Pennzoil is an American motor oil brand currently owned by Shell plc . The former Pennzoil Company had been established in 1913 in Pennsylvania , being active in business as an independent firm until it was acquired by Shell in 2002, becoming a brand of the conglomerate.
101-685: Origins of the company can be traced to the "South Penn Oil Company", an oil business started in Oil City, Pennsylvania by Michael Late Benedum and Joe Trees in May 1889 as a unit of Standard Oil . It became the largest oil producer in the region, becoming independent when Standard Oil was split in 1911. By those times, two companies, one on the East Coast and another on the West (founded in 1908 and 1913, respectively) started to market their motor oils under
202-456: A condition called "stale fuel". Gasoline containing ethanol is especially subject to absorbing atmospheric moisture, then forming gums, solids, or two phases (a hydrocarbon phase floating on top of a water-alcohol phase). The presence of these degradation products in the fuel tank or fuel lines plus a carburetor or fuel injection components makes it harder to start the engine or causes reduced engine performance On resumption of regular engine use,
303-449: A controlled process called deflagration . However, the unburned mixture may autoignite by pressure and heat alone, rather than igniting from the spark plug at exactly the right time, causing a rapid pressure rise that can damage the engine. This is often referred to as engine knocking or end-gas knock. Knocking can be reduced by increasing the gasoline's resistance to autoignition , which is expressed by its octane rating. Octane rating
404-470: A female householder with no husband present, and 37.4% were non-families. 32.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.99. In the city, the population was spread out, with 25.8% under the age of 18, 7.9% from 18 to 24, 27.2% from 25 to 44, 21.6% from 45 to 64, and 17.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age
505-546: A few years, and Cogo's switched brands to BP and Exxon in 2001. After Shell's purchase of Pennzoil, there was the possibility that the remaining Pennzoil stations—mostly in western Pennsylvania—would be converted to Shell as part of the company's aggressive movement to expand nationally. This didn't happen, but the three company-owned Pennzoil gas stations in the New Castle, Pennsylvania , area began co-branding themselves with 7-Eleven in 2003, with more emphasis placed on
606-443: A fine mist. Quality gasoline should be stable for six months if stored properly, but can degrade over time. Gasoline stored for a year will most likely be able to be burned in an internal combustion engine without too much trouble. However, the effects of long-term storage will become more noticeable with each passing month until a time comes when the gasoline should be diluted with ever-increasing amounts of freshly made fuel so that
707-500: A gasoline depends upon: The various refinery streams blended to make gasoline have different characteristics. Some important streams include the following: The terms above are the jargon used in the oil industry, and the terminology varies. Currently, many countries set limits on gasoline aromatics in general, benzene in particular, and olefin (alkene) content. Such regulations have led to an increasing preference for alkane isomers, such as isomerate or alkylate, as their octane rating
808-470: A greater volume fraction of aromatics. Finished marketable gasoline is traded (in Europe) with a standard reference of 0.755 kilograms per liter (6.30 lb/U.S. gal), (7,5668 lb/ imp gal) its price is escalated or de-escalated according to its actual density. Because of its low density, gasoline floats on water, and therefore water cannot generally be used to extinguish a gasoline fire unless applied in
909-412: A growing annual target of total gallons blended. Although the mandate does not require a specific percentage of ethanol, annual increases in the target combined with declining gasoline consumption have caused the typical ethanol content in gasoline to approach 10 percent. Most fuel pumps display a sticker that states that the fuel may contain up to 10 percent ethanol, an intentional disparity that reflects
1010-574: A high compression ratio. A high expansion ratio is also one of the two key reasons for the efficiency of diesel engines , along with the elimination of pumping losses due to throttling of the intake airflow. The lower energy content of LPG by liquid volume in comparison to gasoline is due mainly to its lower density. This lower density is a property of the lower molecular weight of propane (LPG's chief component) compared to gasoline's blend of various hydrocarbon compounds with heavier molecular weights than propane. Conversely, LPG's energy content by weight
1111-401: A higher compression ratio through the concomitant higher expansion ratio on the power stroke, which is by far the greater effect. The higher expansion ratio extracts more work from the high-pressure gas created by the combustion process. An Atkinson cycle engine uses the timing of the valve events to produce the benefits of a high expansion ratio without the disadvantages, chiefly detonation, of
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#17327908034041212-750: A large portion of Getty Oil to give Pennzoil rights to Getty's oil deposits. Following the deal, the Texaco oil company encroached on the complex merger in an attempt to acquire Getty for itself. Pennzoil sued Texaco in Texas state court, alleging that Texaco tortiously induced Getty to breach the contract with Pennzoil. At first it was adjudicated by Judge Anthony J.P. Farris; it was finished by visiting Judge Solomon (Sol) Casseb of San Antonio . A jury awarded Pennzoil, represented by Joe Jamail and Baine Kerr , $ 7.53 billion in compensatory damages and $ 3 billion in punitive damages. Under Texas law, Pennzoil could secure
