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49-598: The Government of Penang refers to the government authority of the Malaysian state of Penang . The state government adheres to and is created by both the Malaysian federal constitution , the supreme law of Malaysia , and the constitution of Penang , the supreme law in Penang. The government of Penang is based in the state's capital city of George Town . The state government consists of only two branches - executive and legislative. The Penang State Executive Council forms

98-598: A counteroffer from the Federal Government. Singapore was a Malaysian state from the formation of Malaysia on 16 September 1963 until it was expelled from the Federation on 9 August 1965. During its time as a state of Malaysia , Singapore had autonomy in the areas of education and labour and was the smallest state in Malaysia by land area, but the largest by population. Brunei was invited to join

147-401: A delay of 60 days of general election to be held from the date of dissolution and the legislative assembly shall be summoned to meet on a date not later than 120 days from the date of dissolution. Conventionally, between the dissolution of one legislative assembly and the convening of the next, the chief minister and the executive council remain in office in a caretaker capacity. The following

196-523: A higher degree of autonomy as part of the bargain which were included in the 20-point agreement and 18-point agreement respectively. While both states arguably joined the federation as equals to Malaya, the Malayan government and constitution became the Malaysian government and constitution . The constitutional amendment codifying the enlarged federation initially listed Sabah and Sarawak separately to

245-575: A majority in the Legislative Assembly and party discipline is exceptionally strong in Penang politics, so passage of the government's legislation through the Legislative Assembly is mostly a formality. The legislative assembly unless sooner dissolved by the Yang di-Pertua Negeri with His Excellency's own discretion on the advice of the chief minister shall continue for five years from the date of its first meeting. The state constitution permits

294-482: A secession attempt, periods of partisanship and fiscal imbalances brought about by Malaysia's highly-centralised power structure. The merger of Penang into the Federation of Malaya in 1948 caused discontent among George Town 's business community. There were concerns that the city's free port status would be threatened by federal interference, while the Peranakans feared that non-Malay rights would be eroded under

343-560: A unique residency status. Passports are required even for Peninsular Malaysians for travelling between either state and Peninsular Malaysia, or between the two states, however those who are on social/business visits up to three months are allowed to produce a MyKad or birth certificate and obtain a special printout form in lieu of a passport. Each state has a unicameral legislature called Dewan Undangan Negeri ( DUN , State Assembly). Members of DUN are elected from single-member constituencies drawn based on population. The state leader of

392-714: Is Chow Kon Yeow of the Democratic Action Party (DAP), which controls the most seats in the State Legislative Assembly among the Pakatan Harapan (PH) component parties. Chow was sworn in on 14 May 2018, after the 2018 State Election that saw the PH coalition retaining power in Penang. To this day, Penang remains the only Malaysian state where the position of the head of government has been continuously held by an ethnic Chinese since

441-530: Is a federation of 13 states ( Negeri ) and 3 federal territories ( Wilayah Persekutuan ). Eleven states and two federal territories are located on the Malay Peninsula , collectively called Peninsular Malaysia ( Semenanjung Malaysia ) or West Malaysia . Two states are on the island of Borneo , and the remaining federal territory consists of islands offshore of Borneo; they are collectively referred to as East Malaysia or Malaysian Borneo. Out of

490-695: Is administered by the Putrajaya Corporation ( Perbadanan Putrajaya ) and Labuan by the Labuan Corporation ( Perbadanan Labuan ); each corporation is headed by a chairman. The states of Sabah and Sarawak merged with the existing states of the Federation of Malaya and Singapore pursuant to the Malaysia Agreement in 1963 to form the independent state of Malaysia. Representatives from Sabah and Sarawak demanded

539-838: Is analogous in function to the Malaysian federal Cabinet . The Executive Council comprises the Chief Minister , and between four and 10 other State Assemblymen from the Penang State Legislative Assembly . Aside from these, three other ex officio members of the Executive Council are the State Secretary, the State Legal Adviser and the State Financial Officer. Members of the Executive Council after

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588-696: Is the national capital, Putrajaya is the administrative centre of the federal government, and Labuan serves as an offshore financial centre . Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya were carved out of Selangor, while Labuan was ceded by Sabah. The territories fall under the purview of the Ministry of the Federal Territories , and the Parliament of Malaysia legislates on all matters concerning the territories. Each federal territory elects representatives from single-member constituencies drawn based on population to

