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30-539: And see text Passerida is, under the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy , one of two parvorders contained within the suborder Passeri (standard taxonomic practice would place them at the rank of infraorder ). While more recent research suggests that its sister parvorder, Corvida , is not a monophyletic grouping, the Passerida as a distinct clade are widely accepted. The Passerida quite certainly consist of

60-555: A belt of forest from 1,070–1,370 m (3,510–4,490 ft) . They typically inhabit conifer forests, such as ponderosa and sugar pine forests in Arizona, Abies common fir forests, oak , and pine forests in central Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras. These forests range from humid to semi-arid. In coastal regions stands of palms may be used, and in the Valley of Mexico pine and alder forests are inhabited. Over most of its range

90-431: A superorder by themselves, with all other non-ratite birds in a different superorder. Sibley and Ahlquist, though, put penguins in the same superfamily as divers (loons), tubenoses, and frigatebirds . According to their phylogenetic analysis, penguins are closer to those birds than herons are to storks . The Galloanserae (waterfowl and landfowl) has found widespread acceptance. The DNA evidence of Sibley–Ahlquist for

120-503: Is endemic to the Americas, two are almost cosmopolitan, but half the families are absent or nearly so from the Americas (and Australia). Many have strong legs and are capable of running on the ground quickly. Some brightly colored (often with dark bluish hues and/or iridescence ) and in such cases usually strongly sexually dimorphic ; more often, however, sexes rather alike, with drab brownish plumage spotted and streaked (particularly on

150-742: Is a bird of mountains and highlands. In northern areas of its range it occurs from 2,600 m (8,500 ft) above sea level or more, in some parts of its range it may not occur below 3,500 m (11,500 ft). In Oaxaca in Mexico it occupies a range of between 1,700–3,000 m (5,600–9,800 ft) further south in Guatemala it ranges down to 1,850 m (6,070 ft) and at the southern end of its range it can be found as low as 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in Honduras and in Nicaragua it occupies

180-591: Is a long-winged bird. The plumage of the male is mostly grey body with some olive-green on the wings and two white wing bars. The male's head and breast are "tawny-orange", and there is a black patch through the eye. In the female and juvenile, the orange is replaced by yellow, and the black mask is more diffuse. In addition to differences in size, plumage varies geographically as well, with southern birds having more brightly coloured plumage. The song consists of clear whistles rendered as hirrJI hirrJI hirrJI , plida plida plida chir chir , etc. The male sings throughout

210-478: Is a small passerine bird . It is the only member of the genus Peucedramus and the family Peucedramidae . This species breeds from southern Arizona and New Mexico , USA, south through Mexico to Nicaragua. It is the only bird family endemic to North America (including Central America). It was in the past classed with the Parulidae ( New World warblers ), but DNA studies suggest that it split early from

240-465: Is in some aspects convergent or symplesiomorphic with sylvioids. Rather basal Passerida, most of which seem to constitute several small but distinct superfamilies. Most occur in Asia, Africa and North America. These lineages have been assigned to the Passerida in recent times, often based on DNA-DNA hybridization data. However, they are probably more basal among the songbirds and would belong either to

270-470: The Corvoidea or the allied basal lineages. Most of them are either African or Wallacean groups. Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy DNA–DNA hybridization is among a class of comparative techniques in molecular biology that produce distance data (versus character data) and that can be analyzed to produce phylogenetic reconstructions only using phenetic tree-building algorithms. In DNA–DNA hybridization,

300-507: The Indo-Pacific region. Few occur in the Americas, highest diversity of families probably in subtropical East Asia and tropical Africa. Relationships of the latter are still not well-resolved as of 2019. Includes the " Old World babblers " and " Old World warbler ", two highly paraphyletic " wastebin taxa " which for long united the bulk of the thrush-sized and sparrow-sized sylvioids, respectively. Sometimes, they were even united with

330-405: The muscicapoids as one huge "family" including most "songsters". Usually skulking in shrubby vegetation, many are extremely drab (most of birdwatchers ' " little brown jobs " belong here) and rely on complex and often melodious vocalizations as social signals; others are less accomplished singers but produce a diversity of squeaking and twittering calls. The sexes usually look alike, though in some

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360-643: The nine-primaried oscines (probably a subclade). The basal radiation is mostly found in the Old World , with only Motacillidae naturally occurring in the Americas and Estrildidae in Australia. The nine-primaried oscines unite most birds commonly called "sparrows" in North American and "finches" in European English, as well as a number of other mostly American groups. They are divided into

390-410: The "trunk" of the family tree is the class Aves , which branches into subclasses, which branch into infraclasses, and then "parvclasses", superorders, orders, suborders, infraorders, "parvorders", superfamilies, families, subfamilies, tribes, subtribes and finally genera and species. However the classification study did not employ modern cladistic methods, as it relies strictly on DNA-DNA hybridization as

420-557: The 3 major subclades outlined by Sibley & Ahlquist (1990). However, their content has been much revised. In addition, it has turned out that not all passeridan lineages neatly fit into this arrangement. The kinglets are so distinct that they might actually form a separate infraorder , as they are only slightly less basal than the Corvoidea or the Picathartidae . See Jønsson & Fjeldså (2006) for details on phylogeny . Mostly smallish insectivores, distribution centered on

450-568: The New World warblers. The generic name of the olive warbler, Peucedramus , is derived from the Greek peuke for a fir tree and dromos for runner, (from trekho , meaning run), a reference to its feeding habitat and behaviour. The species name, taeniatus , is from the Latin taenia for a headband, and atus for possessing, a reference to its facial markings. The original specific name for