1313-529: A lien on all of Texaco's property in the state, unless Texaco posted a bond that covered the judgment, interests and costs of the lawsuit (estimated to be $ 13 billion). Before judgment could be entered in the Texas court and Pennzoil could obtain a lien, Texaco filed a suit in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York, alleging that the Texas proceedings violated Texaco's constitutional rights. The District Court found for Texaco, and
1414-643: A nation with a good supply of high-octane gasoline would have the advantage in air power. In 1943, the Rolls-Royce Merlin aero engine produced 980 kilowatts (1,320 hp) using 100 RON fuel from a modest 27 liters (1,600 cu in) displacement. By the time of Operation Overlord , both the RAF and USAAF were conducting some operations in Europe using 150 RON fuel (100/150 avgas ), obtained by adding 2.5 percent aniline to 100-octane avgas. By this time,
1515-403: A new township charter law. A city hall was erected later that year on Seneca Street. The city was partially destroyed by flood in 1865 and by both flood and fire in 1866 and again in 1892; on this last occasion, several oil tanks that were struck by lightning gave way, and Oil Creek carried a mass of burning oil into the city, where some 60 people died and property valued at more than $ 1 million
1616-597: A petroleum exploration firm, bought the property of a number of settlers around the north landing of Lay's Ferry and established a town the company called Imperial City . West of Laytonia, Charles Lee established a settlement called Leetown . In 1862, residents in the area obtained a charter from the state, uniting the area north of the river as a borough named Oil City . South of the river, in particular, growth continued to be haphazard. Streets there often did not match up, hindering transportation. Residents realized that there were too many names in use for this area, which
1717-417: A representative species, performs the chemical reaction: By weight, combustion of gasoline releases about 46.7 megajoules per kilogram (13.0 kWh /kg; 21.2 MJ/ lb ) or by volume 33.6 megajoules per liter (9.3 kWh/L; 127 MJ/U.S. gal; 121,000 BTU/U.S. gal), quoting the lower heating value . Gasoline blends differ, and therefore actual energy content varies according to
1818-511: A second inn shortly after Moran, and in the fall 1852 his brother, John P. Hopewell, opened a third inn and a new general store on Main Street. Settler Hiram Gordon opened the Red Lion, the area's first saloon, about the same time Hopewell's store began operation. Located near the mouth of Oil Creek, the saloon provided live entertainment. In June 1856, 1,000 acres (4.0 km ) of the property
1919-521: A spot for barges and rafts to land easily. For many years, the Bannons and Halydays rented rooms in their homes and space in their barns to bargemen and rafters using the landing at Oil Creek Furnace. About 1852 or 1853, Thomas Moran settled in the area and built a large inn (Moran House) next to the Bannon home. It proved popular and soon expanded, and became a local landmark. Samuel Hopewell opened
2020-508: A town charter from the state, which was granted by the legislature on March 3, 1871. Oil City was the name of the unified boroughs. The first Oil City elections were held in April, and the first mayor, William M. Williams, and 12-member city council sworn in on April 11, completing the act of incorporation. Oil City replaced her charter with a new one in January 1881 after the state implemented
2121-441: A typical gasoline consists of a homogeneous mixture of hydrocarbons with between 4 and 12 carbon atoms per molecule (commonly referred to as C4–C12). It is a mixture of paraffins ( alkanes ), olefins ( alkenes ), napthenes ( cycloalkanes ), and aromatics . The use of the term paraffin in place of the standard chemical nomenclature alkane is particular to the oil industry (which relies extensively on jargon). The composition of
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#17327908034042222-739: Is 10 percent ethanol, and 98E5, which is 5 percent ethanol. Most gasoline sold in Sweden has 5–15 percent ethanol added. Three different ethanol blends are sold in the Netherlands—E5, E10 and hE15. The last of these differs from standard ethanol–gasoline blends in that it consists of 15 percent hydrous ethanol (i.e., the ethanol–water azeotrope ) instead of the anhydrous ethanol traditionally used for blending with gasoline. The Brazilian National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels (ANP) requires gasoline for automobile use to have 27.5 percent of ethanol added to its composition. Pure hydrated ethanol
2323-457: Is a naturally colorless liquid, many gasolines are dyed in various colors to indicate their composition and acceptable uses. In Australia, the lowest grade of gasoline (RON 91) was dyed a light shade of red/orange, but is now the same color as the medium grade (RON 95) and high octane (RON 98), which are dyed yellow. In the U.S., aviation gasoline ( avgas ) is dyed to identify its octane rating and to distinguish it from kerosene-based jet fuel, which
2424-685: Is also an official long-term recommended motorcycle engine oil of BMW Motorrad and Ducati for motorcycles in United States. USAC National Championship drivers Al Unser and Johnny Rutherford were sponsored by Pennzoil in the Chaparral team. Rutherford won the Indianapolis 500 and the championship in 1980. From 1983 to 1990, Pennzoil sponsored the Team Penske driver Rick Mears during his CART World Series campaign, winning
