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40-500: Frank Kingdon-Ward was the first Westerner to describe the area in his 1925 book, Riddle of the Tsangpo Gorges . In his 1994 Tibet Handbook , Hong Kong-born Victor Chan describes the extremely difficult trek from Pemakö Chung to the beyul Gonpo Ne, one of the remotest spots on earth. A modern journey by Ian Baker and his National Geographic -sponsored team to Pemakö received book-length treatment in his 1994 The Heart of

80-462: A brief political career which included standing as a Liberal Party candidate for Parliament at the 1950 UK General Election in Lewes . Even towards the end of his career he was still active, his greatest "swansong" plant was probably Lilium mackliniae , found jointly with his second wife after whom it is named. At age 68 he climbed to over 1,730–2,590 metres (5,680–8,500 ft) above sea level in

120-623: A coma from which he never recovered. He was buried in the churchyard at Grantchester . He wrote 25 books, mostly accounts of his expeditions. The titles, dates and publishers are as follows: His sister, Winifred Mary Ward , was a founder of the Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists and wrote several books on speech therapy. Milin County Mainling ( Tibetan : སྨན་གླིང་གྲོང་ཁྱེར། ; Chinese : 米林市 ; pinyin : Mǐlín ; ), formerly Mainling County ,

160-616: A new Tshangla dialect called Pemako dialect. The majority of the people in Pemako speak the Tshangla language . Historically, Tshangla speakers migrated from eastern Bhutan around the 17th century during the Drukpa conquest led by Zhabdrung Ngawang Ngamgyal . It was reported that over several hundred families made their way to Pemako. Ngatshang and Chitsang clans were there in Pemako, later joined by many more people who left their homeland in

200-752: A new tunnel under the mountain range. The renovation was completed in 2013. Before the completion of the highway, transportation in Mêdog primarily relied on foot. Hiking to Mêdog is also a popular activity among tourists, although it is generally considered highly exhausting and risky. A primary route for accessing Mêdog begins in Bomê County, which inspired the route of the current permanent highway. Another important route for traveling to Mêdog on foot starts in Pai (a township in Mainling County) and travels all

240-482: A quest for better life. When the first Tsangla people arrived in Pemako they settled in the lower Yarlung valley , surrounded by Kongpopas in the northwest, Pobas in the northeast, and Lhopas in the south. The Tsangla adopted many customs from their neighbors but still retained their original language. Historically, the area came under the rule of Powo (Bomê) kings who ruled the entirety of Pemako (now Medog). During Powo rule, Pemako residents had good relations with

280-405: Is 14,889, including 8,528 males and 6,361 females; 3,386 people aged 0-14, 10,518 aged 15-59, and 985 aged 60 and over 7,842 Monba , 3,376 Han , 1,541 Lhoba, 1,883 Tibetan, and 247 other ethnic minorities; the urban population is 3,318, and the rural population is 11,571. In 2022, the county's GDP will be 792 million yuan , the fixed asset investment of the whole society will be 1.066 billion yuan,

320-695: Is a county-level city under the jurisdiction of the prefecture-level city of Nyingchi in eastern Tibet Autonomous Region , China. Mainling is located in the central-west of the Nyingtri Prefecture, at the middle reaches of the Yarlung Tsangpo River , and between the Nyenchen Tanglha Mountains and the Himalayan Mountains . It de jure covers an area of 9,490 square kilometres, including

360-616: Is based on rattan weaving, bamboo weaving and stone tool processing. Medog County is the last county in the Tibet Autonomous Region with road access. The first dirt road was built in 1994, but some sections of the road were immediately destroyed by large-scale landslides and mudslides. In 2013, the Zha-Mo Road was completed and opened to traffic, ending the lack of road access in Medog County. History. As of 2019,

400-504: Is named in his honor. He is also commemorated in Ward's trogon , Harpactes wardi . He survived many accidents on his expeditions including hunger, extreme weather, slope slides and cliffhangers, becoming lost, roughing it with little shelter, altercations with indigenous Asians, and impalement. During an expedition in Assam, he was close to the epicentre of an earthquake (registering 8.6 on

