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34-740: The Abteiland has great significance as a cultural landscape rich in species and habitats and is viewed as a refugium for endangered plants and animals. Together with the Neuburg Forest it forms natural region no. 408 - the Passau Abteiland and Neuburg Forest - within the Upper Palatine-Bavarian Forest . In April 2011, the Abteiland Working Group was formed from the following eleven municipalities: The Bavarian Forest north of Passau

68-574: A drying pond or an entire ocean, it can be said to be extirpated or locally extinct in that pond or ocean. A particular total world population can be more or less arbitrarily divided into 'stocks' or 'subpopulations', defined by political or other geographical delimitations. For example, the Cetacean Specialist Group of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has assessed the conservation status of

102-572: A longstanding refugium, based on the discovery of the "living fossil" of a marine dinoflagellate called Dapsilidinium pastielsii , currently found in the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool only. For plants, anthropogenic climate change propels scientific interest in identifying refugial species that were isolated into small or disjunct ranges during glacial episodes of the Pleistocene , yet whose ability to expand their ranges during

136-492: A measure of geodiversity. Because geodiversity has been shown to be correlated with biodiversity, even as species move in response to climate change, protected areas with high geodiversity may continue to protect biodiversity as niches get filled by the influx of species from neighboring areas. Highly geodiverse protected areas may also allow for the movement of species within the area from one land facet or elevation to another. Conservation scientists, however, emphasize that

170-419: A meteor strike, and global, multiyear effects occur. The sweepstake-winning species happens to already be living in a fortunate site, and their environment is rendered even more advantageous, as opposed to the "losing" species, which immediately fails to reproduce. Ecological understanding and geographic identification of climate refugia that remained significant strongholds for plant and animal survival during

204-628: A region as the ecosystem matures and reaches a climax community . A local extinction can be useful for research: in the case of the bay checkerspot butterfly , scientists, including Paul R. Ehrlich , chose not to intervene as a population disappeared from an area in order to study the process. Many crocodilian species have experienced localized extinction, particularly the saltwater crocodile ( Crocodylus porosus ), which has been extirpated from Vietnam, Thailand, Java, and many other areas. Major environmental events, such as volcanic eruptions, may lead to large numbers of local extinctions, such as with

238-410: A species has an intrinsic extinction-ability (incidence function). Some species exploit or require transient or disturbed habitats, such as vernal pools, a human gut, or burnt woodland after forest fires , and are characterised by highly fluctuating population numbers and shifting distributional patterns. Many natural ecosystems cycle through a standard succession , pioneer species disappear from

272-553: A species inhabits during the period of a glacial/interglacial cycle that represents the species' maximum contraction in geographical range," and "areas where local populations of a species can persist through periods of unfavorable regional climate." In systematic conservation planning , the term refugium has been used to define areas that could be used in protected area development to protect species from climate change . The term has been used alternatively to refer to areas with stable habitats or stable climates. More specifically,

306-631: A species that have been reintroduced into parts of their historical range. This has happened with red wolves ( Canis rufus ) in the United States in the late 1980s and also grey wolves in Yellowstone National Park in the mid-1990s. There have been talks of reintroducing wolves in Scotland, Japan, and Mexico. When the local population of a certain species disappears from a certain geographical delimitation, whether fish in

340-442: Is the termination of a species (or other taxon ) in a chosen geographic area of study, though it still exists elsewhere. Local extinctions are contrasted with global extinctions . Local extinctions mark a change in the ecology of an area. It has sometimes been followed by a replacement of the species taken from other locations, such as with wolf reintroduction . Glaciation is one factor that leads to local extinction. This

374-421: The 1980 Mount St. Helens eruption , which led to a fern spike extinction. Heat waves can lead to local extinction. In New Zealand, during the summer of 2017–2018, sea surface temperatures around parts of South Island exceeded 23 °C (73 °F), which was well above normal. Air temperatures were also high, exceeding 30 °C (86 °F). These high temperatures, coupled with small wave height, led to

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408-732: The Black Sea stock of harbour porpoise ( Phocoena phocoena ) that touches six countries, and COSEWIC , which only assesses the conservation status of wildlife in Canada, even assesses Canadian species that occur in the United States or other countries. While the IUCN mostly only assesses the global conservation status of species or subspecies, in some older cases it also assessed the risks to certain stocks and populations, in some cases these populations may be genetically distinct. In all, 119 stocks or subpopulations across 69 species had been assessed by

