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72-452: Pechstein is a German surname that may refer to Claudia Pechstein (born 1972), German speed skater Heidi Pechstein (born 1944), German swimmer Max Pechstein (1881–1955), German painter 43724 Pechstein , main belt asteroid named after Max Pechstein [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with the surname Pechstein . If an internal link intending to refer to

144-535: A People's Liberation Army commander well known in China for his involvement in the 2020–2021 China–India skirmishes , as one of 1,200 torchbearers have been controversial, with India launching a diplomatic boycott of the Games as a result. The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in changes in the qualifying process for curling and women's ice hockey due to the cancellation of tournaments in 2020. Qualification for curling

216-463: A confluence of data in medical science. Two weeks following the 3.49 reading, Pechstein was tested again at 1.37, a difference considered by the ISU to be an unequivocal sign of doping. To defend herself, Pechstein cast doubt upon the accuracy of the ‘%Retics’ measurement, citing both her hemoglobin and hematocrit levels as exculpatory evidence . In short, she questioned the reliability and accuracy of

288-757: A criminal complaint in Switzerland against the International Skating Union, alleging trial fraud. On 15 March 2010, Gerhard Ehninger, head of the German Society for Hematology and Oncology, said that an evaluation of the case points to a light form of blood anemia called spherocytosis – apparently inherited from her father. Pechstein attempted to use this new evidence in her appeal before the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland. The International Skating Union issued

360-740: A joint project by the Central Academy of Fine Arts and Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology . The torch relay started on 18 October 2021 in Greece. On 20 October 2021, it was announced that the local leg would start on 2 February and end on 4 February 2022 during the Opening Ceremonies. The local leg only visited two cities: Beijing and Zhangjiakou . Activists staged a protest at the Olympic torch lighting ceremony in Greece. The inclusion and television appearance of Qi Fabao,

432-630: A nervous breakdown in September 2010. The Swiss Federal Supreme Court issued its final ruling on 28 September 2010, rejecting Pechstein's appeal and confirming the ban. Pechstein returned to competition in February 2011. She next won the bronze medal in the 2011 World Championships in the 5000 m race, finishing behind world champion Martina Sáblíková from the Czech Republic and her teammate Stephanie Beckert . After this, Pechstein charged

504-559: A new mixed team event in short track speed skating . In biathlon , a single mixed relay was proposed by the International Biathlon Union (IBU) to complement the four-person mixed relay that featured at the 2018 Winter Olympics. Also, the International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation (IBSF) proposed a new team event, but there was no plan to introduce a four-woman bobsleigh event despite

576-547: A press release explaining their opposition to this appeal. Pechstein stood to lose her position with the German Federal Police should blood doping have been proved "beyond reasonable doubt". Disciplinary proceedings against her were halted in August 2010 because no such proof was available. Pechstein applied for unpaid leave in order to be able to continue her training, which was denied. As a result, she suffered

648-703: A protocol adopted for the 2020 Summer Olympics before they were moved behind closed doors , the IOC also announced that only residents of the People's Republic of China would be permitted to attend the Games as spectators. On 23 December 2021, the United States' National Hockey League (NHL) and its labor union, the National Hockey League Players' Association (NHLPA), announced that they had agreed to withdraw their players' participation in

720-478: A record 109 events across 15 disciplines, with big air freestyle skiing and women's monobob making their Olympic debuts as medal events, as well as several new mixed competitions. A total of 2,871 athletes representing 91 teams competed in the Games, with Haiti and Saudi Arabia making their Winter Olympic debut. Beijing's hosting of the Games was subject to various concerns and controversies including those related to human rights violations in China , such as

792-407: A record 109 events over 15 disciplines in seven sports. There are seven new medal events, including men's and women's big air freestyle, women's monobob , mixed team competitions in freestyle skiing aerials, ski jumping, and snowboard cross, and the mixed relay in short track speed skating. Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of medal events contested in each discipline. In October 2016,