637-636: The Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives) of the Parliament. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong appoints senators to represent the territories in the Dewan Negara; Kuala Lumpur has two senators, while Putrajaya and Labuan each has one. The local governments for the territories varies: Kuala Lumpur is administered by the Kuala Lumpur City Hall ( Dewan Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur ), headed by an appointed mayor ( Datuk Bandar ), while Putrajaya

686-490: The 2023 state election are as follows. The State Secretary, the State Legal Adviser and the State Financial Officer are ex officio members of the Executive Council. The Penang State Legislative Assembly is the legislative branch of the Penang state government. The unicameral legislature consists of 40 seats that represent the 40 state constituencies within Penang , with each constituency being represented by an elected State Assemblyman. The Legislative Assembly convenes at

735-627: The Chinese -dominated Penang state government. Malaysia's centralised power structure also made Penang susceptible to federal-state conflicts. Chief Minister Lim Chong Eu was able to secure autonomy and freedom to implement economic reforms, by maintaining ties with Abdul Razak and ensuring order within Penang. In 1973, Gerakan joined the ruling Alliance (renamed Barisan Nasional ) to guarantee Penang's inclusion in national development policies. Penang once again became an opposition-controlled state in 2008 when Pakatan Rakyat (now Pakatan Harapan ) won

784-673: The Governor , Penang's head of state, on the basis of the latter's judgement that the former commands the confidence of the majority of the State Assemblymen in the Penang State Legislative Assembly . The Chief Minister and his Executive Council shall be collectively responsible to Legislative Assembly. The Office of the Chief Minister is situated inside Komtar in George Town . The current Chief Minister of Penang

833-500: The Penang State Assembly Building in George Town . The legislature has a maximum mandate of five years by law and follows a multi-party system; the ruling party (or coalition) is elected through a first-past-the-post system. The Governor may dissolve the legislature at any time and usually does so upon the advice of the Chief Minister . A Speaker is elected by the Legislative Assembly to preside over

882-457: The federal constitution constricts each state's ability to generate revenue. In 2024, Lim's successor Chow Kon Yeow stated that he intended to demand a larger portion of the state's tax revenue to be returned to Penang. States and federal territories of Malaysia [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Race and politics The states and federal territories of Malaysia are the principal administrative divisions of Malaysia . Malaysia

931-421: The state election that year . The federal government adopted an uncooperative stance towards opposition-controlled states, resulting in reduced federal funds for Penang and the bypassing of the state government in development policies. Partisanship worsened under Najib Razak's administration . In 2013, Penang received RM162.7 million in federal grants, which accounted for a mere 2.85% of the state's tax revenues to

980-569: The "Special Cabinet Committee To Review the Malaysia Agreement" and directed a Special Task Force Team (Taskforce MA63) to prepare a final report on the 1963 agreement before 31 August 2019. Two years after the failed attempt, on 16 September 2021, Prime Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob pledged to look into issues relating to Sabah and Sarawak via the Special Council on Malaysia Agreement 1963, with negotiations being chaired by

1029-532: The 13 states in Malaysia, 9 are monarchies. The governance of the states is divided between the federal government and the state governments, while the federal territories are directly administered by the federal government. The specific responsibilities of the federal and the state governments are listed in the Ninth Schedule of the Constitution of Malaysia . Theoretically, any matter not set out in

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1078-694: The 2019 proposed amendments by the then Pakatan Harapan government, being tabled by Minister in the Prime Minister's Department (Law and Parliament) Wan Junaidi . Discussions on restoring Sabahans and Sarawakians' rights will continue in the meantime. The same meeting also saw the council agree to empower both the Sabah and Sarawah governments to issue deep fishing licences as opposed to the federal government currently. The amendments were tabled on 3 November 2021, consisting of four changes, being restoring Sabah and Sarawak as "partners", defining Malaysia Day as

1127-583: The Federation but decided not to in the end due to several issues, such as the status of the Sultan within Malaysia, division of Bruneian oil royalties , and pressure from opposition groups which amounted to the Brunei Revolt . Administrative divisions: List of Chief Ministers of Penang The 5th and incumbent chief minister is Chow Kon Yeow , who assumed office on 14 May 2018. Chow succeeds his party colleague, Lim Guan Eng , who had served as

1176-522: The Legislative Assembly. The members of the Executive Council shall not hold any office of profit and engage in any trade, business or profession that will cause conflict of interest . If a government cannot get its appropriation (budget) legislation passed by the Legislative Assembly, or the Legislative Assembly passes a vote of "no confidence" in the government, the chief minister is bound by convention to resign immediately. The Yang di-Pertua Negeri's choice of replacement chief minister will be dictated by

