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37-695: The name "Penzhina" originated the Chukchi word "Pennyn" , meaning "place of attack". In Koryak it is known as "Wegykiveem" (Мыгыкивэем) , meaning "stormy river". The source of the Penzhina is in the Kolyma Mountains , and it flows eastwards across the Ichigem Range . After bending southwards it enters a wide floodplain filled with lakes, finally flowing into the Penzhina Bay of

74-525: A lack of participation within the census. Rosstat maintains that 99% of the population completed the census however the Levada Center estimated that around 42% of the population was not enumerated and has described the results as "one of the worst in 150 years". The pilot census was conducted from October 1 to October 31, 2018. The main purpose was the development and testing of software and methodological, organizational and technological issues of

111-578: A language often proves difficult to categorize. This is primarily due to the fact that it does not always follow a typical linguistic and syntactical pattern. These exceptions allow Chukchi to fit into more than one linguistic type. Chukchi has periodic tense: it can incorporate the noun nәki- to build a nocturnal verb form. мын-ныки-урэ-ӄэпл-увичвэн-мык myn-nyki-urè-ḳèpḷ-uvičvèn-myk 1PL - NOCT -long.time-ball-play- IMP : 1PL мын-ныки-урэ-ӄэпл-увичвэн-мык myn-nyki-urè-ḳèpḷ-uvičvèn-myk 1PL-NOCT-long.time-ball-play-IMP:1PL ‘Let’s spend

148-514: A lot of time playing ball at night.’ (Skorik 1977: 241) A large number of words in the Chukchi language are reduplicated in their singular forms, i.e. Chukchi Э’ръэр ("iceberg") and Утуут ("tree"). There is also significant influence from the Russian language , especially in formal vocabulary and modern concepts, i.e. Chukchi Чайпат , from Russian Чай (tea). The extent to which Chukchi and

185-481: A measure of renown in both Russia and Western Europe, although much of his published work was written in Russian, rather than Chukchi. Chukchi poet Antonina Kymytval wrote in her native language. There are no voiced stops in the language; these are only found in loanwords . The vowels are /i/ , /u/ , /e₁/ , /e₂/ , /o/ , /a/ , and /ə/ . /e₁/ and /e₂/ are pronounced identically but behave differently in

222-415: A sentence. Verbs distinguish three persons, two numbers, three moods (declarative, imperative and conditional), two voices (active and antipassive ) and six tenses: present I (progressive), present II (stative), past I ( aorist ), past II ( perfect ), future I (perfective future), future II (imperfective future). Past II is formed with a construction meaning possession (literally "to be with"), similar to

259-519: A typologically normal manner. The language of Chukchi also uses a specific verb system. The basic locative construction of a sentence in Chukchi contains a single locative verb, unlike many other languages. In the nominals , there are two numbers and about 13 morphological cases: absolutive, ergative/instrumental, equative (copula), locative, allative, ablative, orientative, inessive, perlative, sublative, comitative, associative, and privative. Nouns are split into three declensions influenced by animacy :

296-592: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to a river in the Russian Far East is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Chukchi language Chukchi ( / ˈ tʃ ʊ k tʃ iː / CHUUK -chee ), also known as Chukot , is a Chukotko–Kamchatkan language spoken by the Chukchi people in the easternmost extremity of Siberia , mainly in Chukotka Autonomous Okrug . The language

333-418: Is a largely polysynthetic , agglutinative , direct-inverse language and has ergative–absolutive alignment . It also has very pervasive incorporation . In particular, the incorporation is productive and often interacts with other linguistic processes. Chukchi allows free incorporation of adjuncts, such as when a noun incorporates its modifier. However, besides the unusual use of adjuncts, Chukchi behaves in

370-400: Is because whenever a "dominant" vowel is present anywhere in a word, all "recessive" vowels in the word change into their "dominant" counterpart. The schwa vowel /ə/ does not alternate but may trigger harmony as if it belonged to the dominant group. Initial and final consonant clusters are not tolerated, and schwa epenthesis is pervasive. Stress tends to: 1. be penultimate; 2. stay within

407-738: Is closely related to Koryak . Chukchi, Koryak, Kerek , Alutor , and Itelmen form the Chukotko-Kamchatkan language family . There are many cultural similarities between the Chukchis and Koryaks , including economies based on reindeer herding . Both peoples refer to themselves by the endonym Luorawetlat (ԓыгъоравэтԓьат [ɬəɣʔorawetɬʔat] ; singular Luorawetlan ԓыгъоравэтԓьан [ɬəɣʔorawetɬʔan] ), meaning "the real people". All of these peoples and other unrelated minorities in and around Kamchatka are known collectively as Kamchadals . Chukchi and Chukchee are anglicized versions of