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864-576: A specific country. Russia later filed an appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) against the WADA decision. After reviewing the case on appeal, CAS ruled on 17 December 2020 to reduce the penalty WADA had placed on Russia. Instead of banning Russia from sporting events, the ruling allowed Russia to participate in the Olympics and other international events, but for two years, the team cannot use

936-568: A specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name (s) to the link. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pechstein&oldid=976858363 " Categories : Surnames German-language surnames Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata All set index articles Claudia Pechstein Claudia Pechstein (born 22 February 1972)

1008-638: Is a German speed skater . She has won five Olympic gold medals. With a total of nine Olympic medals, five gold, two silver, and two bronze, she was previously the most successful Olympic speed skater, male or female, of all time, (later superseded by Ireen Wüst during the 2018 Winter Olympics in PyeongChang). Pechstein is the most successful German Winter Olympian of all time. After the World Championships in Norway in February 2009, Pechstein

1080-669: Is currently in 6th position in the adelskalender . Source: SpeedSkatingStats.com 2022 Winter Olympics The 2022 Winter Olympics , officially called the XXIV Olympic Winter Games ( Chinese : 第二十四届冬季奥林匹克运动会 ; pinyin : Dì Èrshísì Jiè Dōngjì Àolínpǐkè Yùndònghuì ) and commonly known as Beijing 2022 ( 北京 2022), were an international winter multi-sport event held from 4 to 20 February 2022 in Beijing , China, and surrounding areas with competition in selected events beginning 2 February 2022. It

1152-473: Is not possible in Norway because the government doesn't own or control "all advertising space throughout Oslo" and has no authority to give a foreign private organization exclusive use of a city and the private property within it. Several commentators pointed out that such demands were unheard of in a western democracy; Slate described the IOC as a "notoriously ridiculous organization run by grifters and hereditary aristocrats." Ole Berget, deputy minister in

1224-569: The 2008 Summer Olympics , Beijing became the first city to have hosted both the Summer and Winter Olympics. The venues for the Games were concentrated around Beijing, its suburb Yanqing District , and Zhangjiakou , with some events (including the ceremonies and curling) repurposing venues originally built for Beijing 2008 (such as Beijing National Stadium and the Beijing National Aquatics Centre ). The Games featured

1296-660: The Calgary World Cup 2007 and the Hamar World Championships in 2009; elevated levels were also found during a number of other competitions and training spot checks. In "Autonomy and Biopower in the Anti-Doping Establishment: A Rogue Agent of Governmentality," sport historian Daniel Rosenke reviews Pechstein's case, citing it as an example of the contentious nature of the biological passport . After collecting sample data on

1368-664: The International Ski Federation (FIS) announced plans to begin permitting women's competitions in Nordic combined , to contest the discipline at the Olympic level for the first time in Beijing. In November 2017, a further three events were put forward by the FIS for possible Olympic inclusion: a ski jumping mixed team competition and men's and women's big air in freestyle skiing . At their May 2018 Congress at

1440-626: The Norwegian parliament had stated their intention to decline the application. In the days before the decision, Norwegian media had revealed the IOC's "diva-like demands for luxury treatment" for the IOC members themselves, such as special lanes on all roads only to be used by IOC members and cocktail reception at the Royal Palace with drinks paid for by the royal family. The IOC also "demanded control over all advertising space throughout Oslo" to be used exclusively by IOC's sponsors, something that

1512-487: The Omicron variant in Beijing, it was announced that ticket sales to the general public were cancelled, and that limited numbers of spectators would be admitted by invitation only. These, therefore, became the second Olympics in a row that were closed to the general public. In the lead-up to the Games, organizers stated that they had aimed for at least 30% capacity at each venue, divided equally between spectators from within