442-552: The Klamath-Siskiyou Ecoregion found that, in addition to old-growth forest, the northern aspects of hillslopes and deep gorges would provide relatively cool areas for wildlife and seeps or bogs surrounded by mature and old-growth forests would continue to supply moisture even as water availability decreases. Beginning in 2010 the concept of geodiversity (a term used previously in efforts to preserve scientifically important geological features) entered into

476-542: The Last Glacial Maximum ) in sparsely wooded areas and dispersed through areas of high primary productivity while avoiding dense forest cover . Glacial refugia, where human populations found refuge during the last glacial period, may have played a crucial role in shaping the emergence and diversification of the language families that exist in the world today. More recently, refugia has been used to refer to areas that could offer relative climate stability in

510-568: The mountain gorilla , isolated to specific mountains in central Africa, and the Australian sea lion , isolated to specific breeding beaches along the south-west coast of Australia, due to humans taking so many of their number as game. This resulting isolation, in many cases, can be seen as only a temporary state; however, some refugia may be longstanding, thereby having many endemic species , not found elsewhere, which survive as relict populations. The Indo-Pacific Warm Pool has been proposed to be

544-411: The southern hemisphere .) Each site becomes a refugium, one as a "cold-surviving refugium" and the other as a "hot-surviving refugium". Canyons with deep hidden areas (the opposite of hillsides, mountains, mesas, etc. or other exposed areas) lead to these separate types of refugia. A concept not often referenced is that of "sweepstakes colonization": when a dramatic ecological event occurs, for example

578-670: The Market Judge Days ( Marktrichtertage ) are held as a traditional event. They recall the time when the market was still a part of the Prince Bishopric of Passau. Refugium (population biology) In biology, a refugium (plural: refugia ) is a location which supports an isolated or relict population of a once more widespread species. This isolation ( allopatry ) can be due to climatic changes, geography, or human activities such as deforestation and overhunting. Present examples of refugial animal species are

612-540: The area may have been a refugium. Moreover, the current distribution of species with narrow ecological requirements tend to be associated with the spatial position of glacial refugia. One can provide a simple explanation of refugia involving core temperatures and exposure to sunlight. In the northern hemisphere , north-facing sites on hills or mountains, and places at higher elevations count as cold sites . The reverse are sun- or heat-exposed, lower-elevation, south-facing sites: hot sites . (The opposite directions apply in

646-614: The coast are predicted to experience overall less warming than areas toward the interior of the US State of Washington . Other research has found that old-growth forests are particularly insulated from climatic changes due to evaporative cooling effects from evapotranspiration and their ability to retain moisture. The same study found that such effects in the Pacific Northwest would create important refugia for bird species. A review of refugia-focused conservation strategy in

680-753: The end of the Pleistocene when the sea level rose, and these islands most likely had the same complement of species as found on the mainland, counting the species which still survive at present on a statistically large enough amount of islands will give the parameters with which certain groups of species such as plants or birds will become less biodiverse on a given island over a given period of time, depending on its size. The same calculations can also be applied to determine when species will disappear from nature parks ('islands' in many senses), mountain tops and mesas (see sky islands ), forest remnants or other such distributional patches. This research also demonstrates that certain species are more prone to extinction than others,

714-597: The extremes of past cooling and warming episodes largely pertain to the Quaternary glaciation cycles during the past several million years, especially in the Northern Hemisphere . A number of defining characteristics of past refugia are prevalent, including "an area where distinct genetic lineages have persisted through a series of Tertiary or Quaternary climate fluctuations owing to special, buffering environmental characteristics", "a geographical region that

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748-483: The face of modern climate change . As an example of a locale refugia study, Jürgen Haffer first proposed the concept of refugia to explain the biological diversity of bird populations in the Amazonian river basin . Haffer suggested that climatic change in the late Pleistocene led to reduced reservoirs of habitable forests in which populations become allopatric. Over time, that led to speciation : populations of

782-659: The face of the continental ice sheets ) during the last glacial period . Going from west to east, suggested examples include the Franco-Cantabrian region (in northern Iberia ), the Italian and Balkan peninsulas, the Ukrainian LGM refuge , and the Bering Land Bridge . Archaeological and genetic data suggest that the source populations of Paleolithic humans survived the glacial maxima (including