2525-509: Is also available as a fuel. Legislation requires retailers to label fuels containing ethanol on the dispenser, and limits ethanol use to 10 percent of gasoline in Australia. Such gasoline is commonly called E10 by major brands, and it is cheaper than regular unleaded gasoline. The federal Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) effectively requires refiners and blenders to blend renewable biofuels (mostly ethanol) with gasoline, sufficient to meet
2626-460: Is called E85 . The most extensive use of ethanol takes place in Brazil , where the ethanol is derived from sugarcane . In 2004, over 13 billion liters (3.4 × 10 ^ U.S. gal) of ethanol was produced in the U.S. for fuel use, mostly from corn and sold as E10. E85 is slowly becoming available in much of the U.S., though many of the relatively few stations vending E85 are not open to
2727-490: Is higher than gasoline's due to a higher hydrogen -to- carbon ratio. Molecular weights of the species in the representative octane combustion are 114, 32, 44, and 18 for C 8 H 18 , O 2 , CO 2 , and H 2 O, respectively; therefore one kilogram (2.2 lb) of fuel reacts with 3.51 kilograms (7.7 lb) of oxygen to produce 3.09 kilograms (6.8 lb) of carbon dioxide and 1.42 kilograms (3.1 lb) of water. Spark-ignition engines are designed to burn gasoline in
2828-634: Is higher than n-alkanes. In the European Union, the benzene limit is set at one percent by volume for all grades of automotive gasoline. This is usually achieved by avoiding feeding C6, in particular cyclohexane , to the reformer unit, where it would be converted to benzene. Therefore, only (desulfurized) heavy virgin naphtha (HVN) is fed to the reformer unit Gasoline can also contain other organic compounds , such as organic ethers (deliberately added), plus small levels of contaminants, in particular organosulfur compounds (which are usually removed at
2929-422: Is left colorless. In Canada, the gasoline for marine and farm use is dyed red and is not subject to fuel excise tax in most provinces. Oxygenate blending adds oxygen -bearing compounds such as MTBE , ETBE , TAME , TAEE , ethanol , and biobutanol . The presence of these oxygenates reduces the amount of carbon monoxide and unburned fuel in the exhaust. In many areas throughout the U.S., oxygenate blending
3030-631: Is located at the confluence of the Allegheny River and Oil Creek at 41°25′42″N 79°42′26″W / 41.428280°N 79.707327°W / 41.428280; -79.707327 . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 4.7 square miles (12 km ), of which 4.5 square miles (12 km ) is land and 0.2 square miles (0.52 km ) (4.65%) is water. Many layers of rock and sedimentary material containing fossils can be seen on
3131-501: Is mandated by EPA regulations to reduce smog and other airborne pollutants. For example, in Southern California fuel must contain two percent oxygen by weight, resulting in a mixture of 5.6 percent ethanol in gasoline. The resulting fuel is often known as reformulated gasoline (RFG) or oxygenated gasoline, or, in the case of California, California reformulated gasoline (CARBOB). The federal requirement that RFG contain oxygen
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3232-448: Is measured relative to a mixture of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (an isomer of octane ) and n- heptane . There are different conventions for expressing octane ratings, so the same physical fuel may have several different octane ratings based on the measure used. One of the best known is the research octane number (RON). The octane rating of typical commercially available gasoline varies by country. In Finland , Sweden , and Norway , 95 RON
3333-406: Is produced in oil refineries . Roughly 72 liters (19 U.S. gal) of gasoline is derived from a 160-liter (42 U.S. gal) barrel of crude oil . Material separated from crude oil via distillation , called virgin or straight-run gasoline, does not meet specifications for modern engines (particularly the octane rating ; see below), but can be pooled to the gasoline blend. The bulk of
3434-458: Is sporadic or seasonal (little to no use for one or more seasons of the year). Users have been advised to keep gasoline containers more than half full and properly capped to reduce air exposure, to avoid storage at high temperatures, to run an engine for ten minutes to circulate the stabilizer through all components prior to storage, and to run the engine at intervals to purge stale fuel from the carburetor. Gasoline stability requirements are set by
3535-480: Is the largest city in Venango County, Pennsylvania , United States. Known for its prominence in the initial exploration and development of the petroleum industry , it is located at a bend in the Allegheny River at the mouth of Oil Creek . The population was 9,608 at the 2020 census , and it is the principal city of the Oil City micropolitan area . Initial settlement of Oil City was sporadic, and tied to
3636-493: Is the standard for regular unleaded gasoline and 98 RON is also available as a more expensive option. In the United Kingdom, over 95 percent of gasoline sold has 95 RON and is marketed as Unleaded or Premium Unleaded. Super Unleaded, with 97/98 RON and branded high-performance fuels (e.g., Shell V-Power, BP Ultimate) with 99 RON make up the balance. Gasoline with 102 RON may rarely be available for racing purposes. In
3737-699: Is used in Canada and the U.S. to boost octane rating. Its use in the U.S. has been restricted by regulations, although it is currently allowed. Its use in the European Union is restricted by Article 8a of the Fuel Quality Directive following its testing under the Protocol for the evaluation of effects of metallic fuel-additives on the emissions performance of vehicles. Gummy, sticky resin deposits result from oxidative degradation of gasoline during long-term storage. These harmful deposits arise from