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1584-616: The Russian Anti-Doping Agency being reinstated. As a result of the ban, WADA planned to allow individually cleared Russian athletes to take part in the 2020 Summer Olympics under a neutral banner, as instigated at the 2018 Winter Olympics , but they were not permitted to compete in team sports. WADA Compliance Review Committee head Jonathan Taylor stated that the IOC would not be able to use " Olympic Athletes from Russia " (OAR) again, as it did in 2018, emphasizing that neutral athletes cannot be portrayed as representing

1656-549: The Water Cube , was the venue for Curling competition. In the 2022 Winter Olympics, the National Aquatics Center became the first Olympic venue to incorporate a curling track in the swimming pool. The Shougang Big Air (首钢滑雪大跳台中心 Shǒugāng Huáxuě Dàtiàotái Zhōngxīn /shoh-gung hwaa-sshwair daa-tyao-teye jong-sshin/) was a newly constructed site for the 2022 Winter Olympics. The Shougang Big Air hosted

1728-523: The Xinjiang autonomous region ( cross-country , and the first Chinese cross-country skier to win a medal in an ISF event). For the first time in Olympic history, the final torchbearers did not light a cauldron: instead, they fitted the torch into the centre of a large stylised snowflake , constructed from placards bearing the names of the delegations competing in the Games. Three similar snowflakes were also erected as public flames, with one outside of

1800-479: The freestyle skiing and snowboarding events. The Wukesong Sports Centre (五棵松体育馆 Wǔkēsōng Tǐyùguǎn /woo-ker-song tee-yoo-gwan/) was under an 8-month renovation for the 2022 Winter Olympics. In February 2022, the Wukesong Sports Centre hosted the 2022 Winter Olympics Men's and Women's ice hockey tournaments. The National Indoor Stadium (国家体育馆 Guójiā Tǐyùguǎn /gwor-jyaa tee-yoo-gwan/)

1872-571: The persecution of Uyghurs in China , which led to calls for a boycott of the games. Like the Summer Olympics held six months earlier in Tokyo, the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in the implementation of health and safety protocols, and, for the second Games in a row, the Games being closed to the public (with selected events open to invited guests at a reduced capacity). Norway finished at

1944-522: The "closed loop" (including dignitaries, delegations, and the press), and invited guests from outside of it (including local residents, school students, winter sports enthusiasts, and marketing partners). At least 150,000 spectators from outside the "closed loop" were expected to attend. Spectators were only present at events held in Beijing and Zhangjiakou; all events in Yanqing were held behind closed doors with no spectators permitted. Everyone present at

2016-509: The 2015–16 winter season for a 31.6% growth over the previous season. In 2016, it was announced that Chongli received 2.185 million tourists, an increase of 30% from the previous season, during the first snow season after winning the Olympic bid. The snow season lasted for five months from November, during which Chongli has hosted thirty-six competitions and activities, such as Far East Cup and Children Skiing International Festival. A total of twenty-three skiing camps have also been set up, attracting

2088-704: The 2022 Winter Olympics and 2008 Summer Olympics, would take place. Five ice events were held at the Olympic Green , the Capital Indoor Stadium and the Beijing Wukesong Sports Center , which had been some of the main venues of the 2008 Summer Olympics . The Big Air snowboarding and freestyle skiing events were held in a former industrial area in Shijingshan District , at Western Hills area. Since

2160-657: The Beijing Zone, the Zhangjiakou Zone, and the Yanging Zone. Venues in the Beijing Zone exist in different conditions; some were recently constructed exclusively for the 2022 games, while the rest were renovated from the 2008 Summer Olympics or other existing sites. The Beijing Zone of the 2022 Winter Olympics consisted of six competition venues and was where the Opening and Closing Ceremonies, for both

2232-739: The Capital Gymnasium, was a venue adapted from the 2008 Summer Olympics and was reconstructed for short-track speed skating and figure skating competitions in the 2022 Winter Olympics. Yanqing District is a suburban district localized at the Beijing 's far north. Competitions for luge , skeleton , bobsleigh and alpine skiing were held in Xiaohaituo Mountain area in the West Dazhuangke village of Zhangshanying in Yanqing District , northwest of