440-831: Is one of the many languages of Tibet. Tsangla is widely spoken and understood by many non-Tsangla speakers in the area. People of Pemako also speak Standard Tibetan . The Pemakopa people also speak other dialects of Tibet, such as Khampa, Kongpo and Zayul dialects. Today inside Tibet Pemakopa people are also well versed in Mandarin Chinese . As the majority are Pemakopas, spoken Tsangla is well established. Pemakopa dialect of Tsangla doesn't have tones, unlike Standard Tibetan, but Tsangla language in Pemako uses high and low accents , which are absent in other Tsangla dialects. Pemakopa dialect's numerical denominations up to 20 and higher are counted in Standard Tibetan. Worldwide,

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480-789: The Richter magnitude scale ) on 15 August 1950. In addition to his professional activities as a botanist, in the 1930s Kingdon-Ward also served as a spy for the British India Office. In 1935, Kingdon-Ward was arrested by Tibetans after he crossed the Sela pass into the Tawang tract ( now Tawang District of Arunachal Pradesh , India) despite being refused permission to do so by the Tibetan authorities who were then administering Tawang. Tibetans protested this violation of their border to

520-575: The Ukhrul district of Manipur, India (near the boundary of Myanmar to the east) and was still discovering new species of plants on his last expedition in 1956, including Roscoea australis , the most southerly representative of its genus. He was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1952. Frank Kingdon-Ward died on 8 April 1958 aged 72. He had suffered a stroke and went into

560-608: The British mission then visiting Lhasa . Kingdon-Ward was quickly released, but this incident led the British to investigate the status of the border, and it was discovered that the entire Tawang tract had been ceded to British India by Tibet by the Simla Convention negotiated by Sir Henry McMahon with the Tibetans in 1914. In 1923 he moved to Hatton Gore , a big house on the east side of Hatton Road, Hatton, London ;

600-604: The Nyingchi area was abolished and prefecture-level Nyingchi City was established, and Medog County was under the jurisdiction of Nyingchi City. The total land area of Medog County is 31,273.41 square kilometers, of which the actual jurisdiction area is about 6,600 square kilometers. It is located in the lower reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River , at the southern foot of the Himalayas , surrounded by mountains on

640-583: The Pemako area. The Pemako dialect has undergone tremendous changes due to its isolation and Tibetan influence. Unique Tsanglha dialect of is in danger of extinction due to demographic changes and migration in Tsanglha speaking regions in Tibet Autonomous Region, Eastern Bhutan, and Arunachal Pradesh. Dominant cultures that are coming in contact with Tsanglha is altering and influence the ability of this dialect to survive. Tsangla or Pemakopa

680-735: The Tibetans. They jointly fought against the Tani ( Adis ) and Mishmis who regularly disturbed the pilgrimage. By 1931, the Tibetan government ( Ganden Phodrang ) was able to dismantle the Powo kingdom and the region came under the direct rule of the central Tibetan Government in Lhasa . Ganden Phodrang had its governor stationed in Medog Dzong, who looked after the territory and established communications between Lhasa and Pemako. Compulsory taxes in cash or goods were to be paid to Lhasa. The region of Pemako

720-517: The Tsangla language has about 140,000–160,000 speakers. Majority of people in Pemako follow Nyingma tradition of Tibetan Buddhism . Some follow the indigenous Bon tradition as well. Lhoba people in Pemako practice a combination of animism and Buddhism. Frank Kingdon-Ward Francis Kingdon-Ward , born Francis Kingdon Ward OBE , (6 November 1885 in Manchester – 8 April 1958)

760-832: The United States and 980 in Canada. The Pemako Tshangla dialect (Tibetan: པདྨ་བཀོད་ཚངས་ལ་སྐད་, Wylie: Padma-kod Tsangla skad , also Padma kod skad ) is the predominant language in the Pemako region of Tibet and an adjoining contiguous area south of the McMahon line in Arunachal Pradesh in India. Though Tshangla is not a Tibetan language, it shares many similarities with Classical Tibetan , particularly in its vocabulary. Many Tibetan loanwords are used in Pemako, due to centuries of close contact with various Tibetan tribes in