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444-457: Is expressed in a way that is far from always straightforward. Besides the finite forms , there are also infinitive, supine (purposive), numerous gerund forms, and a present and past participle, and these are all used with auxiliary verbs to produce further analytic constructions. The word order is rather free, though SOV is basic. The possessor normally precedes the possessed, and postpositions rather than prepositions are used. Chukchi as

481-442: Is increasing, consists of word borrowing and pressure on surface syntax ; the latter is primarily seen in written communication (translated texts) and is not apparent in day-to-day speech. Russian Census (2021) The 2021 Russian census ( Russian : Всероссийская перепись населения 2021 года , romanized :  Vserossiyskaya perepis naseleniya 2021 goda , lit.   '2021 All-Russian population census')

518-553: The Eskimo languages borrowed vocabulary between one another, or a relationship between the two, has not been studied in detail. The numeral system was originally purely vigesimal and went up to 400, but a decimal system was introduced for numerals above 100 via Russian influence. Many of the names of the basic numbers can be traced etymologically to words referring to the human body ("finger", "hand" etc.) or to arithmetic operations (6 = "1 + 5" etc.). Ordinary numbers are formed with

555-521: The Latin script : In 1937, this alphabet, along with all of the other alphabets of the non-Slavic peoples of the USSR, was replaced by a Cyrillic alphabet. At first it was the Russian alphabet with the addition of the digraphs Кʼ кʼ and Нʼ нʼ . In the 1950s the additional letters were replaced by Ӄ ӄ and Ӈ ӈ . These newer letters were mainly used in educational texts, while the press continued to use

592-809: The Sea of Okhotsk . The villages of Kamenskoye , Oklan , Slautnoye and Ayanka are located by the river, as well as the seaport of Manily . Its main tributaries are the Shayboveyem, Kondyreva and Oklan from the right, and the Ayanka, Chyornaya and Belaya from the left. Among the fish species in the river the Far Eastern brook lamprey , Pacific lamprey , pike , chir , Kamchatka grayling , pink salmon , chum salmon , coho salmon , Dolly Varden trout , kundzha , Levanidov char and burbot deserve mention. This Kamchatka Krai location article

629-401: The 1900s, Vladimir Bogoraz discovered specimens of pictographic/logographic writing by the Chukchi herdsman Tenevil (see ru:File:Luoravetl.jpg ). Tenevil's writing system was entirely his own invention. It was nearly lost during the initial period of Soviet contact and subsequent Russian Arctic expeditions. The first official Chukchi alphabet was devised by Bogoraz in 1931 and was based on

666-406: The 2020 Census, taking into account the use of new methods of collecting information. The pilot census was divided into three stages: October 1–10 — online census; October 16–27 — door-to-door rounds; October 27–31 — control walk. 10 territories were allocated for the pilot census, the total population of which was about 550,000 people. These territories include: In addition to the census through

703-556: The Chukchi language, the everyday use and proficiency in the language is declining among native Chukchis. According to the 2020 census , 8,526 of the 16,200 Chukchi people speak Chukchi; and most Chukchi now speak Russian (fewer than 100 report not speaking Russian at all). The language is on the list of endangered languages in the UNESCO Red Book . The Chukchi people have a rich history and culture, which have traditionally centered around war. The Chukchi prize warriors and

740-487: The Government. The same questions are printed in paper questionnaires and are used in electronic tablets. All inhabited areas were visited by census takers from October 15 to November 14, 2021. They had electronic tablets where the respondents' answers were entered. Residents of Russia also were able to come to the census stations and answer the questions there; the stations also worked from October 15 to November 14. For

777-632: The Russian exonym Chukcha (plural Chukchi ). This came into Russian from Čävča , the term used by the Chukchis' Tungusic -speaking neighbors, itself a rendering of the Chukchi word чавчыв [tʃawtʃəw] , which in Chukchi means "[a man who is] rich in reindeer," referring to any successful reindeer herder, a wealthy man by local standards. Although Chukchi language is taught in 28 elementary schools in Chukotka Autonomous Region to 1616 children (according to 2015-2016 data), and there are several hours of daily TV and radio broadcasts in

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814-652: The Russian Population Census 2020". According to Pavel Malkov, head of Rosstat , the budget allocated for the 2020 census was 33 billion rubles. The motto of the census was "Create the future!". On June 25, 2020, Rosstat announced its intention to conduct the main stage of the Russian population census in April 2021, and on June 29 this was confirmed. Due to the spread of COVID-19 , the census dates were shifted several times, first to April, then to October 2021. The results have come under scrutiny due to

851-483: The State Services portal, for the first time in Russian history, the national postal operator Russian Post was involved in the census. According to the results of the 2018 pilot census, nearly 460,000 households were enumerated in electronic form with more than 1.2 million inhabitants. In August 2019, in preparation for the 2020 census, work began to update the address lists in cities and rural areas. Based on

