monarchs have confirmed the liberties and privileges of the Bailiwicks , often referring to the so-called Constitutions of King John , a legendary document supposed to have been granted by King John in the aftermath of 1204. Governments of the Bailiwicks have generally tried to avoid testing the limits of the unwritten constitution by avoiding conflict with British governments. Following
481-432: The Channel Islands have been governed as: Each Bailiwick is a Crown dependency and each is headed by a Bailiff , with a Lieutenant Governor representing the Crown in each Bailiwick. Each Bailiwick has its own legal and healthcare systems and its own separate immigration policy, with "local status" in one Bailiwick having no validity in the other. The two Bailiwicks exercise bilateral double taxation treaties . Since 1961,
518-419: The Crown by a panel in each respective Crown dependency; this replaced the previous system of the appointments being made by the Crown on the recommendation of UK ministers. In 2005, it was decided in the Isle of Man to replace the Lieutenant Governor with a Crown Commissioner , but this decision was reversed before it was implemented. "The Crown" is defined differently in each Crown Dependency. Legislation of
555-574: The Isle of Man defines the "Crown in right of the Isle of Man" as being separate from the "Crown in right of the United Kingdom". In the Isle of Man the British monarch is styled Lord of Mann , a title variously held by Norse , Scottish and English kings and nobles (the English nobles in fealty to the English Crown) until it was revested into the British monarchy in 1765. The title "Lord"
592-495: The Keys as independents, rather than being selected by political parties . There is a Council of Ministers headed by a chief minister . Unlike the other Crown Dependencies, the Isle of Man has a Common Purse Agreement with the United Kingdom. As overseas territories were added to the land conquered by the British, a number of towns and villages began to request formal recognition to validate their importance, and would be accorded
629-542: The Lieutenant Governor, using delegated powers, without having to pass through the Privy Council. In Jersey, provisional legislation of an administrative nature may be adopted by means of triennial regulations (renewable after three years), without requiring the assent of the Privy Council. Much legislation, in practice, is effected by means of secondary legislation under the authority of prior laws or Orders in Council. A unique constitutional position has arisen in
666-525: The Old Bailey to seven years imprisonment for his involvement in an IRA bank robbery in Hornsey, north London, which yielded £ 530 (equivalent to £9,500 in 2023). He was also convicted for the possession of two revolvers. On 31 March 1974, Gaughan went on hunger strike demanding political status. At this time, British policy was to force-feed hunger strikers. Over the course of his protest, Gaughan
703-665: The States so that the States can express their views on it. There are few political parties , as candidates generally stand for election as independents. The Isle of Man's Tynwald claims to be the world's oldest parliament in continuous existence, dating back to 979. (However, it does not claim to be the oldest parliament, as Iceland 's Althing dates back to 930.) It consists of a popularly elected House of Keys and an indirectly elected Legislative Council . These two branches may sit separately or jointly to consider pieces of legislation, which, when passed into law, are known as " Acts of Tynwald ". Candidates mostly stand for election to
740-528: The UK, and they are akin to "miniature states with wide powers of self-government". As the Crown Dependencies are not sovereign states, the power to pass legislation affecting the islands ultimately rests with the King-in-Council (though this power is rarely exercised without the consent of the dependencies , and the right to do so is disputed). However, they each have their own legislative assembly , with power to legislate on many local matters with
777-494: The United Kingdom In the United Kingdom, prisoners are divided into four categories of security. Each adult is assigned to a category according to their crime, sentence, the risk of escape, and violent tendencies. The categories are designated with the letters A to D, with A being the highest level of security, and D the lowest. There are three different prison services in the United Kingdom, and separate services for
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#1732782361043814-704: The United Kingdom is responsible", rather than sovereign states . As a result, they are not member states of the Commonwealth of Nations . However, they do have relationships with the Commonwealth and other international organisations, and are members of the British–Irish Council . They have their own teams in the Commonwealth Games . Each island's political development has been largely independent from, though often parallel with, that of
851-690: The age, gender and security classification of the prisoners it holds. Male adult prisoners (those aged 18 or over) are given a security categorisation soon after they enter prison. These categories are based on a combination of the type of crime committed, the length of sentence, the likelihood of escape, and the danger to the public if they were to escape. The four categories are: Category A, B and C prisons are called closed prisons, whereas category D prisons are called open prisons. Category A prisoners are further divided into standard risk, high risk and exceptional risk, based on their likelihood of escaping. Men on remand are held in category B conditions with
888-779: The assent of the Crown (the Privy Council , or, in the case of the Isle of Man, in certain circumstances the lieutenant-governor or, in the case of the Bailiwick of Guernsey, the Lieutenant-Governor). In Jersey and the Isle of Man, the head of government is called the chief minister . In Guernsey, the head representative of the committee-based government is the President of the Policy and Resources Committee . The term 'Crown Dependencies' has been disputed by Gavin St Pier , former Chief Minister of Guernsey . He argues that