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2304-497: The Capital International Airport due to its smaller size and the fact that it is closer to the city center and Olympic Green and has specific isolation areas and a better health protocols. The original estimated budget for the Games was US$ 3.9 billion, less than one-tenth of the $ 43 billion spent on the 2008 Summer Olympics. Although there were reports that the games might cost more than US$ 38.5 billion,

2376-550: The Costa Navarino resort in Messenia , Greece , the FIS submitted several additional events for consideration, including a proposal to make telemark skiing an Olympic discipline for the first time in Beijing, with proposed competitions to include the men's and women's parallel sprint and a mixed team parallel sprint. The Congress also approved to submit the aerials mixed team event, and several new snowboarding events:

2448-533: The Finance Ministry, said "the IOC's arrogance was an argument held high by a lot of people." The country's largest newspaper commented that "Norway is a rich country, but we don't want to spend money on wrong things, like satisfying the crazy demands from IOC apparatchiks. These insane demands that they should be treated like the king of Saudi Arabia just won't fly with the Norwegian public." Beijing

2520-517: The Games' men's hockey tournament, citing concerns over COVID-19 and the need to make up games that had been postponed due to COVID-19 outbreak As part of their latest collective agreement with the NHLPA, the NHL had agreed to accommodate a break for the Olympics and player participation for the first time since 2014. On 17 January 2022, amid increasing lockdowns across China and the first detected case of

2592-589: The Games, IOC president Thomas Bach instructed athletes to "show how the world would look like, if we all respect the same rules and each other", and pledged that "there [would] be no discrimination for any reason whatsoever." The final seven torchbearers reflected multiple decades of Chinese athletes, beginning with the 1950s, and concluding with two skiers competing in the Games—21 year-old skier Zhao Jiawen from Shanxi (the first Chinese athlete to compete in Nordic combined ), and 20-year-old Dinigeer Yilamujiang from

2664-487: The Games, including athletes, staff, and attendees, were required to use the My2022 mobile app as part of the biosecurity protocols, which was used for submissions of customs declarations and health records for travel to the Games, daily health self-reporting, and records of COVID-19 vaccination and testing. The app also provided news and information relating to the Games, and messaging functions. Concerns were raised about

2736-431: The Games; all athletes were required to remain within the bio-secure bubble (referred to as a "closed-loop management system") for the duration of their participation, which included daily COVID-19 testing , and only being allowed to travel to and from Games-related venues. Unless they are fully- vaccinated or have a valid medical exemption, all athletes were required to quarantine for 21 days upon their arrival. Mirroring

2808-426: The International Skating Union for damages before German courts. While on 7 June 2016, the lower Federal Court of Justice of Germany rejected her initial appeal, on 3 June 2022, the higher Federal Constitutional Court of Germany ruled that Pechstein's fundamental rights had been violated. Based on that decision, the case for damages was sent back to the lower courts for re-trial and is currently still pending. She

2880-405: The addition of six new events, including natural track luge (men's and women's singles), a women's doubles competition on the artificial track, and sprint events (men, women, and doubles) on the artificial track. The International Skating Union (ISU) continued to campaign for the addition of synchronized skating as a new event within the discipline of figure skating . The ISU also proposed

2952-652: The ban be successful. She finished 13th in the race on 11 December but would have needed a place among the top 8 to qualify for the Olympics. In January 2010, the Swiss Federal Supreme Court refused to temporarily suspend Pechstein's ban for the Olympics. On 19 February 2010 the CAS ad hoc panel at the Vancouver Olympics rejected Pechstein's last-minute appeal to be admitted to the ice skating team events. In February 2010, Pechstein filed