888-429: The family and while engaged in their traditional pastoral economic activity (reindeer herding). The language is also used in media (including radio and TV translations) and some business activities. However, Russian is increasingly used as the primary means of business and administrative communication, in addition to behaving as a lingua franca in territories inhabited by non-Chukchis such as Koryaks and Yakuts. Over

925-566: The fighting spirit that they embody. This emphasis on conflict can be seen in the interactions between the Chukchi and the Russians, which date back to the middle of the seventeenth century and tell of glorious battles between the two groups. The Chukchi have also been known to battle nearby tribes, particularly the Tánñit, which comprise fellow Siberian peoples known as the Koryaks. However, over

962-444: The first declension, which contains non-humans, has plural marking only in the absolutive case; the second one, which contains personal names and certain words for mainly older relatives, has obligatory plural marking in all forms; the third one, which contains other humans than those in the second declension, has optional plural marking. These nominal cases are used to identify the number of nouns, as well as their purpose and function in

999-498: The first time, there was an opportunity to fill the census form on the portal of public services ( Gosuslugi ) until November 8. The term for summing up the preliminary results is April 2022. The final results of the census are projected to be published in the 4th quarter of 2022. Provisional results of the census have been published by Rosstat with further results announced for publication in June–December 2022.  — including

1036-437: The last century, the Chukchi people have engaged in far fewer conflicts and have focused more on trading. Today, the Chukchi economy relies heavily on trade, particularly with Russia. Besides trading with Russia, the Chukchi make their living off of herding reindeer and bartering with other tribes. There is also a group of Chukchi that do not herd reindeer and instead live along the coast, trading more with tribes who live along

1073-468: The older versions. At the end of the 1980s, the letter Ԯ ԯ ( Ԓ ԓ ) was introduced as a replacement for Л л . This was intended to reduce confusion with the pronunciation of the Russian letter of the same form. The Chukchi alphabet now stands as follows: The romanization of Chukchi is the representation of the Chukchi language using Latin letters. The following is the ISO 9 system of Romanization: Chukchi

1110-446: The pacific coast. Some Chukchi people even choose to go back and forth between the two divisions, trading with both. These people tend to control more of the trade and have been called Kavrálît or “Rangers”. Notably, Chukchi men and women use different pronunciation for the same words. While men say "r" or "rk", women say "ts" or "tsts" in the same word. Many Chukchis use the language as their primary means of communication both within

1147-417: The past few decades, fewer and fewer Chukchi children have been learning Chukchi as a native language. Almost all Chukchis speak Russian, although some have a lesser command than others. Chukchi language is used as a primary language of instruction in elementary school ; the rest of secondary education is done in Russian with Chukchi taught as a subject. A Chukchi writer, Yuri Rytkheu (1930–2008), has earned

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1184-523: The phonology. (Cf. the two kinds of /i/ in Inuit Eskimo , whose known cause is the merger of two vowels /i/ and /ə/ , which are still separate in Yup'ik Eskimo .) A notable feature of Chukchi is its vowel harmony system largely based on vowel height . /i, u, e₁/ alternate with /e₂, o, a/ , respectively. The second group is known as "dominant vowels" and the first group as "recessive vowels"; that

1221-409: The stem; 3. avoid schwas . Chukchi is one of few languages to have autonomously produced its own written script, and the northernmost language in the world to have done so. The script was invented by a man named Tenevil , but never saw widespread use. Until 1931, the Chukchi language had no official orthography, in spite of attempts in the 1800s to write religious texts in it. At the beginning of

1258-460: The suffix -ӄeв (after close vowels) or -ӄaв (after open vowels). The external influences of Chukchi have not been well-studied. In particular, the degree of contacts between the Chukchi and Eskimo languages remains an open question. Research into this area is problematic in part because of the lack of written evidence. (Cf. de Reuse in the Bibliography.) Contact influence of Russian, which

1295-488: The use of "have" in the perfect in English and other Western European languages. Both subject and direct object are cross-referenced in the verbal chain, and person agreement is very different in intransitive and transitive verbs. Person agreement is expressed with a complex system involving both prefixes and suffixes; despite the agglutinative nature of the language, each individual combination of person, number, tense etc.

1332-670: The work of the registrars, the exact number of houses in each city and their location were determined. Later, Rosstat specialists conducted zoning to form enumeration and census areas. So, thanks to the registrars, a previously not documented village of Yozhikovo was "discovered" in Ruzsky District and two new ones in Udmurtia : Rodniki and Kurtekovo; in Kaluga Oblast more than 35,000 new addresses were recorded. The census forms of standard "L", "P" and "V" were approved by

1369-539: Was the first census of the Russian Federation population since 2010 and the third after the dissolution of the Soviet Union . It took place between October 15 and November 14. However, for the remote and inaccessible areas of Russia, the census took place between April 1 and December 20. The preparations for the census started in 2017 with the adoption of the government decree "On the conduct of

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