800-460: The World . Since 1904, the year Kabgye Dudjom Rinpoche was born in Pemako, people from all over Tibet , especially from Khams , Golok , and U-Tsang , entered Pemako and settled near their lama . Nyingma centers in Pemako were also connected to Kyabje Dudjom Rinpoche . Ever since Pemako was first opened to the outside world thousands of people settled in the region. The Tsanglha people were

840-553: The area claimed but de facto under control of the Arunachal Pradesh , India. The average altitude is 3,700 metres above sea level. The mine resources of the city are gold dust , plaster , limestone , chromium and iron , etc. The main economy style in Mainling is farming and forest industry. The main species of the trees are fir , spruce , pine , oak , and cypress, etc. The total cumulation volume of woods

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880-554: The area of paddy field is 4755.2 mu, the area of dry land is 32905.3 mu, and the grassland is mainly natural grassland, of which 4479.3 mu is grazing grassland in summer and autumn, 122530.5 mu is non-seasonal grazing grassland, and 109739.6 mu is temporary grazing grassland mu, accounting for 46.35% of pasture land. The main crops are rice, upland rice, rapeseed, corn, highland barley, chicken feet, soybeans, peanuts, potatoes, sugar cane, etc. The economic forests mainly include apples, citrus, bananas, plantains, lemons, figs, etc. The industry

920-487: The average temperature in January is 12°C–16°C. There is no frost or occasional light frost throughout the year, and the annual precipitation is 2000-5000 mm. There are 3 species of wild plants under China ’s national first-level key protection, 10 species of second-level key protected wild plants, 17 species of first-level national key protected wild animals, and 42 species of second-level key protected wild animals. Due to

960-410: The country with native botanist Chit Ko Ko . Among his collections were the first viable seed of Meconopsis betonicifolia ( Himalayan blue poppy , first discovered by Pére Delavay ), Primula florindae (giant cowslip, named after his first wife Florinda, née Norman-Thompson) and Rhododendron wardii , a yellow flowered species. A species of Asian lizard, Pseudocalotes kingdonwardi ,

1000-669: The county (down to just 600 m above sea level in the Yarlung Zangbo river valley) and by the South Asian monsoon, which brings moisture from the Indian Ocean . The area is lush and covered with trees and includes the Medog National Animal and Plant Reserve Area. It has more than 3,000 species of plants, 42 species of rare animals under special state protection, and over a thousand hexapod species. Mêdog

1040-457: The cutting of rivers, the cutting depth of most of the mountains in Medog County is more than two kilometers. Due to the large elevation difference in the terrain, there are obvious vertical climate changes in the mountains. The annual sunshine hours in Medog County are 1500.7 hours, and the annual average temperature in the valley area is 18°C–22°C. The average temperature in July is 25°C–28°C, and

1080-789: The east, west, and north sides, and the Yarlung Zangbo River passes from north to south. It is also mainly located in Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon . The north are the Kangri Karpo mountains, the west and northwest are the high mountains of the Himalayas, and the south is the Yarlung Zangbo River Valley. The highest peak, Namjagbarwa Peak, is 7,782 meters above sea level. Due to the melting and erosion of alpine ice and snow and

1120-540: The heavy precipitation in the area, Medog County has dense forests including the Northeastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests at middle altitudes and the Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests at lower altitudes. At higher altitudes, the mountains are covered by Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows . Medog has a favorable climate caused by the relatively low elevations in parts of

1160-857: The jurisdiction of the Bomi Division of Labor. On July 23, 1959, Medog County was under the jurisdiction of the Tagong Division Committee. On August 27 of the same year, the Medog County Party Committee and the county government were formally established in the Pai District of Milin County . On February 24, 1960, the Pagoda Works Division was renamed Nyingchi Division, and Medog County was under its jurisdiction. In July 1964, Medog County

1200-714: The majority about 60% of the total population of 10,000–12,000 (According to 2001 census in Metok county (Dzong) there were about 10,000 people). People in Pemako called themselves Pemakopa. They also call themselves Monba as they originally migrated to the region of Mon which comprises present Bhutan and Tawang . In exile Pemakopa people spread through the world, but mainly concentrated in Tibetan settlements of Miao choephelling, Tezu Dhargyeling, Tuting and area, Orissa-Jerang camp, Tibetan Women Centre – Rajpur, Clementown, Delhi area. There are approximately 100 individuals in Europe, 130 in