3838-597: The Indianapolis 500 . Pennzoil's yellow car livery has been nicknamed the "Yellow Submarine". In the NASCAR Cup Series , Dale Earnhardt, Inc. had a Pennzoil sponsorship for Steve Park in their No.1 car from 1998 to 2003. Richard Childress Racing driver Kevin Harvick had a Pennzoil sponsorship from 2007 to 2010. Team Penske took over the Pennzoil sponsorship in 2011 with Kurt Busch and in 2012, it
3939-488: The Interstate League from 1906 to 1908. Gasoline Gasoline ( North American English ) or petrol ( Commonwealth English ) is a petrochemical product characterized as a transparent, yellowish, and flammable liquid normally used as a fuel for spark-ignited internal combustion engines . When formulated as a fuel for engines , gasoline is chemically composed of organic compounds derived from
4040-653: The Oil City Refiners . The team's name was changed one last time to the Oil City A's , when they merged with the Youngstown A's , in 1951. The team then folded, along with the league, at the end of that season. The Oilers name originated from the Oil City Oilers earlier team that represented the city in the 1895 and 1898 Iron And Oil League and the Oil City Cubs , who played as members of
4141-837: The Pennsylvania State Association from 1940 to 1942, and later moved to the Middle Atlantic League after World War II ended. The team began in 1940 when the Pittsburgh Pirates relocated their affiliate, the McKeesport Little Braves , to Oil City. The team stayed affiliated with the Pirates until 1947, when it began an affiliation with the Chicago White Sox . That year, the team's name was changed to
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4242-449: The U.S. Clean Air Act banned the sale of leaded fuel for use in on-road vehicles in the U.S. The use of TEL also necessitated other additives, such as dibromoethane . European countries began replacing lead-containing additives by the end of the 1980s, and by the end of the 1990s, leaded gasoline was banned within the entire European Union with an exception for Avgas 100LL for general aviation . The UAE started to switch to unleaded in
4343-470: The bluffs in and around Oil City. Oil City is framed by the surrounding foothills with the Allegheny River winding through downtown. The Allegheny River and Oil Creek freeze occasionally during the winter, sometimes causing ice jams ; although remediation by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has reduced ice formation via a floating ice control structure on the river and a fixed concrete weir on
4444-556: The fractional distillation of petroleum and later chemically enhanced with gasoline additives . It is a high-volume profitable product produced in crude oil refineries. The fuel-characteristics of a particular gasoline-blend, which will resist igniting too early are measured as the octane rating of the fuel blend. Gasoline blends with stable octane ratings are produced in several fuel-grades for various types of motors. A low octane rated fuel may cause engine knocking and reduced efficiency in reciprocating engines . Tetraethyl lead
4545-463: The poverty line , including 28.3% of those under age 18 and 12.4% of those age 65 or over. WKQW 1120 AM and 96.3 FM are Venango County's only locally owned radios. The Derrick Publishing Company, locally owned, produces a general interest newspaper six days a week. The Oil City Oilers were a Minor League Baseball team located in Oil City, Pennsylvania between 1940 and 1951. The team played in
4646-525: The 1984 and 1988 Indianapolis 500. From 1998 to 2001, Nismo in JGTC was sponsored by Pennzoil (through Itochu , who owned the brand's rights in Japan), winning the 1998 and 1999 GT500 titles. IndyCar Series driver Sam Hornish Jr. drove for Pennzoil-sponsored Panther Racing from 2001 to 2003. From 2011 until 2020, Team Penske driver Hélio Castroneves has been sponsored part-time by Pennzoil, most notably at
4747-501: The 460-foot (140 m) high hill. Built in 1872, the Panic of 1873 devastated home sales on Clark's Summit. The funicular company went bankrupt, and the track was removed in 1879. In 1869, Thomas Martindale opened the first health food store in Oil City, thought to be the first natural foods store in the United States. By 1870, residents of Oil City and Venango City desired unification of their joint, growing metropolis. They sought
4848-826: The 7-Eleven brand name than Pennzoil itself. Gradually, BP began replacing Pennzoil at some of these sites in 2006 while retaining 7-Eleven (a Pennzoil in Ambridge, Pennsylvania , also converted to BP at the same time) while others were sold to private owners and became independent, unbranded locations. By the mid-2010s, Pennzoil was no longer selling gasoline. Pennzoil is an official long-term recommended motor oil of all Fiat Chrysler Automobiles companies (including all of brands and subsidiaries), BMW , Mini , Rolls-Royce , Hyundai , Chevrolet (shared with Mobil 1 and Valvoline ), Ferrari , Iveco and Opel (shared with Mobil 1 ) for automobiles in United States . Pennzoil
4949-553: The Allegheny River in the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains provides excellent opportunities for exploring Northwestern Pennsylvania. The Oil City Downtown Commercial Historic District , Oil City North Side Historic District , Oil City South Side Historic District , National Transit Building , and Oil City Armory are listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Oil City, Pennsylvania
5050-470: The Hassons (who had continued to farm their land), and graded Grove Avenue. The two built a number of homes along the street, calling their settlement Cottage Hill . The United Petroleum Farms Association purchased part of Cottage Hill as well as an adjoining 300 acres (1.2 km ) in 1864. The company subdivided the land into lots and swiftly built homes here. In 1865, Vandergrift, Forman & Company,