1225-412: The Ninth Schedule can be legislated on by the individual states. However, legal scholars generally view this as a "pauper's bequest" because of the large scope of the matters listed in the Ninth Schedule. The courts themselves have generally favoured a broad interpretation of the language of the Ninth Schedule, thus limiting the number of possible subjects not covered. The Ninth Schedule specifically lists

1274-635: The Prime Minister, joined by the Chief Ministers of Sabah and Sarawak, as well as eight federal ministers. On 19 October 2021, Minister in the Prime Minister's Department (Sabah and Sarawak Affairs) Maximus Ongkili announced a Bill to be tabled in the coming Parliament sitting after the Special Council on Malaysia Agreement 1963 agreed to Articles 1(2) and 160(2) of the Federal Constitution to restore Sabah and Sarawak as equal partners to Peninsular Malaysia. The proposed law differs from

1323-401: The Yang di-Pertuan Agong and an executive Chief Minister or Ketua Menteri . except for Sarawak whose head of government is styled 'Premier'. While the population of Malaysia is ethnically and religiously diverse, such diversity is spread throughout the country and not inherently reflected by the borders of the states. There is a significant distinction however between the peninsular states and

1372-528: The chief minister between 2008 and 2018. According to the state constitution, the Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Penang shall first appoint the chief minister to preside over the Executive Council and requires such chief minister to be a member of the Legislative Assembly who in his judgment is likely to command the confidence of the majority of the members of the Assembly and must not a Malaysian citizen by naturalisation or by registration. The Yang di-Pertua Negeri on

1421-419: The chief minister's advice shall appoint not more than ten nor less than four members from among the members of the Legislative Assembly. The member of the Executive Council must take and subscribe in the presence of the Yang di-Pertua Negeri the oath of office and allegiance as well as the oath of secrecy before they can exercise the functions of office. The Executive Council shall be collectively responsible to

1470-417: The circumstances. A member of the Executive Council other than the chief minister shall hold office during the pleasure of the Yang di-Pertua Negeri, unless the appointment of any member of the Executive Council shall have been revoked by the Yang di-Pertua Negeri on the advice of the chief minister but may at any time resign his office. Following a resignation in other circumstances, defeated in an election or

1519-518: The day when Sabah and Sarawak joined and changes to the definition of the Federation, and defining who are natives of Sabah and Sarawak. On 14 December 2021, the proposed amendment was passed in the Parliament unanimously with 199 votes in favour, and 21 MPs absent from the 6-hour long debate. On 6 January 2022, Minister Ongkili announced the setting up of a joint technical committee to study Sabah's proposal for increased annual grants in addition to

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1568-406: The death of a chief minister, the Yang di-Pertua Negeri will generally appoint as chief minister the person voted by the governing party as their new leader. The power of the chief minister is subject to a number of limitations. Chief ministers removed as leader of his or her party, or whose government loses a vote of no confidence in the Legislative Assembly, must advise a state election or resign

1617-462: The executive branch, whilst the Penang State Legislative Assembly is the legislature of the state government. Penang's head of government is the chief minister . The state government does not have a judiciary branch, as Malaysia's judicial system is a federalised system operating uniformly throughout the country. The Chief Minister is the head of government in Penang . He is officially appointed by

1666-406: The existing states of the Federation of Malaya . However, through the process of the amendment, the bill failed to pass following the failure to reach two-thirds majority support (148 votes) in the Parliament with only 138 agreed with the move while 59 abstained from the voting. Nevertheless, the Malaysian federal government agreed to review the 1963 agreement to remedy breaches of the treaty with

1715-426: The federal government. Continued rivalry between the federal and state governments led to Chief Minister Lim Guan Eng ’s accusations that Penang was being treated as a “stepchild” by the federal government. This situation endured until the 2018 elections , when Pakatan Harapan assumed federal power for the first time in Malaysia's history. Nonetheless, calls for fiscal devolution and decentralisation still persist, as

1764-646: The following matters as those that can only be legislated on by the states: land tenure, the Islamic religion, and local government. Nine of the peninsular states, based on historical Malay kingdoms, are known as the Malay states . Each Malay state has a hereditary ruler as titular head of state and an executive Chief Minister or Menteri Besar as politically responsible head of government. The rulers of Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Pahang, Perak, Selangor and Terengganu are styled Sultans . Negeri Sembilan's elective ruler holds

