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65-915: The schema of the Natural History is shown on pages xxxv and xxxvii-xlviii. In the Vegetable Kingdom , the schema for the first edition is on pp. lv–lxviii. The third and final edition was published in 1853, with the schema on p.  lv . Cross references from Natural History to Vegetable Kingdom in [Square brackets]. Flowerless plants (Asexual) Flowering plants (Sexual) 165 orders (list p. 3) p. 1 Endogenae, or Monocotyledonous Plants p. 251 (May be Tripetaloideous, Hexapetaloideous or Spadiceous) ..... p. 307 (pages refer to 1853 edition) p. 5 3 Alliances 3 Alliances p. 51 3 orders p. 83 11 Alliances p. 95 5 orders p. 211 4 orders p. 221 4 subclasses His final schemata

130-444: A phylogenetic tree to be constructed for the flowering plants. The establishment of major new clades necessitated a departure from the older but widely used classifications such as Cronquist and Thorne, based largely on morphology rather than genetic data. These developments complicated discussions on plant evolution and necessitated a major taxonomic restructuring. This DNA based molecular phylogenetic research confirmed on

195-408: A clade called "monocots" but does not assign it to a taxonomic rank. The monocotyledons include about 70,000 species, about a quarter of all angiosperms. The largest family in this group (and in the flowering plants as a whole) by number of species are the orchids (family Orchidaceae ), with more than 20,000 species. About 12,000 species belong to the true grasses ( Poaceae ), which are economically

260-719: A classification of flowering plants (florifera) based on a division by the number of cotyledons, but developed his ideas over successive publications, coining the terms Monocotyledones and Dicotyledones in 1703, in the revised version of his Methodus ( Methodus plantarum emendata ), as a primary method for dividing them, Herbae floriferae, dividi possunt, ut diximus, in Monocotyledones & Dicotyledones (Flowering plants, can be divided, as we have said, into Monocotyledons & Dicotyledons). Although Linnaeus (1707–1778) did not utilise Ray's discovery, basing his own classification solely on floral reproductive morphology ,

325-459: A common footing. Species discovery curves and the number of species only represented by one or a few individuals can be used to help in estimating how representative the available sample is of the population from which it was drawn. The observed species diversity is affected not only by the number of individuals but also by the heterogeneity of the sample. If individuals are drawn from different environmental conditions (or different habitats ),

390-855: A diagnostic point of view the number of cotyledons is neither a particularly useful characteristic (as they are only present for a very short period in a plant's life), nor is it completely reliable. The single cotyledon is only one of a number of modifications of the body plan of the ancestral monocotyledons, whose adaptive advantages are poorly understood, but may have been related to adaption to aquatic habitats , prior to radiation to terrestrial habitats. Nevertheless, monocots are sufficiently distinctive that there has rarely been disagreement as to membership of this group, despite considerable diversity in terms of external morphology. However, morphological features that reliably characterise major clades are rare. Thus monocots are distinguishable from other angiosperms both in terms of their uniformity and diversity. On

455-455: A different thing, and their values are therefore not directly comparable. Species richness quantifies the actual rather than effective number of species. The Shannon index equals log( D ), that is, q approaching 1, and in practice quantifies the uncertainty in the species identity of an individual that is taken at random from the dataset. The Simpson index equals 1/ D , q = 2, and quantifies the probability that two individuals taken at random from

520-573: A mixture of characteristics. Nymphaeaceae (water lilies) have reticulate veins, a single cotyledon, adventitious roots, and a monocot-like vascular bundle. These examples reflect their shared ancestry. Nevertheless, this list of traits is generally valid, especially when contrasting monocots with eudicots , rather than non-monocot flowering plants in general. Monocot apomorphies (characteristics derived during radiation rather than inherited from an ancestral form) include herbaceous habit, leaves with parallel venation and sheathed base, an embryo with

585-483: A proximal leaf base or hypophyll and a distal hyperphyll. In monocots the hypophyll tends to be the dominant part in contrast to other angiosperms. From these, considerable diversity arises. Mature monocot leaves are generally narrow and linear, forming a sheathing around the stem at its base, although there are many exceptions. Leaf venation is of the striate type, mainly arcuate-striate or longitudinally striate (parallel), less often palmate-striate or pinnate-striate with