5151-606: The Michigan Rock Oil Company, which built Main Avenue, platted an unnamed town around it, and erected a few buildings. On March 26, 1863, Henry Bastian sold his land to William L. Lay, who established a ferry near what is now the foot of Central Avenue. He platted a town of 80 lots near his ferry's landing on the south shore, and named the town Laytonia (sometimes referred to as "Laytona" or "Latona"). The same year, Charles Haines and Joseph Martin bought out
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#17327908034045252-477: The Rolls-Royce Merlin 66 was developing 1,500 kilowatts (2,000 hp) using this fuel. Gasoline, when used in high- compression internal combustion engines, tends to auto-ignite or "detonate" causing damaging engine knocking (also called "pinging" or "pinking"). To address this problem, tetraethyl lead (TEL) was widely adopted as an additive for gasoline in the 1920s. With a growing awareness of
5353-646: The Second Circuit affirmed. Pennzoil appealed the federal court case to the United States Supreme Court. Laurence H. Tribe argued for Pennzoil, and David Boies for Texaco. The Supreme Court reversed the circuit court decision, on the grounds that the federal court in New York should have abstained from interfering with the decision of a state court. Texaco also appealed the Texas state court decision. The Texas Court of Appeals upheld
5454-692: The U.S., octane ratings in unleaded fuels vary between 85 and 87 AKI (91–92 RON) for regular, 89–90 AKI (94–95 RON) for mid-grade (equivalent to European regular), up to 90–94 AKI (95–99 RON) for premium (European premium). As South Africa's largest city, Johannesburg , is located on the Highveld at 1,753 meters (5,751 ft) above sea level, the Automobile Association of South Africa recommends 95-octane gasoline at low altitude and 93-octane for use in Johannesburg because "The higher
5555-673: The Wolf Band of the Seneca nation , 1,500 acres (6.1 km ) of land along the west bank of the Allegheny River in Warren County, Pennsylvania , as well as a small tract on both sides of the mouth of Oil Creek, in compensation for his services during the American Revolutionary War . The first white settler in what became Oil City was an unknown individual who cleared and farmed about 400 acres (1.6 km ) on
5656-410: The addition of 5–100 ppm of antioxidants , such as phenylenediamines and other amines . Hydrocarbons with a bromine number of 10 or above can be protected with the combination of unhindered or partially hindered phenols and oil-soluble strong amine bases, such as hindered phenols. "Stale" gasoline can be detected by a colorimetric enzymatic test for organic peroxides produced by oxidation of
5757-457: The altitude the lower the air pressure, and the lower the need for a high octane fuel as there is no real performance gain". Octane rating became important as the military sought higher output for aircraft engines in the late 1920s and the 1940s. A higher octane rating allows a higher compression ratio or supercharger boost, and thus higher temperatures and pressures, which translate to higher power output. Some scientists even predicted that
5858-588: The announcement "the end of one toxic era". However, leaded gasoline continues to be used in aeronautic, auto racing, and off-road applications. The use of leaded additives is still permitted worldwide for the formulation of some grades of aviation gasoline such as 100LL , because the required octane rating is difficult to reach without the use of leaded additives. Different additives have replaced lead compounds. The most popular additives include aromatic hydrocarbons , ethers ( MTBE and ETBE ), and alcohols , most commonly ethanol . Lead replacement petrol (LRP)
5959-494: The banks of the creek. Flooding of the river flats is a possibility throughout the year due to ice jams, excessive snow melt, large volume storms and hurricane or tropical storm remnants. As of the census of 2018, there were 9,749 people, 4,192 households, and 2,614 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,548.4 inhabitants per square mile (983.9/km ). There were 5,289 housing units at an average density of 1,168.8 per square mile (451.3/km ). The racial makeup of
6060-510: The brand Pennzoil . Their refineries and distributors were later incorporated as "The Pennzoil Company" in 1925. In 1955, South Penn Oil acquired complete ownership of Pennzoil Co. In 1963, South Penn Oil merged with Zapata Petroleum and Stetco Petroleum to form a new "Pennzoil Company", headquartered in Houston and appointing Hugh Liedtke as president. By 1965 Pennzoil marketed its petroleum products worldwide. In 1968, United Gas Corporation
6161-612: The buildup may or may not be eventually cleaned out by the flow of fresh gasoline. The addition of a fuel stabilizer to gasoline can extend the life of fuel that is not or cannot be stored properly, though removal of all fuel from a fuel system is the only real solution to the problem of long-term storage of an engine or a machine or vehicle. Typical fuel stabilizers are proprietary mixtures containing mineral spirits , isopropyl alcohol , 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene or other additives . Fuel stabilizers are commonly used for small engines, such as lawnmower and tractor engines, especially when their use
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#17327908034046262-500: The case for $ 3 billion. In 1998, Pennzoil's motor oils, products and services divisions were spun off as an independent company, which then acquired rival Quaker State Oil Production Corporation , becoming "Pennzoil-Quaker State Company". In 1999 Pennzoil's E&P business (known as PennzEnergy) was acquired by Oklahoma City-based Devon Energy and the business now known as the Pennzoil-Quaker State Company