1240-506: The mid-8th century to be a land of final call where devotees would be flocking at the time of religious persecutions, the last sanctuary for Buddhism , with the time Pemako's popularity grew more and more, with the popularity many Tibetan people particularly from Kham followed their Lamas and settled alongside Tshangla populace. Over the period of time, Tibetans and Tshangla migrants amalgamated to form an homogeneous group called Pemakopas ( Pad-ma dkod pa ). The process of infusion gave birth to

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1280-586: The original inhabitants of Pemako, as Pemako was part of Monyul . Monyul includes present day Arunachal Pradesh , Bhutan and Sikkim . The Tshangla community continued to grow into the beginning of the 18th century right until the early 20th century. Political and religious turmoil in Tibet forced many Tibetans to join Tshangla people in Pemako, a land where religious serenity pledge through many revered Lamas who had been to this land, prophesied by Padmasambhava in

1320-444: The site of the house is now under the east end of London Heathrow Airport . He built there a big rockery looking like a bend in a river ravine in the Himalayas. He sold the house due to a loss that he made running a plant nursery business. He was married twice, first to Florinda Norman-Thompson on 11 April 1923; later, to Jean Macklin , on 12 November 1947, to whom he remained married until his death. Florinda Kingdon-Ward had

1360-420: The total mileage of highways in Medog County is 524.23 kilometers, including 117 kilometers of county roads, 130.11 kilometers of township roads, and 277.12 kilometers of village roads. Medog county is diverse, with different ethnicities intermixing for many centuries. Residents include Tshangla people, Kongpopas, Poba, and Khampa Tibetans, and Lhoba people (Adi, Mishmis) live here, while Tshangla speakers make up

1400-423: The total retail sales of social consumer goods will be 67.895 million yuan, the general public financial budget revenue will be 68.1 million yuan, the per capita disposable income of urban residents will be 43,433 yuan, and the per capita income of rural residents will be 43,433 yuan. The disposable income is 17035 yuan. There are mainly two kinds of cultivated land in Medog County, paddy field and dry land, of which

1440-627: The way along the Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon to Mêdog township, which is a route particularly popular among backpackers. Mêdog County comprises 1 towns , 6 townships and 1 ethnic township : * includes areas claimed but currently under control of the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh . According to the results of the seventh national census of the People's Republic of China in 2020, the permanent population of Medog County

1480-661: Was an English botanist , explorer, plant collector and author. He published most of his books as Frank Kingdon-Ward and this hyphenated form of his name stuck, becoming the surname of his wives and two daughters. It also became a pen name for his sister Winifred Mary Ward by default. Son of Harry Marshall Ward and Selina Mary Ward, née Kingdon; he went on around 25 expeditions over a period of nearly fifty years, exploring Tibet , North Western China, Myanmar and Assam (in Northeastern India ). In Myanmar he met and conducted some research into forestry and plants in

1520-533: Was divided among different monasteries and different aristocratic families. Some regions of Pemako pay tax to the Sera Monastery in the form of grains, chillis, bamboo poles for prayer flags (Dharchen), products made of cane, medicinal herbs such as yertsa-goonbu, mushroom, and animal skin. On April 25, 1951, the 18th Army of the Chinese People's Liberation Army assigned Bomi, Luoyu, and Gongbu to

1560-422: Was placed under the jurisdiction of Lhasa City. On February 1, 1986, Medog County was placed under the jurisdiction of Nyingchi Prefecture . In 1988, the district was withdrawn and the township was merged, and a total of 8 townships and 59 administrative villages were established. In May 1988, Damuluoba Ethnic Township was established. In 1999, Medog Township was revoked and Medog Town was established. In March 2015,

1600-496: Was the last county without permanent road access in Tibet, due to the landscape of several high-elevation mountain ranges. A first, simple road was built in the 1970s, yet it was usually blocked by ice and snow on the mountains in the winter, making it only accessible seasonally. In December 2010, the Chinese government announced a project to renovate the road into a permanent highway from Bomê to Mêdog County, including excavation of

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