650-582: A short axial body bearing leaves whose bases store food. Additional outer non-storage leaves may form a protective function (Tillich, Figure 12). Other storage organs may be tubers or corms , swollen axes. Tubers may form at the end of underground runners and persist. Corms are short lived vertical shoots with terminal inflorescences and shrivel once flowering has occurred. However, intermediate forms may occur such as in Crocosmia (Asparagales). Some monocots may also produce shoots that grow directly down into

715-617: A similar position as a major division of the flowering plants throughout the nineteenth century, with minor variations. George Bentham and Hooker (1862–1883) used Monocotyledones, as would Wettstein , while August Eichler used Mononocotyleae and Engler , following de Candolle, Monocotyledoneae. In the twentieth century, some authors used alternative names such as Bessey 's (1915) Alternifoliae and Cronquist 's (1966) Liliatae. Later (1981) Cronquist changed Liliatae to Liliopsida, usages also adopted by Takhtajan simultaneously. Thorne (1992) and Dahlgren (1985) also used Liliidae as

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780-425: A single cotyledon, an atactostele , numerous adventitious roots, sympodial growth, and trimerous (3 parts per whorl ) flowers that are pentacyclic (5 whorled) with 3 sepals, 3 petals, 2 whorls of 3 stamens each, and 3 carpels. In contrast, monosulcate pollen is considered an ancestral trait, probably plesiomorphic . The distinctive features of the monocots have contributed to the relative taxonomic stability of

845-401: A smaller group were grass-like plants with long straight parallel veins. In doing so he distinguished between the dicotyledons, and the latter (grass-like) monocotyledon group, although he had no formal names for the two groups. Formal description dates from John Ray 's studies of seed structure in the 17th century. Ray, who is often considered the first botanical systematist , observed

910-686: A synonym. Taxonomists had considerable latitude in naming this group, as the Monocotyledons were a group above the rank of family. Article 16 of the ICBN allows either a descriptive botanical name or a name formed from the name of an included family. In summary they have been variously named, as follows: Over the 1980s, a more general review of the classification of angiosperms was undertaken. The 1990s saw considerable progress in plant phylogenetics and cladistic theory, initially based on rbcL gene sequencing and cladistic analysis, enabling

975-509: A typical inverted conical shape of the basal primary axis ( see Tillich, Figure 1). The limited conductivity also contributes to limited branching of the stems. Despite these limitations a wide variety of adaptive growth forms has resulted (Tillich, Figure 2) from epiphytic orchids (Asparagales) and bromeliads (Poales) to submarine Alismatales (including the reduced Lemnoideae ) and mycotrophic Burmanniaceae (Dioscreales) and Triuridaceae (Pandanales). Other forms of adaptation include

1040-455: Is 1/ S because the p i {\displaystyle p_{i}} values cancel out, with the result that D is equal to the number of species or species richness, S . q = 1 is undefined, except that the limit as q approaches 1 is well defined: which is the exponential of the Shannon entropy . q = 2 corresponds to the arithmetic mean . As q approaches infinity ,

1105-466: Is a broad sketch only, not invariably applicable, as there are a number of exceptions. The differences indicated are more true for monocots versus eudicots . A number of these differences are not unique to the monocots, and, while still useful, no one single feature will infallibly identify a plant as a monocot. For example, trimerous flowers and monosulcate pollen are also found in magnoliids , and exclusively adventitious roots are found in some of

1170-455: Is illustrated in the Vegetable Kingdom , his last work, on pages lv-lxvii. In this work he also reviews all his previous publications relative to the many known systems published at that time. Monocotyledonous Plants Monocotyledons ( / ˌ m ɒ n ə ˌ k ɒ t ə ˈ l iː d ə n z / ), commonly referred to as monocots , ( Lilianae sensu Chase & Reveal) are grass and grass-like flowering plants (angiosperms),

1235-465: Is large, adding a rare species to a dataset has little effect on its species diversity. In general, sets with many individuals can be expected to have higher species diversity than sets with fewer individuals. When species diversity values are compared among sets, sampling efforts need to be standardised in an appropriate way for the comparisons to yield ecologically meaningful results. Resampling methods can be used to bring samples of different sizes to

1300-499: Is the name that has been most commonly used since the publication of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) system in 1998 and regularly updated since. Within the angiosperms, there are two major grades , a small early branching basal grade, the basal angiosperms (ANA grade) with three lineages and a larger late branching grade, the core angiosperms (mesangiosperms) with five lineages, as shown in