6363-399: The city was 94.3% White , 0.9% African American , 0.10% Native American , 0.4% Asian , 0.04% Pacific Islander , 0.11% from other races , and 0.57% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.63% of the population. There were 4,192 households, out of which 30.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.8% were married couples living together, 12.7% had
6464-472: The corporate name to W. Bell & Son. He and his son, Samuel, operated the furnace until 1849, employing about 40 men. The poor quality of iron ore in the area made their operations unprofitable and the furnace closed in 1849. The settlement was soon deserted, except for two families (the Bannons and the Halydays). The bend in the Allegheny River at Oil City slowed the speed of the river's waters, providing
6565-519: The early 2000s. Reduction in the average lead content of human blood may be a major cause for falling violent crime rates around the world including South Africa. A study found a correlation between leaded gasoline usage and violent crime (see Lead–crime hypothesis ). Other studies found no correlation. In August 2021, the UN Environment Programme announced that leaded petrol had been eradicated worldwide, with Algeria being
6666-528: The early parts of the company's history, the gas stations were branded as Pennzip, though they were later changed to Pennzoil. For decades, Pennzoil gas stations were mostly marketed in western Pennsylvania, western New York , northern and eastern Ohio , and northern West Virginia . In the 1990s, Pennzoil gas experienced a bit of a revival when Pittsburgh area convenience store chain Cogo's began co-branding themselves with Pennzoil. The co-branding lasted only
6767-418: The end of production for cars using leaded gasoline in member states. At this stage, a large percentage of cars from the 1980s and early 1990s which ran on leaded gasoline were still in use, along with cars that could run on unleaded fuel. However, the declining number of such cars on British roads saw many gasoline stations withdrawing LRP from sale by 2003. Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT)
6868-486: The first commercially successful oil well in nearby Titusville on August 27, 1859. Oil was struck on the Downing farm south of the river by Phillips & Vanusdall in April 1861. Oil City had fewer than six families living there in 1859. The discovery of oil changed that. By 1868, a number of boomtowns had emerged in the region, including Oil City, Petroleum Center , Pithole , Rynd Farm , and Titusville. By 1860,
6969-477: The furnace. Homes were built for workers, and a steamboat landing constructed on the Allegheny River. This settlement was called Oil Creek Furnace . Settler James Young opened the first general store in town, and operated it in the 1850s. The original incorporators were bought out by brothers William and Frederick Crary in January 1825. The company was purchased in February 1835 by William Bell, who changed
7070-419: The gas) that can withstand the vapor pressure of the gasoline without venting (to prevent the loss of the more volatile fractions) at a stable cool temperature (to reduce the excess pressure from liquid expansion and to reduce the rate of any decomposition reactions). When gasoline is not stored correctly, gums and solids may result, which can corrode system components and accumulate on wet surfaces, resulting in
7171-653: The gasoline. Gasolines are also treated with metal deactivators , which are compounds that sequester (deactivate) metal salts that otherwise accelerate the formation of gummy residues. The metal impurities might arise from the engine itself or as contaminants in the fuel. Gasoline, as delivered at the pump, also contains additives to reduce internal engine carbon buildups, improve combustion and allow easier starting in cold climates. High levels of detergent can be found in Top Tier Detergent Gasolines . The specification for Top Tier Detergent Gasolines
7272-459: The iron industry. After the first oil wells were drilled in 1861, it became central to the petroleum industry while hosting headquarters for the Pennzoil , Quaker State , and Wolf's Head motor oil companies. Tourism plays a prominent role in the region by promoting oil heritage sites, nature trails, and Victorian architecture . In 1796, the state of Pennsylvania gave Cornplanter , chief of
7373-462: The jury verdict, but found that the trial court had abused its discretion by not suggesting a remittitur (reduction of damages). It would allow the verdict to stand if Pennzoil filed a remittitur of two billion dollars, making the punitive damages award $ 1 billion. Compensatory damages of $ 7.53 billion remained unaffected. Pennzoil paid Jamail $ 335 million and Kerr $ 10 million for the victory. After Texaco filed for bankruptcy, Pennzoil agreed to settle
7474-400: The last country to deplete its reserves. UN Secretary-General António Guterres called the eradication of leaded petrol an "international success story". He also added: "Ending the use of leaded petrol will prevent more than one million premature deaths each year from heart disease, strokes and cancer, and it will protect children whose IQs are damaged by exposure to lead". Greenpeace called
7575-516: The last quarter of the 19th century. The fuel for these early engines was a relatively volatile hydrocarbon obtained from coal gas . With a boiling point near 85 °C (185 °F) ( n -octane boils at 125.62 °C (258.12 °F) ), it was well-suited for early carburetors (evaporators). The development of a "spray nozzle" carburetor enabled the use of less volatile fuels. Further improvements in engine efficiency were attempted at higher compression ratios , but early attempts were blocked by