816-409: The late 1990s and early 2000s. The most recent efforts have used the idea of land facets (also referred to as geophysical settings , enduring features , or geophysical stages ), which are unique combinations of topographical features (such as slope steepness, slope direction, and elevation ) and soil composition, to quantify physical features. The density of these facets, in turn, is used as

850-659: The literature of conservation biologists as a potential way to identify climate change refugia and as a surrogate (in other words, a proxy used when planning for protected areas) for biodiversity. While the language to describe this mode of conservation planning hadn't fully developed until recently, the use of geophysical diversity in conservation planning goes back at least as far as the work by Hunter and others in 1988, and Richard Cowling and his colleagues in South Africa also used "spatial features" as surrogates for ecological processes in establishing conservation areas in

884-586: The local extinction of bull kelp ( Durvillaea spp.) from Pile Bay . Lagoa Santa, a lake located in Lagoa Santa, Brazil , has lost almost 70% of the local fish species over the last 150 years. These include Acestrorhynchus lacustris , Astyanax fasciatus , and Characidium zebra . This could be caused by the introduction of non-native species, like Talapia rendalli , into the lagoon, changes in water level and organic pollution. Local extinctions can be reversed, in some cases artificially. Wolves are

918-700: The lowest level of legal authority. There used to be a pillory on the market place, Waldkirchner Marktplatz . The market town judge was appointed by the prince-bishop and had performed functions like that of a mayor. He performed his duties along with six council members. At the annual E'haft ( Ehehaft = 'sitting', from the Germanic Ewa or Eha = law) meeting, legal, police and municipal matters were dealt with. All citizens and residents (non-citizens) had to participate. Every year in July in Waldkirchen,

952-620: The region came to the Bishopric of Passau . In the late Middle Ages, the area of influence of the Passau magnates and prelates extended as far as the present Mühlviertel in Austria . Waldkirchen played a special role in the Abteiland. With the first written confirmation of market rights in 1285, Waldkirchen was also received its own jurisdiction from the prince bishop of Passau, which was

986-643: The same species that found themselves in different refugia evolved differently, creating parapatric sister-species . As the Pleistocene ended, the arid conditions gave way to the present humid rainforest environment, reconnecting the refugia. Scholars have since expanded the idea of this mode of speciation and used it to explain population patterns in other areas of the world, such as Africa , Eurasia , and North America . Theoretically, current biogeographical patterns can be used to infer past refugia: if several unrelated species follow concurrent range patterns,

1020-495: The term in situ refugium is used to refer to areas that will allow species that exist in an area to remain there even as conditions change, whereas ex situ refugium refers to an area into which species distributions can move to in response to climate change. Sites that offer in situ refugia are also called resilient sites in which species will continue to have what they need to survive even as climate changes. One study found with downscaled climate models that areas near

1054-457: The use of refugia to plan for climate change is not a substitute for fine-scale (more localized) and traditional approaches to conservation, as individual species and ecosystems will need to be protected where they exist in the present. They also emphasize that responding to climate change in conservation is not a substitute for actually limiting the causes of climate change. Local extinction Local extinction , also extirpation ,

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1088-596: The warmth of interglacial periods (such as the Holocene ) was apparently limited or precluded by topographic , streamflow , or habitat barriers —or by the extinction of coevolved animal dispersers . The concern is that ongoing warming trends will expose them to extirpation or extinction in the decades ahead. In anthropology , refugia often refers specifically to Last Glacial Maximum refugia , where some ancestral human populations may have been forced back to glacial refugia (similar small isolated pockets on

1122-522: Was settled in a first wave in the 9th/10th century. According to a (not wholly authenticated) document, in the year 1010 King Henry II (emperor from 1014) gifted large areas north of the Danube to convent of Niedernburg in Passau . The name Abteiland is still used today for the former estate of the monastery between the rivers Danube , Ilz and Rodl and the border ridge. In the early 13th century,

1156-571: Was the case during the Pleistocene glaciation event in North America. During this period, most of the native North American species of earthworm were killed in places covered by glaciation. This left them open for colonization by European earthworms brought over in soil from Europe. Species naturally become extirpated from islands over time. The number of species an island can support is limited by its geographical size. Because many islands were relatively recently formed due to climate change at

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