925-545: The boys to make bricks for the construction of the C and M block wings of the prison building. Parkhurst was considered one of the toughest prisons in the British Isles. From its early days as a prison for young offenders, Parkhurst faced severe criticism from the public, politicians and the press due to its harsh régime (including the use of leg irons initially). The prison became a focal point for reformers, most notably Mary Carpenter (1807–1877), who campaigned against
962-427: The exception of some of those who are held to be tried on (very) serious offences. These men are held in "provisional category A" conditions. Prisoners who have made active attempts to escape from custody are placed on the holding prison's escape list. These prisoners (sometimes referred to as "E men" or "E list men") are required to wear distinctive, brightly coloured clothing when being moved both inside and outside of
999-603: The nature of the offence they have been accused or convicted of: Since 2002, in Scotland , prisoners have been assigned to one of three categories: Prisoners (adult and young, male and female) are classified in a similar way to the English/Welsh system: Crown Dependencies The Crown Dependencies are three offshore island territories in the British Islands that are self-governing possessions of
1036-508: The prison and are handcuffed. In addition they are required to change cells frequently and to have their clothes and some of their personal property removed from their cell before being locked in for the night. Women are also classified into four categories. These categories are: Remand prisoners are always held in closed prisons. When children under 18 are sentenced or remanded in custody, they may be sent to one of three types of establishment depending on their needs, age, vulnerability and
1073-616: The restoration of King Charles II , who had spent part of his exile in Jersey, the Channel Islands were given the right to set their own customs duties, referred to by the Jersey Legal French term as impôts . The monarch is represented by a Lieutenant Governor in each Crown dependency, but this post is largely ceremonial. Since 2010 the Lieutenant Governors of each Crown dependency have been recommended to
1110-667: The term was an administrative invention of Whitehall , which incorrectly implies that the islands are dependent upon the Crown, and advocates instead the use of the term 'Crown Dominion'. King Charles III [REDACTED] William, Prince of Wales [REDACTED] Charles III ( King-in-Council ) [REDACTED] Starmer ministry ( L ) Keir Starmer ( L ) Angela Rayner ( L ) ( King-in-Parliament ) [REDACTED] Charles III [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] The Lord Reed The Lord Hodge Andrew Bailey Monetary Policy Committee Since 1290,
1147-881: The three Crown Dependencies . His Majesty's Prison Service manages prisons in England and Wales , and also serves as the National Offender Management Service for England and Wales. Prisons in Scotland are managed by the Scottish Prison Service and prisons in Northern Ireland are managed by the Northern Ireland Prison Service . The Isle of Man and the Channel Islands have their own prison administrations. Prisons in England and Wales are divided into several categories relating to
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1184-603: The title King of England in 1066, following the death of Edward the Confessor , and secured the claim through the Norman conquest of England . Subsequent marriages between Kings of England and French nobles meant that Kings of England had title to more French lands than the King of France. When the King of France asserted his feudal right of patronage , the then-King of England, King John , fearing he would be imprisoned should he attend, failed to fulfill his obligation. In 1204,
1221-564: The title and lands of the Duchy of Normandy and his other French possessions were stripped from King John of England by the King of France. The Channel Islands remained in the possession of the King of England, who ruled them as Duke of Normandy until the Treaty of Paris in 1259. John's son, Henry III , renounced the title of Duke of Normandy by that treaty, and none of his successors ever revived it. The Channel Islands continued to be governed by
1258-502: The use of imprisonment for children. In 1966, Parkhurst became one of the few top-security prisons in the United Kingdom, known as "Dispersals" , because they separated more troublesome prisoners rather than housing them all together in one place. However, it lost its "Dispersal" status in 1995. In 2009, Parkhurst merged with HM Prison Albany to form super-prison HM Prison Isle of Wight , with both sites retaining their original name. On 3 January 1995, three prisoners (two murderers and
1295-643: Was featured in the National Geographic Channel's Breakout documentary series. High-profile criminals including Lord William Beauchamp Nevill , the Yorkshire Ripper Peter Sutcliffe , Moors Murderer Ian Brady , drug smuggler Terrance John Clark and the Kray twins , were incarcerated there. Michael Gaughan died at Parkhurst prison after a 64-day hunger strike. In December 1971, Gaughan had been sentenced at
1332-544: Was force-fed 17 times. The last time he was force-fed was the night before his death on Sunday, 2 June. He died on Monday 3 June 1974, at the age of 24. Graham Young , also known as the "Teacup Poisoner", died at Parkhurst of a heart attack in 1990. War criminal Radovan Karadžić has been serving a life sentence at Parkhurst since May 2021, where he will serve the rest of his sentence. 50°42′55″N 1°18′30″W / 50.71528°N 1.30833°W / 50.71528; -1.30833 Prison security categories in
1369-622: Was never granted privileges of a city. What is now Peel Cathedral was later built nearby, but only raised to the status of a cathedral in the 1980s. The Channel Islands were at first part of a mainland French diocese , and then came under the Bishop of Winchester after the English Reformation . These islands had no cathedral. Since the year 2000, the UK government has arranged competitions to grant city status to settlements. In 2021, submissions for city status were invited to mark
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