1365-407: Is the total number of species (species richness) in the dataset, and the proportional abundance of the i th species is p i {\displaystyle p_{i}} . The proportional abundances themselves are used as weights. The equation is often written in the equivalent form: The value of q determines which mean is used. q = 0 corresponds to the weighted harmonic mean , which

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1430-759: Is their growth pattern, lacking a lateral meristem ( cambium ) that allows for continual growth in diameter with height ( secondary growth ), and therefore this characteristic is a basic limitation in shoot construction. Although largely herbaceous, some arboraceous monocots reach great height, length and mass. The latter include agaves , palms , pandans , and bamboos . This creates challenges in water transport that monocots deal with in various ways. Some, such as species of Yucca , develop anomalous secondary growth, while palm trees utilise an anomalous primary growth form described as establishment growth ( see Vascular system ). The axis undergoes primary thickening, that progresses from internode to internode, resulting in

1495-683: Is usually fugacious (short lived). Some of the more persistent perigones demonstrate thermonastic opening and closing (responsive to changes in temperature). About two thirds of monocots are zoophilous , predominantly by insects . These plants need to advertise to pollinators and do so by way of phaneranthous (showy) flowers. Such optical signalling is usually a function of the tepal whorls but may also be provided by semaphylls (other structures such as filaments , staminodes or stylodia which have become modified to attract pollinators). However, some monocot plants may have aphananthous (inconspicuous) flowers and still be pollinated by animals. In these

1560-721: Is whose pulp is divided into two lobes and a radicle... 2. Such which neither spring out of the ground with seed leaves nor have their pulp divided into lobes John Ray (1674), pp. 164, 166 Since this paper appeared a year before the publication of Malpighi 's Anatome Plantarum (1675–1679), Ray has the priority. At the time, Ray did not fully realise the importance of his discovery but progressively developed this over successive publications. And since these were in Latin, "seed leaves" became folia seminalia and then cotyledon , following Malpighi . Malpighi and Ray were familiar with each other's work, and Malpighi in describing

1625-593: The Piperaceae . Similarly, at least one of these traits, parallel leaf veins, is far from universal among the monocots. Broad leaves and reticulate leaf veins, features typical of dicots, are found in a wide variety of monocot families: for example, Trillium , Smilax (greenbriar), Pogonia (an orchid), and the Dioscoreales (yams). Potamogeton and Paris quadrifolia (herb-paris) are examples of monocots with tetramerous flowers. Other plants exhibit

1690-413: The abundances of the species are. Species diversity in a dataset can be calculated by first taking the weighted average of species proportional abundances in the dataset, and then taking the inverse of this. The equation is: The denominator equals mean proportional species abundance in the dataset as calculated with the weighted generalized mean with exponent q - 1. In the equation, S

1755-450: The cladogram . Amborellales Nymphaeales Austrobaileyales magnoliids Chloranthales monocots Ceratophyllales eudicots While the monocotyledons have remained extremely stable in their outer borders as a well-defined and coherent monophylectic group, the deeper internal relationships have undergone considerable flux, with many competing classification systems over time. Historically, Bentham (1877), considered

1820-537: The dichotomy of cotyledon structure in his examination of seeds. He reported his findings in a paper read to the Royal Society on 17 December 1674, entitled "A Discourse on the Seeds of Plants". The greatest number of plants that come of seed spring at first out of the earth with two leaves which being for the most part of a different figure from the succeeding leaves are by our gardeners not improperly called

1885-440: The eudicots are the largest and most diversified angiosperm radiations , accounting for 22.8% and 74.2% of all angiosperm species respectively. Of these, the grass family (Poaceae) is the most economically important, which together with the orchids Orchidaceae account for half of the species diversity, accounting for 34% and 17% of all monocots respectively, and are among the largest families of angiosperms. They are also among

1950-530: The lilioid monocots ; major cereal grains ( maize , rice , barley , rye , oats , millet , sorghum and wheat ) in the grass family ; and forage grasses ( Poales ) as well as woody tree-like palm trees ( Arecales ), bamboo , reeds and bromeliads (Poales), bananas and ginger ( Zingiberales ) in the commelinid monocots , as well as both emergent (Poales, Acorales ) and aroids , as well as floating or submerged aquatic plants such as seagrass ( Alismatales ). The most important distinction