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3024-770: The end of 2009, the Beijing Olympic Village apartments on the Olympic Green had been transformed into a residential area. There was therefore a need to build another Olympic Village on a smaller scale for the Winter Olympics. These new buildings are located in the southern area of Olympic Green on the neighbourhood of the National Olympic Sports Center and will serves as Chinese Olympic Committee residential complex for those athletes who will undergo training sessions at

3096-405: The entire procedure's longitudinal sample collection, which ultimately led to her violation of the ISU's anti-doping code. Finally, Pechstein interrogated the burden of proof to be met by the ISU in proving a doping violation. She suggested as the CAS pointed out, that "the ISU must convince the panel (of arbitrators ) to a level very close to ‘beyond reasonable doubt’ that all alternative causes for

3168-636: The expert testimony provided by Pechstein. This was the first case of doping based on circumstantial evidence alone; no forbidden substances were ever found during her repeated tests. In December 2009, she asked the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland for an injunction. She was allowed to participate at a single 3000 m race in Salt Lake City so that she could qualify for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver should her appeal of

3240-594: The final official budget was US$ 2.24 billion and turning a profit of $ 52 million, of which the International Olympic Committee (IOC) donated $ 10.4 million of that surplus to the Chinese Olympic Committee (COC) to help with the development of sport in China. The opening ceremony of the 2022 Winter Olympics was held on 4 February 2022 at Beijing National Stadium . Amid the political controversies and tensions impacting

3312-463: The force's sports training centre at Bad Endorf . Pechstein is the first female Winter Olympian to win medals in five consecutive Olympics (1992–2006); she won the gold medal in the women's 5000 metres race in three consecutive Olympics (1994, 1998, 2002), with bronze in the first (1992) and the silver medal in the fifth (2006). In the 3000 metres, she won three medals, gold (2002), silver (1998), and bronze (1994). She won her fifth Olympic gold medal in

3384-402: The high costs or the lack of local support and funding for hosting the Games. The Oslo bid , considered the clear frontrunner, was canceled in the wake of a series of revelations about the IOC's demands for luxury treatment of IOC members that strongly turned public opinion and the parliamentary majority against the bid. The city withdrew its application for government funding after a majority of

3456-474: The increase of %Retics can be excluded, and that additionally, the [a]thlete had an intention to use blood doping." An important consideration here is that the burden of proof should be proportional the severity of the accusation (according to the World Anti-Doping Code), and in legal terms, should fall closer to beyond a reasonable doubt than the ‘comfortable satisfaction’ of the panel. With

3528-604: The individual pursuit at the German Track Championships from 6 to 10 July in Berlin", she said. "I am also planning to race the individual sprint or the 500-meter time trial. I trust I can do this because as a skater I've trained a lot on the bike. I have nothing to lose. I don't know how this kind of competition works, so this alone is really exciting". In 2022 , she returned to the Olympic Games and

3600-572: The information presented, it seems Pechstein's assertion was valid and cast serious doubt on the so-called ‘clear-cut’ positive described by the ISU. Pechstein denied that she had doped and appealed to the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) in Lausanne , claiming, among other things, that she has an inherited condition explaining the abnormal measurements. The court affirmed the ban in November 2009, finding no evidence for an inherited condition in

3672-479: The leader of the World Cup ranking, and Russian skeletonist Nikita Tregubov , silver medalist of the 2018 Winter Olympics. The new Beijing–Zhangjiakou intercity railway opened in late 2019, starting from Beijing North railway station and ending at Zhangjiakou railway station . It was built for speeds of up to 350 km/h (220 mph); with this new road system, the travel time from Beijing to Zhangjiakou

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3744-507: The men and women's snowboard cross team event; a mixed team alpine parallel event; the men's and women's parallel special slalom; and a mixed team parallel special slalom event. The individual parallel special slalom events were featured at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi , Russia , but were dropped from the Olympic program in 2018 to make way for the snowboarding big air competitions. The International Luge Federation (FIL) proposed