480-464: The family Sylviidae. That it was not in the family Parulidae was supported by the arrangement of muscles in the legs. DNA–DNA hybridization placed the olive warbler as an early branch of the finch clade (which included the finches, cardinals and Hawaiian honeycreepers ) and the New World sparrow clade (which includes the tanagers , icterids and New World warblers), and a 1998 study of mitochondrial DNA confirmed its status as being far removed from

510-619: The fringillid radiation which is largely restricted to the Old World, and the numerous emberizoid families of the Americas, of which in turn only Emberizidae and the Arctic circumpolar Calcariidae have reached the Old World unaided by humans. Besides these, the singular olive warbler from North to Central America apparently represents a very ancient " living fossil " passeroid; its relationships were long disputed as its outward appearance and ecology resemble Setophaga warblers, but its anatomy

540-503: The males are noticeably brighter, typically with vivid yellow, green and blackish hues. Red plumage is usually due to phaeomelanins rather than carotins , and blue coloration is rarely found in this superfamily. Even in the more colorful species the plumage is usually quite cryptic in the natural habitat, but numerous have contrasting facial patterns. Generally middle-sized insectivores, with frugivory also very important; near-global distribution centered on Old World tropics . One family

570-537: The monophyly of the group is supported by the discovery of the fossil bird Vegavis iaai , an essentially modern but most peculiar waterfowl that lived near Cape Horn some 66-68 million years ago , still in the age of the dinosaurs . Otherwise in enlarged Apodiformes. Other families are placed in Caprimulgiformes . Alternatively: The other families are distributed between: Olive warbler The olive warbler ( Peucedramus taeniatus )

600-488: The northern race P. t. arizonae have been recorded near Tepic , in Nayarit . Nevertheless, some birds remain in the northern areas of their range year round. The olive warbler is an insectivore, taking insects and other arthropods. No specific information exists about the actual prey species taken, except that they will take the larvae of Tortricidae moths. It forages in forests in the canopy and subcanopy. In feeds in

630-579: The only bird family endemic to North America. In the northern part of its range it has a continuous distribution from Yavapai County, Arizona and the southwestern tip of New Mexico along central Mexico to southern Mexico. It has a disjunct distribution across the rest of its range, with populations in Tamaulipas , Coahuila and Sonora and Chihuahua in Mexico, and further south in southwest Guatemala and from northern El Salvador and central Honduras to northern Nicaragua. The olive warbler

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660-408: The other related passerines, prior to the differentiation of the entire New World warbler/ American sparrow / Icterid group. It is therefore now given a family of its own. It is an insectivorous species of coniferous forests. Though it is often said to be non-migratory , most New Mexican birds leave the state from November to late February. It lays 3–4 eggs in a tree nest. The olive warbler

690-505: The percent similarity of DNA between two species is estimated by the reduction in hydrogen bonding between nucleotides of imperfectly complemented heteroduplex DNA (i.e., double stranded DNAs that are experimentally produced from single strands of two different species), compared with perfectly matched homoduplex DNA (both strands of DNA from the same species). The classification appears to be an early example of cladistic classification because it codifies many intermediate levels of taxa:

720-452: The same order that includes nothing else, Sibley and Ahlquist put them in the same superorder that includes nothing else, consisting of one order for the hummingbirds and another for the swifts and treeswifts. In other words, they still regard the swifts as the hummingbirds' closest relatives. Other changes are much more drastic. The penguins were traditionally regarded as distant from all other living birds. For instance, Wetmore put them in

750-543: The sole measure of similarity. The Sibley–Ahlquist arrangement differs greatly from the more traditional approach used in the Clements taxonomy .   Other birds Anseriformes Galliformes Craciformes Showing major changes from Clements, the Sibley–Ahlquist orders are as follows: Some of these changes are minor adjustments. For instance, instead of putting the swifts, treeswifts, and hummingbirds in

780-484: The species is resident , but there is evidence that the most northerly populations are partial migrants . Birds in Arizona, New Mexico, and Mexico apparently move away from their breeding grounds, although what exact movements are made is unclear. It has been suggested that they are either "down slope migrants", moving to lower elevations, or dispersive, as some records show their presence in Texas . Birds attributed to

810-405: The species was olivaceus ; however that name was preoccupied and the name was changed. The olive warbler is a medium-sized warbler , 13 to 14 cm (5.1–5.5 in) in length and weighing 9.5 to 12 g (0.34–0.42 oz). It shows clinal variation in size, with more northern populations being larger than southern ones, a phenomenon known as Bergmann's rule . The olive warbler

840-472: The underside) for camouflage. Many have highly accomplished, complex, melodious and loud songs; a considerable number is capable of sophisticated vocal mimicry. Mostly smallish herbivores, near-global distribution centered on Palearctic and Americas. Often pronounced sexual dimorphism with males among the most colorful birds alive. Songs tend to be fairly simple warbling and chirping, with many species relying as much or more on visual mating displays. Includes

870-410: The year, with the frequency of the singing increasing in late winter and reaching a peak in early spring. During the year the male sings the most during the midmorning, but during spring the male sings constantly during mornings and late afternoon. Song is usually delivered from the canopy or other tall trees. The olive warbler is distributed from the southwestern United States to Nicaragua , making it

900-420: Was originally placed in the New World warbler (family Parulidae) genus Dendroica , a group which it closely resembles, particularly in having nine primaries and similar skin. In spite of being assigned to its own genus in 1875, its affinities were a source of contention. The shape of the basihyal bone in the skull, and aspects of its behaviour led to the suggestion that it was instead an Old World warbler in

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