2015-418: The phyletic system that superseded it in the late nineteenth century, based on an understanding of the acquisition of characteristics. He also made the crucial observation Ex hac seminum divisione sumum potest generalis plantarum distinctio, eaque meo judicio omnium prima et longe optima, in eas sci. quae plantula seminali sunt bifolia aut διλόβω, et quae plantula sem. adulta analoga. (From this division of

Lindley system - Misplaced Pages Continue

2080-463: The seeds of which typically contain only one embryonic leaf, or cotyledon . They constitute one of the major groups into which the flowering plants have traditionally been divided; the rest of the flowering plants have two cotyledons and were classified as dicotyledons , or dicots. Monocotyledons have almost always been recognized as a group, but with various taxonomic ranks and under several different names. The APG III system of 2009 recognises

2145-471: The suffix -florae was replaced with -anae ( e.g. Alismatanae ) and the number of superorders expanded to ten with the addition of Bromelianae, Cyclanthanae and Pandananae. Molecular studies have both confirmed the monophyly of the monocots and helped elucidate relationships within this group. The APG system does not assign the monocots to a taxonomic rank, instead recognizing a monocots clade. However, there has remained some uncertainty regarding

2210-733: The ability to increase the width of a stem ( secondary growth ) via the same kind of vascular cambium found in non-monocot woody plants . However, some monocots do have secondary growth; because this does not arise from a single vascular cambium producing xylem inwards and phloem outwards, it is termed "anomalous secondary growth". Examples of large monocots which either exhibit secondary growth, or can reach large sizes without it, are palms ( Arecaceae ), screwpines ( Pandanaceae ), bananas ( Musaceae ), Yucca , Aloe , Dracaena , and Cordyline . The monocots form one of five major lineages of mesangiosperms (core angiosperms), which in themselves form 99.95% of all angiosperms . The monocots and

2275-462: The angiosperms. Correlation with morphological criteria showed that the defining feature was not cotyledon number but the separation of angiosperms into two major pollen types, uniaperturate ( monosulcate and monosulcate-derived) and triaperturate (tricolpate and tricolpate-derived), with the monocots situated within the uniaperturate groups. The formal taxonomic ranking of Monoctyledons thus became replaced with monocots as an informal clade. This

2340-409: The clade of interest) divergence times in mya (million years ago). Acorales Alismatales Petrosaviales Dioscoreales (115 MYA) Pandanales (91 MYA) Species diversity Species diversity is the number of different species that are represented in a given community (a dataset). The effective number of species refers to the number of equally abundant species needed to obtain

2405-421: The climbing vines of Araceae (Alismatales) which use negative phototropism ( skototropism ) to locate host trees ( i.e. the darkest area), while some palms such as Calamus manan ( Arecales ) produce the longest shoots in the plant kingdom, up to 185 m long. Other monocots, particularly Poales , have adopted a therophyte life form . The cotyledon, the primordial Angiosperm leaf consists of

2470-484: The cotyledons were critical to the development of the plant, proof that Ray required for his theory. In his Methodus plantarum nova Ray also developed and justified the "natural" or pre-evolutionary approach to classification, based on characteristics selected a posteriori in order to group together taxa that have the greatest number of shared characteristics. This approach, also referred to as polythetic would last till evolutionary theory enabled Eichler to develop

2535-553: The dataset (with replacement of the first individual before taking the second) represent the same species. The Gini-Simpson index equals 1 - 1/ D and quantifies the probability that the two randomly taken individuals represent different species. Depending on the purposes of quantifying species diversity, the data set used for the calculations can be obtained in different ways. Although species diversity can be calculated for any data-set where individuals have been identified to species, meaningful ecological interpretations require that

2600-457: The dataset is appropriate for the questions at hand. In practice, the interest is usually in the species diversity of areas so large that not all individuals in them can be observed and identified to species, but a sample of the relevant individuals has to be obtained. Extrapolation from the sample to the underlying population of interest is not straightforward, because the species diversity of the available sample generally gives an underestimation of

2665-404: The dominant members of many plant communities. The monocots are one of the major divisions of the flowering plants or angiosperms. They have been recognized as a natural group since the sixteenth century when Lobelius (1571), searching for a characteristic to group plants by, decided on leaf form and their venation . He observed that the majority had broad leaves with net-like venation, but