3816-597: The mixed relay in short track speed skating. Women's Nordic combined was not added; Nordic combined remains the only Winter Olympic sport only contested by men. On 9 December 2019, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) banned Russia from all international sport for four years, after the Russian government was found to have tampered with lab data that it provided to WADA in January 2019 as a condition of

3888-498: The nearby venues. The Beijing National Stadium was an iconic venue in the Beijing Zone, and it is also known as the Bird's Nest (鸟巢; Niǎocháo ). The Beijing National Stadium was the site that hosted the Opening and Closing Ceremonies for the 2022 Winter Olympics, but it was no longer a venue for any competition in 2022. The National Aquatics Center ( 国家游泳中心 Guójiā Yóuyǒng Zhōngxīn /gwor-jyaa yoh-yong jong-sshin/), also known as

3960-590: The participation of 3,800 youths. All the venues construction started in November 2016 and was finished by the end of 2020 to enable the city to hold test events. The design for the Games' medals was unveiled on 26 October 2021. The concept is based on the 2008 Summer Olympics medals and Chinese astronomy and astrology as the games were held coinciding with the Chinese New Year festivities. The uniforms for medal presenters at medal ceremonies were unveiled in January 2022. The uniforms have been designed in

4032-532: The recommendation from the federation's executive board to propose such an event in the interests of gender equality. In July 2018, the IOC announced changes to the program for the 2022 Winter Olympics as part of a goal to increase the participation of women, and appeal to younger audiences. Seven new medal events were added (expanding the total program to 109 events), including men's and women's big air freestyle, women's monobob , mixed team competitions in freestyle skiing aerials, ski jumping, and snowboard cross, and

4104-435: The security of the My2022 app and how information collected by it would be used, so several delegations advised their athletes to bring burner phones and laptops for the duration of the games. Because of the strict COVID-19 protocol, some top athletes, considered to be medal contenders, were not able to travel to China after having tested positive, even if asymptomatic. The cases included Austrian ski jumper Marita Kramer ,

4176-492: The skater for a period of nearly nine years, the ISU banned Pechstein from competition for an above threshold fluctuation in reticulocyte percentage, a blood parameter used in passport profiling. Notably, Pechstein argued her ‘%Retics’ of 3.49 fell into the normal range for women her age and asserted that the International Skating Union ’s (ISU) threshold limit of 2.4 was far too low, basing this claim on

4248-573: The stadium lit by a volunteer, one in Yanqing District lit by speed skater Yu Jongjun , and the third in Zhangjiakou lit by skier Wang Wezhuo . The closing ceremony of the 2022 Winter Olympics was held at Beijing National Stadium on 20 February 2022; it included a cultural presentation, closing remarks, and the formal handover to Milan and Cortina d'Ampezzo as hosts of the 2026 Winter Olympics . The 2022 Winter Olympics included

4320-435: The strategic location, it would be the main focus for the arrival and entry of delegations on Chinese soil. Chinese officials had hoped that this airport would replace Beijing Capital International Airport as the country's main hub for arrivals and departures between its opening and the Winter Games and reduce the international and domestic demands of the older airport. This airport replaced the old Beijing Nanyuan Airport which

4392-422: The team pursuit at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin . After missing the 2010 Vancouver Games , she made her sixth Olympic appearance at the 2014 Sochi Games , finishing fourth in the 3000 metres and fifth in the 5000 metres. In 2018 she appeared in the Pyeongchang Games . As reported by Olympic news outlet Around the Rings , Pechstein is aiming for an Olympic return, this time as a cyclist. "I will start in

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4464-415: The top of the medal table for the second successive Winter Olympics, winning a total of 37 medals, of which 16 were gold, setting a new record for the largest number of gold medals won at a single Winter Olympics. The host nation China finished fourth with nine gold medals and also eleventh place by total medals won, marking its most successful performance in Winter Olympics history. The bidding calendar