7676-561: The official motor oil of German-American GTLM team BMW Team Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing since 2015 season and also American Formula One team Haas F1 Team since 2016 season . Pennzoil sponsors NHRA 's Don Schumacher Racing and drivers Matt Hagan (Funny Car) and Leah Pruett (Top Fuel). They also sponsored driver Ken Block , best known for his Gymkhana series on YouTube . Pennzoil also partnered Formula One team Scuderia Ferrari and MotoGP team Ducati Team due to Shell partnership. Oil City, Pennsylvania Oil City
7777-428: The oil trade was far and away the dominant industry in the Oil City area. A machine shop (which constructed pipe fittings), warehouses, and other industrial structures were built on the west side of Oil Creek. Barges were used to transport oil down Oil Creek and into Oil City, where it was transferred to steamboats or bulk barges to continue on to Pittsburgh and other locations. In 1859, Nevins sold his property to
7878-406: The older gasoline may be used up. If left undiluted, improper operation will occur and this may include engine damage from misfiring or the lack of proper action of the fuel within a fuel injection system and from an onboard computer attempting to compensate (if applicable to the vehicle). Gasoline should ideally be stored in an airtight container (to prevent oxidation or water vapor mixing in with
7979-606: The original tract back to Cornplanter in October 1818, but the land was seized by the county for nonpayment of taxes and sold at auction in November 1819 to Alexander McCalmont. McCalmont sold his land to Mathias Stockberger in the spring of 1824. On June 25, 1824, Kinnear, Stockerberger, and settler Richard Noyes formed William Kinnear & Co., a company which swiftly erected an iron bloomery , foundry , gristmill , and several warehouses. A mill race provided water power for
8080-455: The oxidation of alkenes and other minor components in gasoline (see drying oils ). Improvements in refinery techniques have generally reduced the susceptibility of gasolines to these problems. Previously, catalytically or thermally cracked gasolines were most susceptible to oxidation. The formation of gums is accelerated by copper salts, which can be neutralized by additives called metal deactivators . This degradation can be prevented through
8181-454: The phaseout of leaded motor fuels in the United Kingdom, Australia , South Africa , and some other countries. Consumer confusion led to a widespread mistaken preference for LRP rather than unleaded, and LRP was phased out 8 to 10 years after the introduction of unleaded. Leaded gasoline was withdrawn from sale in Britain after 31 December 1999, seven years after EEC regulations signaled
8282-578: The premature explosion of fuel, known as knocking . In 1891, the Shukhov cracking process became the world's first commercial method to break down heavier hydrocarbons in crude oil to increase the percentage of lighter products compared to simple distillation. Commercial gasoline as well as other liquid transportation fuels are complex mixtures of hydrocarbons. The performance specification also varies with season, requiring less volatile blends during summer, in order to minimize evaporative losses. Gasoline
8383-427: The refinery). On average, U.S. petroleum refineries produce about 19 to 20 gallons of gasoline, 11 to 13 gallons of distillate fuel diesel fuel and 3 to 4 gallons of jet fuel from each 42 gallon (152 liters) barrel of crude oil. The product ratio depends upon the processing in an oil refinery and the crude oil assay . The specific gravity of gasoline ranges from 0.71 to 0.77, with higher densities having
8484-445: The season and producer by up to 1.75 percent more or less than the average. On average, about 74 liters (20 U.S. gal) of gasoline are available from a barrel of crude oil (about 46 percent by volume), varying with the quality of the crude and the grade of the gasoline. The remainder is products ranging from tar to naphtha . A high-octane-rated fuel, such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), has an overall lower power output at
8585-701: The seriousness of the extent of environmental and health damage caused by lead compounds, however, and the incompatibility of lead with catalytic converters , governments began to mandate reductions in gasoline lead. In the U.S., the Environmental Protection Agency issued regulations to reduce the lead content of leaded gasoline over a series of annual phases, scheduled to begin in 1973 but delayed by court appeals until 1976. By 1995, leaded fuel accounted for only 0.6 percent of total gasoline sales and under 1,800 metric tons (2,000 short tons; 1,800 long tons) of lead per year. From 1 January 1996,
8686-455: The standard ASTM D4814. This standard describes the various characteristics and requirements of automotive fuels for use over a wide range of operating conditions in ground vehicles equipped with spark-ignition engines. A gasoline-fueled internal combustion engine obtains energy from the combustion of gasoline's various hydrocarbons with oxygen from the ambient air, yielding carbon dioxide and water as exhaust. The combustion of octane ,
8787-408: The typical 10:1 compression ratio of an engine design optimized for gasoline fuel. An engine tuned for LPG fuel via higher compression ratios (typically 12:1) improves the power output. This is because higher-octane fuels allow for a higher compression ratio without knocking, resulting in a higher cylinder temperature, which improves efficiency . Also, increased mechanical efficiency is created by
8888-510: The varying actual percentage. In parts of the U.S., ethanol is sometimes added to gasoline without an indication that it is a component. In October 2007, the Government of India decided to make five percent ethanol blending (with gasoline) mandatory. Currently, 10 percent ethanol blended product (E10) is being sold in various parts of the country. Ethanol has been found in at least one study to damage catalytic converters. Though gasoline