Lindley system - Misplaced Pages Continue

2730-419: The exact relationships between the major lineages, with a number of competing models (including APG). The APG system establishes eleven orders of monocots. These form three grades, the alismatid monocots , lilioid monocots and the commelinid monocots by order of branching, from early to late. In the following cladogram numbers indicate crown group (most recent common ancestor of the sampled species of

2795-427: The generalized mean approaches the maximum p i {\displaystyle p_{i}} value. In practice, q modifies species weighting, such that increasing q increases the weight given to the most abundant species, and fewer equally abundant species are hence needed to reach mean proportional abundance. Consequently, large values of q lead to smaller species diversity than small values of q for

2860-423: The group. Douglas E. Soltis and others identify thirteen synapomorphies (shared characteristics that unite monophyletic groups of taxa); Monocots have a distinctive arrangement of vascular tissue known as an atactostele in which the vascular tissue is scattered rather than arranged in concentric rings. Collenchyma is absent in monocot stems, roots and leaves. Many monocots are herbaceous and do not have

2925-464: The leaf veins emerging at the leaf base and then running together at the apices. There is usually only one leaf per node because the leaf base encompasses more than half the circumference. The evolution of this monocot characteristic has been attributed to developmental differences in early zonal differentiation rather than meristem activity (leaf base theory). The lack of cambium in the primary root limits its ability to grow sufficiently to maintain

2990-415: The least abundant species is represented by a single individual, and then the effective number of species would equal the number of individuals in the dataset. The same equation can be used to calculate the diversity in relation to any classification, not only species. If the individuals are classified into genera or functional types, p i {\displaystyle p_{i}} represents

3055-419: The monocots to consist of four alliances , Epigynae, Coronariae, Nudiflorae and Glumales, based on floral characteristics. He describes the attempts to subdivide the group since the days of Lindley as largely unsuccessful. Like most subsequent classification systems it failed to distinguish between two major orders, Liliales and Asparagales , now recognised as quite separate. A major advance in this respect

3120-405: The most important family of monocotyledons. Often mistaken for grasses, sedges are also monocots. In agriculture the majority of the biomass produced comes from monocotyledons. These include not only major grains ( rice , wheat , maize , etc.), but also forage grasses, sugar cane , the bamboos , and many other common food and decorative crops. The monocots or monocotyledons have, as

3185-411: The name implies, a single (mono-) cotyledon , or embryonic leaf, in their seeds . Historically, this feature was used to contrast the monocots with the dicotyledons or dicots which typically have two cotyledons; however, modern research has shown that the dicots are not a natural group, and the term can only be used to indicate all angiosperms that are not monocots and is used in that respect here. From

3250-400: The one hand that the monocots remained as a well defined monophyletic group or clade , in contrast to the other historical divisions of the flowering plants, which had to be substantially reorganized. No longer could the angiosperms be simply divided into monocotyledons and dicotyledons; it was apparent that the monocotyledons were but one of a relatively large number of defined groups within

3315-520: The one hand, the organization of the shoots, leaf structure, and floral configuration are more uniform than in the remaining angiosperms, yet within these constraints a wealth of diversity exists, indicating a high degree of evolutionary success. Monocot diversity includes perennial geophytes such as ornamental flowers including orchids ( Asparagales ); tulips and lilies ( Liliales ); rosette and succulent epiphytes (Asparagales); mycoheterotrophs (Liliales, Dioscoreales , Pandanales ), all in

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3380-511: The plant. This necessitates early development of roots derived from the shoot (adventitious roots). In addition to roots, monocots develop runners and rhizomes , which are creeping shoots. Runners serve vegetative propagation , have elongated internodes , run on or just below the surface of the soil and in most case bear scale leaves . Rhizomes frequently have an additional storage function and rhizome producing plants are considered geophytes (Tillich, Figure 11). Other geophytes develop bulbs ,

3445-535: The plants rely either on chemical attraction or other structures such as coloured bracts fulfill the role of optical attraction. In some phaneranthous plants such structures may reinforce floral structures. The production of fragrances for olfactory signalling are common in monocots. The perigone also functions as a landing platform for pollinating insects. The embryo consists of a single cotyledon, usually with two vascular bundles . The traditionally listed differences between monocots and dicots are as follows. This

3510-671: The proportional abundance of the i th genus or functional type, and D equals genus diversity or functional type diversity, respectively. Often researchers have used the values given by one or more diversity indices to quantify species diversity. Such indices include species richness , the Shannon index , the Simpson index , and the complement of the Simpson index (also known as the Gini-Simpson index). When interpreted in ecological terms, each one of these indices corresponds to