1813-579: The majority party in DUN is usually appointed Chief Minister by the Ruler or Governor. The term of DUN members is five years unless the assembly is dissolved earlier by the Ruler or Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister. Usually, DUN of the states in Peninsular Malaysia are dissolved in conjunction with the dissolution of the federal parliament , to have state elections running concurrently with

1862-429: The nation's independence in 1957. Notably, Penang is also the only Malaysian state which appoints two Deputy Chief Ministers - one representing the Malay community and the other an ethnic Indian . This serves to shape a top leadership consisting of various backgrounds, representing the diverse ethnicities of the state. The Penang State Executive Council forms the executive branch of the Penang state government and

1911-543: The new federation. Consequently, a secession movement was formed in the months after the merger. The movement sought to gain support from the British government and attempted to move a motion of secession through Penang's legislature, but eventually petered out. The British adamantly opposed the secession of Penang and in 1951, Secretary of State for the Colonies Jim Griffiths stated that Penang's fate

1960-444: The office or be dismissed by the Yang di-Pertua Negeri. The defeat of a supply bill (one that concerns the spending of money) or unable to pass important policy-related legislation is seen to require the resignation of the government or dissolution of Legislative Assembly, much like a non-confidence vote, since a government that cannot spend money is hamstrung, also called loss of supply . The chief minister's party will normally have

2009-649: The opposition party Gerakan taking control of the Penang state government from the ruling Alliance . While the Alliance retained federal power, race riots in Kuala Lumpur prompted the federal government, led by Abdul Razak Hussein , to introduce the New Economic Policy (NEP), focusing on affirmative action-based economic development. The NEP's policies favouring the Malays posed a challenge for

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2058-460: The other states, however it was later amended again to list both these entities together with the other states, suggesting a status equal to the original states of Malaya. Sabah and Sarawak still retained a higher degree of autonomy than the peninsular states in areas such as immigration, state revenue, and legislative power over land and local government. However, federal influence over their politics increased over time, including direct interference in

2107-487: The parliamentary election. However, Rulers and Governors hold discretionary powers in withholding consent to dissolve the DUN. Each state sends two senators elected by the DUN to the Dewan Negara (Senate), the upper house of the federal parliament. The Parliament of Malaysia is permitted to legislate on issues of land, Islamic religion and local government to provide for a uniform law between different states, or on

2156-495: The proceedings and debates of the legislature. The Speaker may or may not be an elected State Assemblyman; in the case of the latter, the elected Speaker shall become a member of the Legislative Assembly additional to the elected State Assemblymen already in the legislature. Penang has had turbulent relations with the Malaysian federal government ever since the former's inclusion into the Malayan federation in 1948. It has endured

2205-569: The request of the state assembly concerned. The law in question must also be passed by the state assembly as well, except in the case of certain land law-related subjects. Non-Islamic issues that fall under the purview of the state may also be legislated on at the federal level for the purpose of conforming with Malaysian treaty obligations. Each state is further divided into districts , which are then divided into mukim . In Sabah and Sarawak districts are grouped into "Divisions". The 3 federal territories were formed for different purposes: Kuala Lumpur

2254-575: The state assemblies. In conjunction with the celebration of Malaysia Day in 2018 under the new Pakatan Harapan (PH) government, Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad promised to restore Sabah and Sarawak status in the Malaysian federation in accordance with the Malaysia Agreement , restoring "their status from merely a state to an equal partner of the Malayan states". Although the status of both entities were clearly defined in Article I, Malaysia Agreement 1963 as 'states' which shall be federated with

2303-565: The title of Yamtuan Besar , whereas the ruler of Perlis is titled Raja . The federal head of state, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (commonly referred to as "King" in English), is elected (de facto rotated) among the nine rulers to serve a 5-year term. Former British settlements and crown colonies of Penang and Malacca (both peninsular), and Sabah and Sarawak (both on Borneo) each have a titular Governor (styled Yang di-Pertua Negeri ) appointed by

2352-460: The two states of East Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak , which have significant indigenous populations. Both states have greater autonomy that those on the peninsula, including additional powers over their immigration controls as part of the 20-point agreement and 18-point agreement drawn up by the respective states when they, together with the Federation of Malaya and Singapore, formed Malaysia. They have separate immigration policies and controls and

2401-403: Was “indissolubly linked with the mainland of Malaya”. In 1969, the Malaysian federal government revoked George Town 's free port status, sparking the city's decline and widespread unemployment within the state. Economic development was redirected towards Port Klang and Kuala Lumpur by the federal government. The deteriorating economy became a major issue in the 1969 election , leading to

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