4536-555: The urban area of Beijing, 90 kilometres (56 miles) away from the city center of Beijing and 17.5 kilometres (10.9 miles) away from the town of Yanqing , using artificial snow because of the rarity of natural snow in this region. All other skiing events were held in Taizicheng Area in Chongli District , Zhangjiakou city, Hebei province . It is 220 km (140 mi) from downtown Beijing and 130 km (81 mi) away from Xiaohaituo Mountain Area . The ski resort earned over ¥ 1.54 billion (US$ 237.77 million) in tourism during

4608-405: Was accused of blood doping and banned from all competitions for two years. Pechstein was born in East Berlin . She held a world record on the 5000 m track with the time 6:46.91 achieved on the Utah Olympic Oval in Salt Lake City on 23 February 2002, which was beaten by Martina Sáblíková on the same oval five years later. Pechstein is a sergeant in the German Federal Police and trains at

4680-403: Was announced by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in October 2012, with the application deadline set for 14 November 2013. The IOC Executive Board reviewed the bids from all applicant cities on 7 July 2014 and selected three cities, Oslo (Norway), Almaty (Kazakhstan), and Beijing (China), as the final candidates. Several bid cities withdrew their bids during the process, citing

4752-428: Was based on placement in the 2021 World Curling Championships and an Olympic Qualification Event that completed the field (in place of points earned across the 2020 and 2021 World Curling Championships). The IIHF based its qualification for the women's tournament upon existing IIHF World Rankings , without holding the 2020 Women's World Championship . On 29 September 2021, the IOC announced biosecurity protocols for

4824-442: Was decreased to around 50 minutes. A dedicated train for the Winter Olympics began to run on this line in January 2022, featuring a mobile television studio that supports live broadcast on the train. On 31 December 2021, the Beijing Subway reached the planned 783 km (487 mi) at the bid book. Planned before the city was awarded the rights to the Games, the Beijing Daxing International Airport opened in 2019, and due to

4896-455: Was out of date and was on the list of the most dangerous airports in the world because of its location and since its opening, it has been sharing the local and international demands of the city and the country with the older Beijing Capital International Airport . However, according to the COVID-19 pandemic security protocol manual issued by BOCWOG and International Olympic Committee, all foreign delegations could only enter and leave Beijing via

4968-449: Was selected as the host city of the 2022 Winter Olympics after beating Almaty by four votes on 31 July 2015 at the 128th IOC Session in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia. In February 2021, Beijing announced that the 26 venues (including training venues) for these sports would be running on entirely renewable energy . There were three different clusters of venues designed and constructed for the 2022 Winter Olympics, each respectively known as

5040-416: Was the 24th edition of the Winter Olympic Games . Beijing was selected as host city on 31 July 2015 at the 128th IOC Session in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia, marking its second time hosting the Olympics, and the last of three consecutive Olympics hosted in East Asia following the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang County, South Korea, and the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. Having previously hosted

5112-479: Was the German flag-bearer for the opening ceremony in Beijing . It was her eighth participation in the Olympic Winter Games and a new record for most Winter Olympics for a female athlete. After the World Championships in Norway in February 2009, the International Skating Union accused Pechstein of blood doping and banned her from all competitions for two years. This ban was based on irregular levels of reticulocytes in her blood. These levels were highest during

5184-433: Was the second venue for the ice hockey tournament for the 2022 Winter Olympics, besides the Wukesong Sports Centre. The National Speed Skating Oval (国家速滑馆 Guójiā Sùhuáguǎn /gwor-jyaa soo-hwaa-gwan/) has the nickname "Ice Ribbon" due to its exterior design. The National Speed Skating Oval was the venue for speed skating in the 2022 Winter Olympics. The Capital Indoor Stadium (首都体育馆 Shǒudū Tǐyùguǎn), also known as

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