3575-501: The same dataset. If all species are equally abundant in the dataset, changing the value of q has no effect, but species diversity at any value of q equals species richness. Negative values of q are not used, because then the effective number of species (diversity) would exceed the actual number of species (richness). As q approaches negative infinity, the generalized mean approaches the minimum p i {\displaystyle p_{i}} value. In many real datasets,

3640-452: The same mean proportional species abundance as that observed in the dataset of interest (where all species may not be equally abundant). Meanings of species diversity may include species richness , taxonomic or phylogenetic diversity, and/or species evenness . Species richness is a simple count of species. Taxonomic or phylogenetic diversity is the genetic relationship between different groups of species. Species evenness quantifies how equal

3705-482: The same structures had introduced the term cotyledon, which Ray adopted in his subsequent writing. Mense quoque Maii, alias seminales plantulas Fabarum, & Phaseolorum, ablatis pariter binis seminalibus foliis, seu cotyledonibus, incubandas posui In the month of May, also, I incubated two seed plants, Faba and Phaseolus , after removing the two seed leaves, or cotyledons Marcello Malpighi (1679), p. 18 In this experiment, Malpighi also showed that

3770-425: The seed leaves... In the first kind the seed leaves are nothing but the two lobes of the seed having their plain sides clapt together like the two halves of a walnut and therefore are of the just figure of the seed slit in sunder flat wise... Of seeds that spring out of the earth with leaves like the succeeding and no seed leaves I have observed two sorts. 1. Such as are congenerous to the first kind precedent that

3835-400: The seeds derives a general distinction amongst plants, that in my judgement is first and by far the best, into those seed plants which are bifoliate, or bilobed, and those that are analogous to the adult), that is between monocots and dicots. He illustrated this by quoting from Malpighi and including reproductions of Malpighi's drawings of cotyledons (see figure). Initially Ray did not develop

3900-445: The soil, these are geophilous shoots (Tillich, Figure 11) that help overcome the limited trunk stability of large woody monocots. In nearly all cases the perigone consists of two alternating trimerous whorls of tepals , being homochlamydeous , without differentiation between calyx and corolla . In zoophilous (pollinated by animals) taxa, both whorls are corolline (petal-like). Anthesis (the period of flower opening)

3965-516: The species diversity in the entire population. Applying different sampling methods will lead to different sets of individuals being observed for the same area of interest, and the species diversity of each set may be different. When a new individual is added to a dataset, it may introduce a species that was not yet represented. How much this increases species diversity depends on the value of q : when q = 0, each new actual species causes species diversity to increase by one effective species, but when q

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4030-403: The specific issue regarding Liliales and Asparagales, Dahlgren followed Huber (1969) in adopting a splitter approach, in contrast to the longstanding tendency to view Liliaceae as a very broad sensu lato family . Following Dahlgren's untimely death in 1987, his work was continued by his widow, Gertrud Dahlgren , who published a revised version of the classification in 1989. In this scheme

4095-490: The term was used shortly after his classification appeared (1753) by Scopoli and who is credited for its introduction. Every taxonomist since then, starting with De Jussieu and De Candolle , has used Ray's distinction as a major classification characteristic. In De Jussieu's system (1789), he followed Ray, arranging his Monocotyledones into three classes based on stamen position and placing them between Acotyledones and Dicotyledones. De Candolle's system (1813) which

4160-559: Was the work of Rolf Dahlgren (1980), which would form the basis of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 's (APG) subsequent modern classification of monocot families. Dahlgren who used the alternate name Lilliidae considered the monocots as a subclass of angiosperms characterised by a single cotyledon and the presence of triangular protein bodies in the sieve tube plastids . He divided the monocots into seven superorders , Alismatiflorae, Ariflorae, Triuridiflorae, Liliiflorae , Zingiberiflorae, Commeliniflorae and Areciflorae. With respect to

4225-468: Was to predominate thinking through much of the 19th century used a similar general arrangement, with two subgroups of his Monocotylédonés (Monocotyledoneae). Lindley (1830) followed De Candolle in using the terms Monocotyledon and Endogenae interchangeably. They considered the monocotyledons to be a group of vascular plants ( Vasculares ) whose vascular bundles were thought to arise from within ( Endogènes or endogenous ). Monocotyledons remained in

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