8989-517: The west side of Oil Creek upstream from Cornplanter's land. Francis Halyday (or Holliday) purchased this land in 1803, and settled there with his family. The first white child known to be born in what became Oil City was James Halyday, born January 13, 1809. Three or four other families soon settled on the east side of the creek above the "Cornplanter Tract". Cornplanter sold the eastern half of his tract to two white settlers, William Connely and William Kinnear, in May 1818. Connely sold his quarter of
9090-408: Was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.8 males. The median income for a household in the city was $ 29,060, and the median income for a family was $ 42,839. Males had a median income of $ 30,072 versus $ 19,697 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 14,696. About 16.2% of families and 19.0% of the population were below
9191-510: Was causing problems. In 1866, the citizens of the borough south of the river petitioned Judge William G. Trunkey to give their borough a common name. He selected Venango City . By 1866, Venango City had a population of more than 1,500, and more than 4,500 people lived in Oil City. Oil City began platting extensive areas of land between 1869 and 1872. This included the upper and lower south side, Palace Hill, upper Cottage Hill and Clark's Summit. A 1,600-foot (490 m) long funicular ascended
9292-454: Was destroyed. Oil City grew into a thriving community through the later half of the 19th century and into the 20th century. By the 1990s, Pennzoil, Quaker State, and Wolf's Head had all relocated their headquarters elsewhere. However, some oil wells continue to produce a steady supply of quality petroleum. Regional governments and public organizations promote tourism by thoroughly educating the public about oil history. Oil City's location along
9393-633: Was developed by four automakers: GM , Honda , Toyota , and BMW . According to the bulletin, the minimal U.S. EPA requirement is not sufficient to keep engines clean. Typical detergents include alkylamines and alkyl phosphates at a level of 50–100 ppm. In the EU, 5 percent ethanol can be added within the common gasoline spec (EN 228). Discussions are ongoing to allow 10 percent blending of ethanol (available in Finnish, French and German gasoline stations). In Finland, most gasoline stations sell 95E10, which
9494-402: Was developed for vehicles designed to run on leaded fuels and incompatible with unleaded fuels. Rather than tetraethyllead, it contains other metals such as potassium compounds or methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT); these are purported to buffer soft exhaust valves and seats so that they do not suffer recession due to the use of unleaded fuel. LRP was marketed during and after
9595-478: Was dropped on 6 May 2006 because the industry had developed VOC -controlled RFG that did not need additional oxygen. MTBE was phased out in the U.S. due to groundwater contamination and the resulting regulations and lawsuits. Ethanol and, to a lesser extent, ethanol-derived ETBE are common substitutes. A common ethanol-gasoline mix of 10 percent ethanol mixed with gasoline is called gasohol or E10, and an ethanol-gasoline mix of 85 percent ethanol mixed with gasoline
9696-566: Was moved over to A. J. Allmendinger and to Joey Logano in 2013, who won the 2018 and 2022 championships and the 2015 Daytona 500 . Starting in 2018, Pennzoil has sponsored the Las Vegas NASCAR Cup Series spring race, the Pennzoil 400 , with Logano winning the 2019 and 2020 editions of the race in his Pennzoil No.22. Pennzoil was the title sponsor of the Grand Prix of Houston in 2013. Pennzoil also has been
9797-474: Was once widely used to increase the octane rating but are not used in modern automotive gasoline due to the health hazard . Aviation, off-road motor vehicles, and racing car motors still use leaded gasolines. Interest in gasoline-like fuels started with the invention of internal combustion engines suitable for use in transportation applications. The so-called Otto engines were developed in Germany during
9898-469: Was purchased by Royal Dutch/Shell Group to form SOPUS Products (an acronym for S hell O il P roducts US ). Shell Oil Company (the US-based subsidiary of Shell plc ) acquired Pennzoil-Quaker State company in 2002 to market its products as two separate motor oil brands, Pennzoil and Quaker State . Though not much emphasis was ever placed on gasoline by the company, Pennzoil did sell it. In
9999-567: Was purchased by Pennzoil, through a leveraged buyout , which was necessary because Pennzoil did not have enough assets to buy United outright. During the 1970s, the company moved its offices to the Pennzoil Place in Downtown Houston , Texas . In 1977 a spin-off company was formed called POGO, an acronym for Pennzoil Offshore Gas Operators. In 1984, Pennzoil made an informal but binding contract with Getty Oil to purchase
10100-516: Was quickly subdivided and sold to other settlers. With the death of his mother in 1844, James Halyday sold his land about 1846 to Dr. John Nevins and several other settlers. Nevins was a physician, the first to practice medicine in the area. James Hollis patented 200 acres (0.81 km ) of land on the south side of the Allegheny River in 1851, and purchased the remainder of Thompson's land on January 3, 1853. Hollis, in turn, sold all his land on April 25 to Henry Bastian. Edwin L. Drake drilled
10201-567: Was sold by the Bell heirs to Graff, Hasson & Company. James Hasson, son William Hasson, and William's family took up residence on the tract and began farming. Although the village of Oil Creek Furnace was largely deserted, settlement continued in the area. On August 6, 1840, Benjamin Thompson patented nearly all of what is now Oil City east of Oil Creek and north of the Allegheny. This land
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